Zūnyì Hóngchá

Zūnyì hóngchá ndi tiyi wofiira wamakono wa gōngfū wochokera m’chigawo cha Guìzhōu, wobwezeretsedwa pamaziko a mbiri yakale ya “Méi Hóng” (湄红) wa m’ma 1940, ndipo wakhala umodzi mwa mitundu inayi yodziwika bwino ya chigawochi pansi pa pulogalamu ya “Mitundu itatu yobiriwira—umodzi wofiira” (三绿一红, Sān Lǜ Yī Hóng). Tiyi uyu amaphatikiza zinthu zakomweko za m’mapiri a mndandanda wa Qiánméi (黔湄) ndi luso la gōngfū hóngchá la ku Fújiàn, n’kutulutsa mankhwala okhala ndi fungo losalala la zipatso ndi maluwa komanso kukoma kokometsa ngati velvet, omwe amadziwika ndi chitetezo cha malo (geographical protection) pa mlingo wa dziko.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira waku China (红茶, hóngchá), wothira mpweya mokwanira.
• Gulu: Gōngfū hóngchá (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá) — kalembedwe ka chikhalidwe ka kukonza mwaluso. Ndi umodzi mwa tiyi wofiira wodziwika bwino wa m’madera amakono a China; pa chionetsero cha tiyi ku Xìnyáng (2011) adalowetsedwa m’gulu la tiyi khumi wofiira wopambana mu dzikolo, pamodzi ndi Qíhóng (祁红), Diānhóng (滇红) ndi Chuānhóng (川红).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guìzhōu (贵州省, Guìzhōu Shěng), dera lalikulu la Zūnyì (遵义市, Zūnyì Shì). Dera lalikulu lopangira ndi Meyitani (湄潭县, Méitán Xiàn); m’dera la chitetezo cha malo muli komanso maboma a Fènggāng (凤冈县), Yúqìng (余庆县), Dàozhēn (道真自治县), Zhèng’ān (正安县), Wùchuān (务川自治县) ndi Xíshuǐ (习水县).
• **Chigawo cha madigirii: Pafupifupi 27°46′ kumpoto, 107°29′ kum’mawa (pakati pa boma la Méitán).

2. Mbiri ndi Kufunika Kwake Pachikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Mwambo wa tiyi m’dera la Méitán umayambira kale kwambiri. Katswiri wamkulu wa tiyi, Lù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ), m’buku lake la “Malamulo a Tiyi” (《茶经》, Chájīng, cha m’ma 760), analemba kuti: “Ku Qiánzhōng — ku Sīzhōu, Bózhōu, Fèizhōu, Yízhōu — tiyi amapezeka paliponse, ndipo kakomedwe kake ndi kabwino kwambiri.” M’nyengo ya Qīng, tiyi wa ku Méitán amatumizidwa kukhothi la mfumu ngati mphatso.

  Mbiri yamakono ya tiyi wofiira m’derali idayamba mu 1939, pamene katswiri wa tizilombo Liú Gànzhī (刘淦之) adafika ku Méitán kukakhazikitsa siteshoni yoyesera ya tiyi (湄潭实验茶场, Méitán Shíyàn Cháchǎng), yomwe idakhala malo oyamba ophunzirira ndi kupanga tiyi m’dziko lonse la China. Mu 1940, tiyi wofiira wa “Méi Hóng” (湄红) adapangidwa bwino kuno. Katswiri wodziwika wa tiyi ku China, Féng Shàoqiú (冯绍裘), adaunika kuti “Méi Hóng” pa maonekedwe ndi kufewa kwake sanali ochepera Qíhóng, ndipo ngati luso lake lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, atha kuposa Yíhóng (宜红). M’zaka za nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan, “Méi Hóng” adagulitsidwa kunja kudzera mumsewu wa Stilwell (njira ya ku Burma) kupita ku USSR ndipo kuchokera kumeneko ku Ulaya, ndipo ndalama zomwe adapeza zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula zida zankhondo. Mpaka m’ma 1970, siteshoni ya Méitán imatumiza kunja tiyi wofiira kuyambira 10 mpaka 20 khumi zolemera (dàn) pachaka.

