Zhàoān Bā Xiān · new.thetea.app

Zhàoān Bā Xiān (诏安八仙, zhàoān bā xiān) ndi tiyi wapadera wa Minnan wulong wochokera ku chigawo chakummwera kwambiri cha chigawo cha Fujian, wopangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu wa masamba omwe amatchedwanso “Bā Xiān” — mtundu woyamba komanso wokhawo wa dziko lonse wa zitsamba za tiyi wa wulong, womwe unatulukira pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa China ya People’s Republic. Tiyiyu amadziwika ndi fungo lake lalikulu, loposa labwino komanso lokhalitsa, lokhala ndi khalidwe la mtundu wake (品种香, pǐnzhǒng xiāng), kukoma kokhuthala, komwe kumabweranso m’kamwa mwachangu, komanso kupilira kwambiri pakupanga.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Wulong (tiyi wophikidwa pang’ono, kukoma kwa okosiye pakati pa 20–40%). Mtundu wa Bā Xiān uli ndi luso lolowerera mitundu yambiri ya tiyi (多茶类适制性, duō cháleì shìzhì xìng) ndipo umayeneranso kupanga tiyi wobiriŵira ndi wofiira, koma wotchuka komanso wamtengo wapatali ndi wulong.
Gulu: Minnan wulong (闽南乌龙, Mǐnnán wūlóng). Chinthu chili ndi chizindikiro cha dziko cha malo aulimi (国家农产品地理标志, 2021).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建省, Fújiàn shěng), mzinda wa Zhangzhou (漳州市, Zhāngzhōu shì), chigawo cha Zhao’an (诏安县, Zhàoān xiàn). Dera lotetezedwa mwalamulo limaphatikizapo maboma 15 ndi midzi (梅洲, 四都, 金星, 梅岭, 桥东, 南诏, 深桥, 西潭, 白洋, 建设, 红星, 太平, 霞葛, 官陂, 秀篆), ndipo mumakhala midzi 251. Pakatikati pa kupanga pali mzinda wa Baiyang (白洋乡, Báiyáng xiāng), mudzi wa Tingyang (汀洋村, Tīngyáng cūn), pomwe pali dimba la amayi la mitengo 17 ya zitsamba zoyambilira; komanso mzinda wa Jianshe (建设乡, Jiànshè xiāng), dera la Wanshixi (万石溪, Wànshí xī); mzinda wa Guanpi (官陂镇, Guānpí zhèn) ndi mzinda wa Xiuzhuan (秀篆镇, Xiùzhuàn zhèn).
Madera a mapiri: Pafupifupi 23°35′–24°10′ kumpoto, 116°55′–117°22′ kummawa (malo apakati a minda ya tiyi ali pafupi 24°00′ kumpoto, 117°05′ kummawa, pamwamba pa 600–800 m).

2. Mbiri ndi Kufunika Kwake kwa Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri: Zhao’an ndi chigawo chakummwera kwenikweni kwa Fujian, chomwe chili m’malire ndi chigawo cha Guangdong. Kulima tiyi kwakuno kwakhalako kwa zaka pafupifupi 400–500; miyambo ya Minnan wulong ndi ya Guangdong dancong imakumana pano, ndikupanga chikhalidwe chapadera cha tiyi.

M’chaka cha 1965, katswiri woyesa tiyi pa siteshoni yochitira malonda a tiyi, Zheng Zhaoqin (郑兆钦, Zhèng Zhàoqīn), ali mkati mwa kufufuza minda yakale ya tiyi m’mzinda wa Xiuzhuan (秀篆镇) kumalire ndi Guangdong, anapeza chomera china chosiyana pakati pa zitsamba zamtundu wa komweko. Anasankha zomera 20, n’kuzisamutsira ku malo osungira mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo kupyolera mu kusankha payekha kwa zaka zitatu, anapatula chomera chabwino kwambiri. Mu Januwale 1969, nthambi zina zidabzalidwa kuti zizipusike pa fakitale ya tiyi ya mudzi wa Tingyang kumapeto a phiri la Baxian (八仙山, Bāxiān shān). Mwa zimenezi, mitengo ya amayi 17 yokha inapulumuka, ndipo inakhala maziko a mtundu watsopano wopangidwa mwa kujambula.