  Ndi kusintha kwa nthawi, luso la “Méi Hóng” lidatayika. Kubwezeretsa kudayamba mu 2003, pamene wochita bizinesi ya tiyi kuchokera ku Fújiàn, Yè Wénshèng (叶文盛), adakhazikitsa kampani ya “Shèngxīng Cháyè” (盛兴茶业) ku Méitán. Mu 2007–2008, iye ndi amisiri akumaloko adapanga njira yatsopano yopangira, kuphatikiza miyambo ya gōngfū-hóngchá ya ku Fújiàn (政和工夫, Zhènghé Gōngfū; 坦洋工夫, Tǎnyáng Gōngfū) ndi tiyi wofiira wa Qímén (祁门红茶) ndi mbali zake za zinthu zakumaloko za mndandanda wa Qiánméi. Mu 2009, pa mpikisano woyamba wa “Mphesa khumi zopambana za tiyi ku Guìzhōu”, tiyiyu adalandira mphoto yapadera yokha kuchokera kwa oweruza. Mu 2010, chizindikiro cha malonda cha “Zūnyì Hóng” (遵义红) chidalembetsedwa. Mu 2011, pa chionetsero cha tiyi ku Xìnyáng, tiyiyu adalowetsedwa “m’gulu la khumi la tiyi wofiira wopambana ku China.” Mu 2017, Komiti ya Dziko ya Kuwongolera Ubwino ku China idapereka kwa Zūnyì Hóngchá udindo wachidziwitso cha malo (地理标志产品保护).

  Kufunika kwakukulu pakukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha tiyi ku Méitán kudachitika chifukwa chakusamuka mokakamizidwa kwa Yunivesite ya Zhèjiāng (浙江大学) ku Méitán m’zaka za nkhondo ya anthu a Japan (1937–1945). Pamodzi ndi akatswiri, m’bomalo mudalowa chidziwitso chapamwamba chaulimi ndi njira zokonza tiyi, kuphatikiza njira yopangira Lóngjǐng.

• Dzina: “Zūnyì” (遵义) ndi dzina la dera lalikulu, lomwe m’mbiri ya China limagwirizanishidwa mwamphamvu ndi Msonkhano wa Zūnyì wa 1935. “Hóng” (红) amatanthauza “wofiira” ndipo ali ndi matanthauzo awiri: ndi mtundu wa tiyi, komanso umagwirizana ndi mbiri yankhondo ya “ufiira” ya Zūnyì. “Chá” (茶) ndi “tiyi”. Dzina lalifupi lofanana nalo “Zūnyì Hóng” (遵义红) likusewera kuwirikiza uku.

• Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe: Zūnyì Hóngchá wakhala chizindikiro cha kubwezeretsa mafakitale a tiyi ku Guìzhōu. Iye ali mu pulogalamu ya “Mitundu itatu yobiriwira—umodzi wofiira” (三绿一红) — mitundu inayi yofunikira ya tiyi ya chigawo cha Guìzhōu pamodzi ndi Méitán Cuìyá (湄潭翠芽), Dūyún Máo Jiān (都匀毛尖) ndi Lǜ Bǎoshí (绿宝石). Tiyiyu adayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri akulu a tiyi ku China — Zhang Tiānfú (张天福, Zhāng Tiānfú) adamutcha “kuphatikiza kopambana kwa zinthu za ku Méitán ndi luso la Fújiàn,” ndipo Chéng Qǐkūn (程启坤, Chéng Qǐkūn) adamufotokoza kuti “ndi kupezeka kwatsopano mu mzere wa tiyi wofiira wapamwamba pambuyo pa Qíhóng ndi Diānhóng.”

3. Kufotokozera Za Mmene Amamera ndi Zinthu Zake:

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Pafupifupi amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya masamba apakati ndi yaing’ono, yomwe idapangidwa ku Guìzhōu Tea Research Institute (贵州省茶叶研究所) pamaziko a siteshoni yoyesera ya Méitán. Mitundu yayikulu: Qiánméi 601 (黔湄601, Qiánméi 601) — clone yopanda kugonana, mtengo waung’ono wokhala ndi masamba akulu, wopangidwa mwa kuphatikiza Zhènníng Tuányèchá (镇宁团叶茶, mbewu ya mayi) ndi Fèngqìng Dàyè Chá (凤庆大叶茶, mbewu ya bambo), wolembetsedwa ngati mtundu wa dziko mu 1994 (GS13013-1994); Qiánméi 419 (黔湄419); Qiánméi 502 (黔湄502); Méitán Táichá (湄潭苔茶, Méitán Táichá) — mtundu wa komweko wotere wokhala ndi masamba ophatikizana komanso okhala ndi ma polyphenol ambiri; Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá) — mtundu wobiriwira womwe umapezeka kwambiri ku China, wosinthidwa kuti ugwirizane ndi malo a komweko. Popanga tiyi, nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza mitundu ingapo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kukoma kwa nsonga za Fúdǐng Dàbái kukhale pamodzi ndi kuthina ndi kulimba kwa mndandanda wa Qiánméi.
• Kututa: Makamaka m’masika, nthawi ya Qīngmíng (清明, kumayambiriro kwa April) isanafike ndi itangofika; masamba a m’chilimwe ndi m’dzinja amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga tiyi wochuluka. Kututa kumayambiriro kwambiri kwa masika kumapereka nsonga zambiri komanso kukoma kotsekemera kwambiri.
• Mulingo wa kututa: Gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (特级, tèjí) — nsonga imodzi yokha (单芽, dānyá) kapena nsonga imodzi yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè). Magulu wamba — nsonga imodzi yokhala ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè).
• Zofunikira pa zinthu: Tsamba liyenera kukhala lathunthu, loyera, lopanda zitsindikiro zakali ndi zowonongeka. Kuyenera kukhala ndi kuchedwa kochepa pakati pa kututa ndi kuyamba kukonza kuti chipatso chisungidwe mwatsopano komanso kuti mphamvu ya ma enzyme isatayike.

4. Chigawo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Dera lalikulu la Zūnyì lili m’dera losinthira pakati pa mapiri a Yúnnán-Guìzhōu, chigwa cha Sìchuān ndi mapiri a Húnán. Malowa ndi opindika, okhala ndi magawo ooneka bwino molingana ndi msinkhu; mapiri ndi pafupifupi 65% ya dera, ndipo phiri la Dàlóu Shān (大娄山) limadula derali kuchokera kum’mwera chakumadzulo kupita kumpoto chakum’mawa, n’kupanga malire a madzi achilengedwe komanso chishango cha nyengo yaing’ono.

• Kutalika kwa kulima: Mamita 700–1600 pamwamba pa nyanja; minda yayikulu ili pamtunda wa 800–1300 m.
• Nyengo: Ya chigawo chapakati chotentha ndi chinyezi cha mphepo za monsoon. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka pafupifupi 15°C. Zimadziwika ndi mitambo yambiri ndi mvula yausiku yachiphamaso (yomwe imatchedwa “mvula ya usiku yaku Guìzhōu”), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinyezi chikhale chokhazikika komanso kuwala kosalala, koyenera kuti mphukira zikule pang’onopang’ono ndikusonkhanitsa ma amino acid. Mvula yapachaka pafupifupi 1000–1200 mm.
• Dothi: Dothi lachikasu ndi bulauni-bulauni (黄壤/黄棕壤, huángrǎng / huáng zōngrǎng), losunga asidi, pH 4.5–6.5. Organic matter ≥1.0%, makulidwe a dothi osachepera 50 cm. Dothi limakhala ndi mchere wambiri (kuphatikiza selenium ndi zinki — chomwe chimasiyanitsa madera aku Guìzhōu), zomwe zimapereka mbiri yowonekera ya mchere wa tiyiyo.
• Chilengedwe: Guìzhōu ndi limodzi mwa zigawo za China zomwe zili ndi tiyi waukhondo kwambiri. Magwero amanena kuti Zūnyì Hóngchá amayesedwa ngati ali ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo molingana ndi mfundo za EU. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo opanda ma cell a dongosolo m’dera la chitetezo cha malo ayenera kukwaniritsa mfundo za chitetezo cha dziko.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Luso la Zūnyì Hóngchá ndi dongosolo lachikale la gōngfū popanga tiyi wofiira, lopangidwa mwa kuphatikiza njira za Fújiàn (Zhènghé Gōngfū, Tǎnyáng Gōngfū, miyambo ya Jīn Jǔn Méi) ndi zinthu za teknoloji ya Qímén, zosinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zinthu zakomweko za mndandanda wa Qiánméi.