Mu 1982, komiti ya sayansi ya chigawo cha Longxi (龙溪地区, yomwe kale inali Zhangzhou) inachita kupenda mtundu watsopanowu. Akatswiri anazindikira kuti umamera msanga, umabala zochuluka, umalimbana ndi matenda ndi tizilombo, komanso umakhala ndi fungo lalikulu, kukoma kokhuthala, ndi kupilira pakupanga tiyi. Mtundu unalimbikitsidwa kuti ufalitsidwe ndipo unatchedwa “Bā Xiān Chá” (八仙茶) potengera phiri la Baxian, komwe zitsamba za amayi zidakulira. Mu 1987, Komiti Yoyesa Zokolola Zaulimi ya chigawo cha Fujian inaupereka udindo wa mtundu wa chigawo. Mu 1994, Komiti Yoyang’anira Mitundu Ya Zitsamba Za Tiyi ya dziko la China inavomereza kuti ndi mtundu wa dziko lonse ndi nambala ya GS1302-1994, zomwe zinapangitsa Bā Xiān kukhala mtundu woyamba komanso wokhawo wa dziko lonse wa wulong womwe unatulukira pambuyo pa 1949.

M’zaka za m’ma 1990, malo obzalidwa adakula mwachangu (kufika pa 28,000 mu), koma kubzalidwa kosalongosoka ndi kukonza mwamwano zinapangitsa kugwa kwa ubwino ndi mbiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 2010, kunayamba kutsitsimutsidwanso: amisiri anakonza luso lawo — anatalikitsa njira ya zuoqing (做青), anayambitsa kuwotchedwa kwa makala (炭焙, tànbèi), ndipo anapanga muyezo wa makampani. Mu 2009, Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi ya chigawo cha Fujian ndi boma la Zhangzhou zinasunga malamulo oteteza mitengo 17 ya amayi, ndikuipereka udindo wa malo osungirako chuma cha majini a tiyi (编码 EW002, serial number 23). Mu 2012, tiyiyu analandira chizindikiro cha ndondomeko ya malo a dziko lonse, mu 2021 — kulembetsa chizindikiro cha malo a zokolola zaulimi. Mu 2023, Zhao’an Ba Xian adalowa mu “Ten Best Regional Agricultural Brands of Fujian”; chigawocho chinalandira mutu wa “Home of Chinese Ba Xian Tea” (中国八仙茶之乡). Pofika chaka cha 2023, malo obzalidwa adakwaniritsa 56,600 mu (pafupifupi mahekitala 3,770), zokolola zapachaka zikufika matani 17,300, mtengo wonse wa makampani unakwana yuan biliyoni 1.8; malonda amatumizidwa ku Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong ndi mayiko a kumwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia.
Dzina: Zhao’an (诏安) ndi dzina la chigawo, kuyambira nthawi ya Ming (明嘉靖九年, 1530), lochokera ku mawu akuti “Nán Zhào Ānjìng” (南诏安靖) — “kuthetsa mavuto a kumwera kwa Zhao”. Bā Xiān (八仙) — “Aumwini Asanu ndi Atatu”, dzina la phiri la Baxianshan m’mzinda wa Baiyang, pomwe mitengo 17 ya amayi inapusikitsidwa. Malinga ndi nthano ya komweko, tsiku lina aumwini asanu ndi atatu (Bā Xiān) anatsikira kuderali kuti athetse chilala ndi mizimu yoyipa; anthu a m’deralo anawapatsa tiyi wa masamba atsopano a zitsamba zakutchire, ndipo aumwiniwo anasangalala nazo kwambiri moti anafuula kuti: “Ndiwo tiyi wabwino kwenikweni.” Kuyambira pamenepo phirilo limatchedwa Baxianshan, ndipo tiyiyu amatchedwa Ba Xian Cha.
Kufunika kwake kwa chikhalidwe: Bā Xiān ali ndi malo apadera mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha kumwera kwa Fujian. Mtsogoleri wakale wa Tea Society of China, profesa wa Zhejiang Agricultural University Zhuang Wanfang (庄晚芳, Zhuāng Wǎnfāng) anati pamoyo wake, “Ubwino wa Bā Xiān ndi wapamwamba, fungo lake ndi kukoma kwake zitha kupikisana ndi Tieguanyin.” Mtsogoleri wa China Buddhist Association Zhao Puchu (赵朴初, Zhào Pǔchū), atalawa, analemba ndakatulo “Kutamanda Bā Xiān” (赞八仙). Zhao’an ndi dera limene tiyi amatchedwa “chá mǐ” (茶米, “mpunga wa tiyi”), ndikumamupatsa ulemu wofanana ndi chakudya chofunikira. Mwambo wa “tiyi kwa mlendo” (客来茶) wazika mizu mwakuya m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku: pafupifupi nyumba iliyonse ili ndi zida zopangira tiyi gongfu. Malo omwe ali pamphambano ya Fujian ndi Guangdong amapanga mphambano yapadera ya miyambo iŵiri ya tiyi — ya Minnan ndi ya Chaozhou.