• Kututa (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Kututa pamanja nsonga za m’masika ndi masamba achifundo. Kwa gulu lapamwamba kwambiri — nsonga imodzi yokha kapena nsonga imodzi yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi.
• Kuyala/ kuziziritsa (摊凉 — tānliáng): Masamba angotuta kumene amayalidwa mosanjikiza pang’ono kuti afooke pang’ono ndi kuchotsa chinyezi chowonjezera chapamwamba.
• Kufooketsa (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Masamba amayalidwa mosanjikiza 3–8 cm kwa maola 14–16. Pakufooketsa, fungo launyuzi limakhala lochepa, tsamba limada, likukhala lolimba komanso lofewa — mukamaliphatikiza m’manja, siliphwanyika, ndipo mukatsegula, limatambasuka pang’onopang’ono.
• Kupotoza (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Masamba amapotozedwa kuti awononge zolimba zama cell ndi kutulutsa madzi pamtunda. Mulingo wa kupotoza ndi woti osachepera 90% ya masamba amatenga maonekedwe a zingwe. Gawo ili limatsimikizira kuti kuthira mpweya mofanana kudzachitika.
• Kuthira mpweya/kuwotchera (发酵 — fājiào): Masamba opotozedwa amayikidwa mosanjikiza 8–12 cm; kutentha kwa masamba kumasungidwa pakati pa 26–33°C kwa maola 3–5. Pamapeto pa kuthira mpweya, tsamba limatenga mtundu wofiira chikasu, fungo launyuzi limatayika kotheratu ndikusinthidwa ndi fungo lamaluwa ndi zipatso.
• Kuyanika (干燥 — gānzào): Koyanika kawiri: koyanika koyamba (毛火, máohuǒ) pa 110–120°C mpaka chinyezi chotsalira chikhale chochepera 20%, kenako kuziziritsa; koyanika komaliza (足火, zúhuǒ) pa 100–110°C mpaka chinyezi chikhale chochepera 12%. Kuyanika kawiri kumakhazikitsa fungo ndi kuletsa kuyanika mopitirira.
• Kusanja (分级 — fēnjí): Kugawa molingana ndi kukula kwa masamba, kuchuluka kwa nsonga ndi maonekedwe. Magulu amasiyanitsidwa: lapamwamba (特级, tèjí), loyamba (一级), lachiwiri (二级), ndi zina.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva:

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Zingwe zochepera, zopota mwamphamvu, zofanana ndi singano za paini (松针, sōngzhēn). Mtundu wake ndi wofiirira wakuda wonyezimira ngati mafuta; pamwamba pake pali nsonga zagolide zoonekera bwino (金毫, jīnháo). Gulu lapamwamba kwambiri limasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwapadera, kuyenderana ndi kuchuluka kwa tsitsi lagolide laling’ono.
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Lotsekemera, lokhala ndi kununkhira kowonekera kwa zipatso komanso kachidutswa ka caramel. Mbiri yakale ya “yotentha” ya gōngfū-hóngchá.
• Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Loyera, losalala, lokhala ndi kununkhira kwakukulu kwa zipatso — ma apricots okhwima, maapulo ophikidwa, uchi wochepa. Pakazizira, kumawonekera kununkhira kwa maluwa (osmanthus, rose wamtchire). Fungo limakhala lokhazikika pa misuzi 5–7.
• Kakomedwe: Kwatsopano, kwamphamvu komanso konyowa (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), ndi kuthina kokwanira komanso kutsekemera kozungulira. Kuwawa kwake kumakhala kofewa, ndipo kumasanduka msanga kutsekemera kotsalira m’kamwa (回甘, huígān). Kumaonekera makomedwe a uchi, zipatso zouma ndi kuthira pang’ono. Kuthina kwa madzi a tiyi kumakhala kosalala, ngati velvet. Madzi ake osungunuka ≥34.0%.
• Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wofiira kwambiri, woyera komanso wowonekera, ndi mphete yagolide (金圈, jīnquān) m’mphepete mwa kapu — chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa theaflavins. Kwa magulu apamwamba kwambiri, madzi a tiyi amatha kukhala ofiira lalanje ndi kunyezimira kowonekera.
• Pansi (tsamba loterera): Loyenderana, lofewa, la mtundu wofiira mkuwa ndi kachikasu pang’ono. Kwa magulu apamwamba kwambiri — masamba ndi athunthu, amphamvu, okhala ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi kunyezimira kowonekera.

7. Kapangidwe ka Zomangamanga:

• Ma Polyphenol: Polyphenol yoyambirira m’zinthu zakumaloko ili yapakati kapena pamwamba (yodziwika ndi mndandanda wa Qiánméi, makamaka Qiánméi 419, yomwe chiŵerengero cha phenol-amino acid ndi chimodzi mwa zitali kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yakumaloko). Pakuthira mpweya mokwanira, gawo lalikulu la ma catechins limasandulika kukhala theaflavins (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), zomwe zimapanga kunyezimira ndi “mphamvu” ya madzi a tiyi, ndi thearubigins (茶红素, cháhóngsù), zomwe zimayambitsa kuthina ndi kusalala kwa velvet.
• Ma Amino Acid: L-theanine (L-茶氨酸) — amino acid yayikulu, yopatsa kufewa ndi kachepa ka “umami”. Kukula pamapiri komanso kuwala kosalala kwa Guìzhōu kumathandiza kuti ma amino acid achuluke.
• Ma Alkaloid: Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn) — alkaloid yayikulu yolimbitsa, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kofanana ndi gōngfū-hóngchá (pafupifupi 25–40 mg/g mu tsamba louma). Palinso theobromine ndi theophylline pang’ono.
• Mavitamini: Vitamin C (ambiri amawonongeka pakuthira mpweya, koma amakhalabe ochuluka), ma vitamin a gulu B (B1, B2), vitamin E.
• Mchere: Potaziyamu, maniziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, zinki, manganese. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa dera la Guìzhōu ndi kuchuluka kwa selenium (硒, xī) ndi zinki (锌, xīn) m’dothi, zomwe zimawonekera mu kapangidwe ka mchere wa tiyiyo.
• Mafuta a Kavalo: Linalool, geraniol, cis-3-hexenol ndi ma terpenoid ena amapanga fungo lofala la maluwa ndi zipatso.
• Zisonyezero za thupi ndi mankhwala (molingana ndi standard ya GI): Chinyezi ≤6.0%; zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi ≥34.0%.

8. Ubwino Wothandiza:

• Kulimbikitsa: Caffeine pamodzi ndi L-theanine amapereka mphamvu yofewa, yosatha yopanda kukwera mwadzidzidzi — kuyanjana koyenera kwa ntchito yamalingaliro.
• Chitetezo cha Antioxidant: Theaflavins ndi thearubigins ali ndi mphamvu yowonetsa antioxidant, yothandiza kuchepetsa ma free radicals.
• Kuthandizira Chigayo: Tiyi wofiira mwamwambo amalimbikitsidwa pambuyo pa chakudya: ma polyphenol amalimbikitsa kuyenda kwa matumbo, ndipo madzi a tiyi ofunda amathandizira chigayo chabwino.
• Kutenthetsa: Mu zakudya zamwambo zaku China, tiyi wofiira amazindikiridwa ngati chakumwa “chotentha” (温性, wēnxìng), choyenera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mimba yodabwitsa komanso m’nyengo yozizira.
• Kuthandiza mtima ndi mitsempha: Theaflavins amathandizira kukhazikika kwa mlingo wa lipid m’magazi ndi kusunga kulimba kwa mitsempha.
• Kuthana ndi mavairasi: Ma polyphenol a tiyi wofiira amalepheretsa kukula kwa mavairasi ena oyambitsa matenda.
• Ntchito za malingaliro: Kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kwa caffeine ndi theanine kumathandizira kukhala ndi chidwi, kumachepetsa nthawi yotengera kuchitapo kanthu ndi kuchepetsa kutopa kwamalingaliro.

9. Kutenthetsa:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95°C. Kwa magulu apamwamba omwe ali ndi nsonga zambiri zofewa — 85–90°C, kuti tipewe kuwawa ndi kuonetsa kutsekemera.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 4–5 g pa 100–120 ml (njira ya gōngfū); 2–3 g pa 200–250 ml (kuthira kwa ku Ulaya).
• Zomera: Gàiwǎn (盖碗, gàiwǎn) ya porcelain yamlingo wa 100–120 ml — ndiyo yabwino kwambiri: zinthu zosalowerera zimathandiza kudziwa bwino fungo ndi kakomedwe. Ketulo ya porcelain kapena galasi ndi yoyenera pachipani cha anthu ambiri. Kwa magulu okhuthala omwe ali ndi masamba akulu, ketulo ya Yíxīng (紫砂壶) yochokera ku dothi lowala ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsani ziwiya ndi madzi otentha ndikutsani madziwo.
  2. Thirani tiyi wouma ndipo fungani fungo la tsamba lotenthedwa.
  3. Kutsuka (ngati mukufuna): kuthira mwachangu kwa masekondi 1–2 — makamaka koyenera kwa magulu okhuthala; kwa magulu apamwamba a nsonga zofewa, mutha kungodumpha.
  4. Kuthira koyamba: kudumphira kwa masekondi 5–8.
  5. Kuthira kotsatira: onjezerani nthawi ndi masekondi 3–5 pa kuthira kulikonse.
  6. Chiwerengero cha kuthira: 6–8, magulu apamwamba kwambiri amatha kupirira mpaka kuthira 10.