3. Kufotokozera za Zomera ndi Zipangizo:

Mtundu / Cultivar: Bā Xiān Chá (八仙茶, Bāxiān chá) ndi mtundu wa kujambula wa Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, wa mtundu wa “mtengo wawung’ono, masamba aakulu” (小乔木大叶类, xiǎo qiáomù dàyè lèi). Mtundu wa dziko lonse wa wulong, nambala GS1302-1994. Walembedwa mu “Katalogu Ya Mitundu Ya Zomera Za Tiyi Ya China” (《中国茶树品种志》). Makhalidwe ake a zomera: chomeracho ndi chachitali, ndi mizu yamphamvu; chimamera msanga m’chaka, ndipo chimagona mochedwa m’chisanu; chimatha kubala mphukira zambiri, mphukira zimakula mwachangu, ndi mfundo zazitali pakati pa masamba. Mphukira zilibe ubweya wambiri, ndipo ndi zoonda, ndi matsinde oonda. Chitsambacho chimakonda chinyezi ndi mthunzi pang’ono, ndipo chimalimbana ndi kuzizira pang’ono. Kuwonjezera pa wulong, chimayeneranso kupanga tiyi wobiriŵira ndi wofiira.
Kututa: Nyengo zazikulu ndi m’chisanu (April–Mei) ndi m’chilimwe (September–October). Kututa m’chilimwe (June–July) ndi mochedwa m’chilimwe/“kudula kwa m’chisanu” (冬片, dōngpiàn) kumachitikanso; tiyi wa m’chilimwe ndi m’chisanu amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha fungo lake lalikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti mtunduwu umadzuka msanga, kututa kwa m’chisanu kumayamba msanga kuposa mitundu yambiri ya ma cultivar a wulong a ku Fujian.
Mlingo wa kututa: Mphukira ya “nkhope yotseguka yapakatikati” (中开面, zhōng kāimiàn) — kuchokera ku nthungo yapamwamba yomwe ili m’kupuma ndi masamba 2–4 otuluka (一芽二叶至三叶, yī yá èr yè zhì sān yè, kawirikawiri mpaka masamba anayi kuti thupi lizikhala lathunthu).
Zofunikira pa zipangizo: Mphukira yathunthu yokhala ndi masamba ofanana, opanda kuvulala kwa makina, fungo lachilendo, kapena kukhwinyika mopitirira. Polyphenol a tiyi m’zipangizo za m’chisanu sayenera kukhala osachepera 25%, amino acid osachepera 4.0%.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Dera ndi mawonekedwe a nthaka: Chigawo cha Zhao’an chili kumwera kwenikweni kwa Fujian, kumalire ndi chigawo cha Raoping (饶平, Guangdong). Mawonekedwe a nthaka ndi ovuta: kuchokera ku mapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo (nsonga yapamwamba kwambiri ndi Longsanduo Peak (龙伞岽), 1,152 m) kupyolera m’chigawo chapakati cha zitunda mpaka ku chigwa cha m’mphepete mwa nyanja kumwera chakum’mawa, choyang’ana ku gombe la Zhao’an. Mapiri opitirira 1,000 m akuphatikizaponso Wushan (乌山), Baxianzuoshan (八仙座山), Xishanyan (西山岩) ndi ena. Minda ya tiyi yomwe ndi pakati pa kupanga ili mu “dera la mitambo” pamwamba pa 600–800 m, m’migwa ya mapiri yokhala ndi zomera zambiri.
Kukwera kwa malo oberekera: Pakatikati: 600–800 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Minda ina m’dera la Longsanduo — kufika 800–1,157 m.
Nyengo: Nyengo yamkuntho ya m’nyanja ya subtropical. Kutentha kwapachaka pafupifupi 21.3 °C (January avareji 14.9 °C, July avareji 28.9 °C). Mvula yapachaka pafupifupi 1,450 mm, yomwe imagwa kwambiri mu April–September. Chinyezi ≥ 80%, masiku a chifunga opitirira 200 pachaka. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku m’madera a mapiri, kuwala kobalalika chifukwa cha mitambo ndi chifunga kumathandiza kusonkhanitsa amino acid mwamphamvu (m’zipangizo za m’chisanu kumafika 6% kapena kupitilira). Nthawi yopanda chisanu ndi pafupifupi masiku 360.
Nthaka: Makamaka nthaka yofiira-ya chikasu ya laterite (红黄壤, hóng huáng rǎng), pH 4.5–6.0, zomera zam’thupi ≥ 6.01%. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya Zhao’an ndi kuti nthaka imakhala ndi selenium yambiri: pafupifupi 78% ya malo amakhala ndi 0.15–0.35 mg/kg ya selenium, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigawochi chikhale ndi udindo wa “China’s Capital of Selenium of the Strait” (中国海峡硒都). Kukhala ndi selenium yambiri m’nthaka kumatuluka m’masamba a tiyi, kumapangitsa Ba Xian Cha kukhala tiyi wotsimikizika kuti ndi wokhala ndi selenium yambiri (富硒茶, fùxī chá). Dera la nkhalango ya pakati pa kupanga ndi pafupifupi 80%; mchitidwe wa “nkhumba–biogas–tiyi” (猪-沼-茶) umagwiritsidwa ntchito mokulirapo, ndipo feteleza wa mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi oletsedwa.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Zhao’an Ba Xian amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito luso la Minnan wulong ndi kusintha kwake malinga ndi makhalidwe a cultivar ya masamba aakulu. Mfundo yayikulu ndi “kufowoka mwamphamvu kuti mavitamini agwire ntchito, kugwedeza mwapang’onopang’ono kufikira kutseguka kwathunthu” (重晒青促酶活性，摇青薄摊形成兰花香), zomwe zimathandiza kuthana ndi chikhalidwe chobadwa nacho cha mtundu uwu cha kuwawa ndikupanga fungo loyera la maluwa lokhala ndi khalidwe la mtundu wake.