10. Kusunga:

Sungani mu chidebe chosadutsa kuwala, chotseka mwamphamvu (chidebe chachitsulo, paketi ya foil yokhala ndi zip-lock, chidebe chadothi chokhala ndi chivundikiro cholimba) pa kutentha 10–25°C, kutali ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, fungo lochita kuloŵa, ndi magwero a chinyezi. Chinyezi choyenera sichidutsa 60%. Tiyi wofiira wa Zūnyì Hóng amavumbulutsidwa bwino kwambiri mkati mwa miyezi 12–24 pambuyo popangidwa. Magulu ena okhuthala ochokera ku masamba okhwima akhoza “kuzungulira” mokoma akasungidwa mosamala kwa zaka 2–3, komabe, Zūnyì Hóng ndi tiyi watsopano, ndipo sikoyenera kuchedwetsa kumudya.

11. Mtengo ndi zinthu zopeka:

Mtengo wa Zūnyì Hóngchá umasiyana kwambiri. Magulu ochuluka ochokera ku masamba a m’chilimwe amayambira 100–300 yuani pa 500 g; gulu la m’masika la “kututa koyamba” — 500–1500 yuani; magulu apadera a nsonga za gulu lapamwamba kuchokera kwa opanga odziwika amatha kufika 2000–5000 yuani kapena kuposa. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mtengo: nyengo ya kututa (masika ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa chilimwe), kuchuluka kwa nsonga, mtundu wakumwewo, kukhalapo kwa satifiketi ya GI ndi mtundu wa wopanga.

• Mmene mungapewere zinthu zabodza:
  1. Gulani tiyi kwa opanga ovomerezeka ochokera m’dera la chitetezo cha malo (maboma asanu ndi awiri a chigawo cha Zūnyì) ndipo yang’anani kuti pali chizindikiro cha GI (地理标志).
  2. Yang’anani maonekedwe: Zūnyì Hóng weniweni amadziwika ndi kupota kwake kochepa, kolimba, ndi kunyezimira ngati mafuta ndi nsonga zagolide; tsamba lotayirira, losayang’ana kapena losafanana ndi chifukwa chokaikira.
  3. Yang’anani fungo: liyenera kukhala loyera, lotsekemera la zipatso, lopanda kukali kwa mankhwala ndi fungo lina.
  4. Madzi a tiyi ayenera kukhala owonekera, owala, ndi mphete yagolide m’mphepete; madzi a tiyi obisika kapena otuwa amasonyeza mkhalidwe wochepa kapena kusinthidwa kwa zinthu.
  5. Mtengo wocheperako wokayikitsa wa magulu a “mphoto” kapena “apamwamba” ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha chinthu chabodza.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• M’zaka za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, amene adalowo m’malo a Zūnyì Hóng — “Méi Hóng” — adagulitsidwa kudzera mu msewu wa Stilwell (Burma) kupita ku Soviet Union ndi kupita ku Ulaya, ndipo ndalama zomwe adapeza zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula zida zankhondo. Chifukwa chake, tiyi wofiira uyu adathandiza kwenikweni kulimbana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi a Japan.
• Kusamutsidwa kwa Yunivesite ya Zhèjiāng kupita ku Méitán panthawi ya nkhondo kudabweretsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kosayembekezereka: ndi akatswiri ochokera ku Hángzhōu amene adayambitsa ku Guìzhōu luso la kupanga tiyi wa mtundu wa Lóngjǐng, ndipo chomwecho chinapanga mwambo wakumaloko wa tiyi wobiriwira wa “Méitán Cuìyá.”
• Dzina lakuti “Zūnyì Hóng” lili ndi kuwirikiza mwadala: “hóng” (红) pa nkhani ya tiyi amatanthauza “wofiira,” ndipo pa nkhani ya mbiri amalozera ku ulemerero wankhondo wa “zofiira” wa Zūnyì (Msonkhano wa Zūnyì wa 1935), zomwe zimapangitsa mtunduwo kukhala chizindikiro champhamvu cha chikhalidwe.
• Amene adalenga Zūnyì Hóng wamakono — Yè Wénshèng, wobadwira ku Wǔyíshān (chigawo cha Fújiàn), — adasakanikirana ndi Méitán mwakuti amalankhula mwaye chiyankhulo chakomweko ndipo adasamutsira banja lake lonse kuno.
• Guìzhōu ndi limodzi mwa zigawo zochepa za China zomwe tiyi wake amayesedwa ngati uli ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo molingana ndi mfundo za ku Ulaya, zomwe zimapangitsa Zūnyì Hóngchá kukhala wokopa pamsika wakunja.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wofiira:

• Diānhóng (滇红, Diānhóng): Tiyi wofiira wa ku Yúnnán wopangidwa ndi masamba akulu a Camellia sinensis var. assamica. Diānhóng, makamaka, amapereka kuthina kokulirapo, “kwamnofu,” kukoma kofala kwa uchi ndi malt komanso madzi a tiyi ofiira lalanje ochuluka. Zūnyì Hóng ndi wopepuka, watsopano, wokhala ndi kukoma kowonekera kwa zipatso komanso “mphamvu” yamoyo, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu za masamba apakati ndi ang’ono komanso malo odekha.
• Qímén Hóngchá (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá): “Fungo la Qímén” (祁门香) ndi muyeso wa kununkhira kwa maluwa ndi uchi m’dziko la tiyi wofiira. Qímén amapangidwa ku Ānhuī kuchokera ku zinthu zamasamba ang’ono a C. sinensis var. sinensis. Zūnyì Hóng adatengapo gawo la luso la Qímén ndipo amakhalanso ndi fungo lowonekera, koma mbiri yake yasunthidwa ku mbali ya zipatso, ndipo kuthina kwake ndi kokwanira chifukwa chakuphatikiza mitundu.
• Zhènghé Gōngfū (政和工夫, Zhènghé Gōngfū): Gōngfū-hóngchá wa ku Fújiàn, mmodzi mwa “ofiira atatu odziwika a Fújiàn” (闽红三种). Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupota kolimba komanso kukoma kotsekemera, “ngati bisiketi.” Zūnyì Hóng adatengapo mfundo zateknoloji za Zhènghé, koma amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyana kotheratu, zomwe zimapereka maziko osiyana a mchere ndi kapangidwe kosiyana ka kumva pambuyo.
• Xìnyáng Hóng (信阳红, Xìnyáng Hóng): Tiyi wina wofiira “watsopano” wa m’chigawo (chigawo cha Hénán), wopangidwa pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ndi Zūnyì Hóng. Onse ndi zitsanzo za mafunde amakono a “zigawo zobiriwira zimapanga tiyi wofiira.” Xìnyáng Hóng ndi wopepuka komanso wa maluwa; Zūnyì Hóng ndi wothina komanso wa zipatso chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kolemera ka polyphenol ka zinthu za Guìzhōu.

Pomaliza:

Zūnyì Hóngchá ndi tiyi wokhala ndi mbiri yosangalatsa: kuchokera ku “Méi Hóng” wankhondo, amene adagulitsidwa kudzera mumsewu wa Burma kuti apeze ndalama zakutsogolo, kupyolera m’zaka makumi ambiri za kuiwalika, mpaka kuubwezeretsa bwino ndi mphamvu ya katswiri wa ku Fújiàn amene adakonda dziko la Guìzhōu. Uwu ndi tiyi wosakanizidwa m’lingaliro labwino: zinthu zakomweko zokwezeka za m’mapiri zokhala ndi kuya kwa mchere ndi kutsitsimuka zikukumana ndi luso la Fújiàn lolongosoledwa mwa zaka mazana, n’kubala chakumwa chokhala ndi fungo losalala la zipatso, kuthina ngati velvet ndi kutsekemera kotsalira m’kamwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Kwa iwo amene amayamikira mphamvu ndi ukhondo m’kakomedwe ndipo amafunafuna choyenera m’malo mwa Diānhóng kapena Qímén wachikale, Zūnyì Hóng adzakhala kopezeka kwenikweni — monga momwe adakhalira kwa akatswiri akulu a tiyi ku China.