Kututa / 采摘 — cǎizhāi: Mphukira za kukhwima kwapakatikati (中开面) zimatutidwa — masamba 2–4 kuchokera pa nthungo yapamwamba. Zipangizo zimatumizidwa kufakitale mwachangu, popewa kutentha kwambiri ndi kuvulala kwa makina.
Kufowokera padzuwa / 晒青 — shàiqīng: Masamba amayalidwa mosanjikana moonda pa makatani a nsungwi kapena nsalu yapadera. Kutalika kwake ndi mphindi 15–30; kutentha kwa pamwamba pa masamba sikuyenera kupitirira 35 °C. Masamba amataya chinyezi chochuluka (kutaya kulemera kwa 10–15%), amakhala osalala, ndipo ntchito ya mavitamini imayamba. Kwa Ba Xian, njira ya kufowoka “molemera” (重晒青, zhòng shàiqīng) imagwiritsidwa ntchito — mwamphamvu kuposa momwe amachitira ndi Tieguanyin, zomwe zimakulitsa maziko a mavitamini kuti apange fungo pambuyo pake.
Kugwedeza ndi kupuma / 做青 — zuòqīng (摇青 — yáoqīng + 晾青 — liàngqīng): Kusinthana kwa maulendo 3–5 a kugwedeza masamba ndi nthawi zopumira kwa maola 14–18. Kugwedeza kumavulaza m’mbali mwa masamba, kumayambitsa kukoma kwa okosiye m’malo ena; panthawi yopuma, mavitamini amagawanso zinthu zoyambitsa fungo. Njirayi imachitika mpaka pamene zizindikiro zake zikuonekera: masamba amasanduka obiriŵira achikasu, mitsempha imawala, kuonekera kwa “chigamba cha kamba” (龟背形, guībèi xíng), m’mbali mwake amaoneka ofiira (绿叶红镶边, lǜyè hóng xiāngbiān), fungo loyera la maluwa ndi la mtundu wake limatuluka. Mfundo ya “kuyala mopyapyala” (薄摊, bó tān) panthawi yopuma ndiyofunika kwambiri pakupanga fungo la orchid.
Kuwumitsa / 杀青 — shāqīng: Kutentha mu ng’oma yozungulira pa 240–280 °C kwa mphindi 6–8. Imani kuyimitsa ntchito ya mavitamini, n’kukhazikitsa mayendedwe a fungo. Masamba amasanduka obiriŵira kwambiri, amakhala osalala, tsinde siliphwanyika likapindika, fungo la “kuphika” (熟香, shú xiāng) limatuluka.
Kukulunga / 揉捻 — róuniǎn: Kukulunga kwa mphindi 5–6 ndi kukulitsa mphamvu pang’onopang’ono. Masamba amakulungika kukhala zingwe zolimba, kukulunga kufika 90%. Kuphwanya kwama cell kumawonjezera mwayi wotulutsa zinthu.
Kuwumitsa koyamba / 初烘 — chūhōng: Kutentha 120–140 °C, kutalika kwa mphindi 6–8, makulidwe a masamba pafupifupi 1 cm. Amawumitsa mpaka masamba akakhala pamenepo pa chibakera, n’kumakanda m’manja. Kenako amayalidwa nthawi yomweyo kuti azizire (摊凉, tānliáng) ndi makulidwe a 3–5 cm kwa mphindi 30–60.
Kuwumitsa kowirikiza / 复焙 — fùbèi: Kutentha 85–120 °C, mphindi 6–8. Imani kukhazikitsa chinyezi kufika pa mulingo wosungira (≤ 7%), kumangirira mtundu (乌润, wūrùn — wobiriŵira ngati mafuta) ndi kutulutsa fungo la mtundu wake. Kwa mitundu yapamwamba, kuwotchedwa ndi makala (炭焙, tànbèi) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimatsekera fungo ndikuwonjezera kuzama kwake.

6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira ndi Kulawa:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zingwe zolimba zokulungidwa mwamphamvu (条索紧结重实, tiáosuǒ jǐnjié zhòngshí) — kukulunga kotalika, komwe kumachitika ndi Minnan wulong; mtundu wobiriŵira wakuda wonyezimira ngati mafuta ndi kachikasu kakang’ono ka uchi (乌褐油润带蜜黄). Masamba ndi ofanana kukula.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Lalikulu, loposa ndi lokhalitsa (高锐持久, gāo ruì chíjiǔ). Funlo la mtundu wake (品种香) likulamulira, mothandizidwa ndi nkhumbi za orchid (兰花香, lánhuā xiāng) mu mitundu yapamwamba, komanso nkhumbi za msipu watsopano ndi kukoma koyera. Mitundu yowotchedwa imawonjezera nkhumbi ya “fungo la moto” (火香, huǒ xiāng).
Fungo la tiyi: Limatuluka mwamphamvu ndi fungo la mtundu wake, kenako kumasanduka fungo la orchid-maluwa; pakupanga kochuluka, kukoma kwa uchi kumakula. Mu mitundu yowotchedwa ndi makala, nkhumbi za mtedza ndi caramel zimamveka, ndipo m’mitundu yokhwima, nkhumbi za zipatso zouma.
Kukoma: Kokhuthala ndi kodzaza (浓厚, nónghòu), ndi kumva “kukhwinyika” (粘稠感, niánchóugǎn). Kumva kwatsopano, kosangalatsa (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) kumabwera chifukwa cha amino acid yambiri. Kumva kukoma kumene kumabweranso m’kamwa mwachangu (回甘, huígān) ndi kutsekemera ngati shuga wa m’zini, n’kukhala kwanthawi yaitali. Khalidwe la mtundu uwu ndi kuwawa pang’ono m’masekondi oyamba, komwe kumangosanduka kutsekemera mwachangu (微苦速化, wēi kǔ sùhuà). Tiyiyu ndi wopilira kwambiri pakupanga: 6–8 mitsuko yathunthu osataya khalidwe lake.
Mtundu wa tiyi: Wachikasu cha orange, wowonekera bwino komanso wowala (橙黄明亮, chénghuáng míngliàng). Pa kukoma kwa okosiye kwakukulu kapena kuwotchedwa, umakhala pafupi ndi amber. Tiyi wofiira wopangidwa kuchokera ku zomwezi umapereka tiyi wofiira wa scarlet, woyera.
Masamba a tiyi (masamba opangidwa): Osalala, osalala, okhala ndi m’mbali zofiira zoonekera (柔软明亮红边显, róuruǎn míngliàng hóngbiān xiǎn). Mtundu wake umachokera ku wobiriŵira-wochita ngati olive pakati mpaka wamkuwa wofiira m’mbali. Masamba ndi athunthu, otseguka, ofanana kukula.

7. Zopangidwa za Makemikolo:

Polyphenols: Polyphenol a tiyi m’zipangizo zatsopano za m’chisanu ndi osachepera 25% (malinga ndi muyezo wa GH/T 1236-2018). Gawo lalikulu ndi katekini (EGCG, ECG, EGC, EC); pakukoma kwa okosiye pang’ono, ena mwa katekini amasandulika kukhala theaflavin ndi thearubigin, ndikupanga kuphatikiza kwa kutsitsimuka ndi kuzama komwe kumadziwika ndi wulong. Khalidwe la mtundu uwu ndi kukhala ndi polyphenol yambiri kuposa mitundu yambiri ya wulong (pafupifupi 30% kuposa mulingo wamba, malinga ndi zomwe zimadziwika za Ba Xian), zomwe zimalongosola “mphamvu” ndi kukhwima kwa tiyi.
Amino acids: Ma amino acid aulere m’zipangizo za m’chisanu ndi osachepera 4.0%, ndipo m’zipangizo za m’mapiri a mitambo, amafika 6% kapena kupitilira. L-theanine (茶氨酸, cháāmīnsuān) ndiye amalamulira, kupanga 50% ya amino acid yonse; amapereka kukoma kosalala, kumva “kwatsopano” (鲜味, xiānwèi), komanso kuthandizana ndi kafeini pa nzeru — kudzuka osachita nkhawa.
Alkaloids: Kafeini (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn) — pafupifupi 2–4% ya kulemera kowuma (mlingo womwe umachitika ndi wulong); theobromine ndi theophylline zili pang’ono. Mtundu wa Ba Xian amaikidwa m’gulu la tiyi wokhala ndi kafeini yapakati mpaka yochuluka.
Mavitamini: Vitamini C (m’masamba atsopano, yomwe imasungidwa pang’ono panthawi ya okosiye pang’ono), mavitamini a gulu B (B₁, B₂, niacin), vitamini E (α-tocopherol, m’mafuta), vitamini K.
Mchere: Potaziyamu, magniziyamu, manganese, zinki, phosphorous, chitsulo — zili mu milingo yomwe imachitika ndi wulong. Khalidwe lapadera ndi selenium ya organic (硒, xī): kuchuluka kwake m’masamba a tiyi kumakwaniritsa muyezo wa dziko wa “tiyi wokhala ndi selenium yambiri” chifukwa cha maziko a nthaka (0.15–0.35 mg/kg Se m’nthaka). Selenium ndi antioxidant yamphamvu, imathandizira ntchito ya selenoprotein, imagwiritsira ntchito chithokomiro ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.
Mafuta ofunikira: Gulu la mankhwala onunkhira omwe amapanga fungo la mtundu wake (品种香); limaphatikizapo nerol, linalool, geraniol, indole, jasmone ndi zotulukamo zake. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta ofunikira mu Ba Xian ndi kwakukulu pakati pa Minnan wulong, monga momwe akatswiri adazindikira popatsidwa udindo wa dziko.
Mbali yapadera ya zopangidwa: Kuphatikiza kwa polyphenol yambiri (≥ 25%) ndi amino acid yambiri (≥ 4%) kumapereka chiŵerengero chabwino cha phenol/amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ), chomwe ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuyenera kupanga wulong wapamwamba.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

Mphamvu yotsitsimula ndi kulimbikitsa nzeru: Kuthandizana kwa kafeini ndi L-theanine kumapereka kutsitsimuka kofatsa, kosasunthika, kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa maganizo ndi kukumbukira kwakanthawi — popanda “kukwera kwadzidzidzi kwa kafeini”.
Mphamvu yaikulu ya antioxidant: Kuchuluka kwa polyphenol kumalepheretsa ma free radical; malinga ndi zomwe zimadziwikanso za Ba Xian, mphamvu ya kuyeretsa ma free radical ndi polyphenol a tiyi ndi yayikulu kuwirikiza 18 kuposa ya vitamini E.
Kuthandizira mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi: Katekini ndi selenium zimathandizira kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa magazi ndi mulingo wa cholesterol “woipa” (LDL). Selenoprotein imathandizira kuteteza makoma a mitsempha ku kuwonongeka ndi okosiye, n’kuchepetsa chiopsyezo cha atherosclerosis.
Kuthandizira chimbudzi: Polyphenol imalimbikitsa kutuluka kwa ma enzyme a chimbudzi, n’kuthandizira kugaya mafuta; imachotsa kumva kulemera pambuyo pa chakudya chamafuta. Mitundu yowotchedwa ndi makala imakhala yodekha kwambiri pamimba.
Kuthandizira kagayidwe ka chakudya: Katekini (makamaka EGCG) imafulumizitsa kagayidwe ka mafuta; malinga ndi zowonera zingapo, mphamvu yake mu Ba Xian ndi yaikulu kuposa ya wulong wamba, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa polyphenol.
Kuthandizira ndi selenium: Selenium yachilengedwe yomwe ili m’masamba imathandizira kupanga glutathione peroxidase — enzyme yofunika kwambiri pakuteteza ma cell ndi antioxidant. Kumwa tiyi wokhala ndi selenium yambiri pafupipafupi kumathandizira kukwaniritsa mulingo watsiku ndi tsiku wa selenium.
Mphamvu yochotsa madzi ndi zonyansa: Kafeini ndi theobromine zimathandizira kutulutsa madzi pang’ono, n’kuchotsa zotsatira za kagayidwe kachakudya.
Mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo: Polyphenol imalepheretsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda angapo ndipo imaletsa kupanga kwa matenda a m’kamwa.

9. Kupanga Tiyi:

Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100 °C kwa mitundu yokhazikika ndi yowotchedwa ndi makala; 90–95 °C kwa mitundu yopepuka ya “qingxiang” (清香).
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: Gaiwan/gongfu — 5 g pa 75 ml (chiŵerengero pafupifupi 1:15); kalembedwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku — 3–4 g pa 150–200 ml.
Mbale: Gaiwan wadothi (盖碗, gàiwǎn) ndi njira yotheka kutero, yomwe imalola kuti fungo la mtundu wake liwonekere mokwanira. Kwa mitundu yowotchedwa ndi makala ndi yakale, chitsa chaching’ono cha Yixing kapena Chaozhou chopangidwa ndi dongo la porous, chomwe chimafewetsa ndi “kuzungulira” kukoma. Makapu a tiyi (品茗杯, pǐnmíng bēi) ang’onoang’ono (30–50 ml) kuti amve kukhuthala ndi kukoma kumene kumabweranso.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tembenuzirani mbale ndi madzi otentha, tsanulani madziwo.
2. Ikani tiyi, kuphimba ndi chivundikiro kwa masekondi 5–10, fungani fungo la masamba owuma.
3. Kutsuka (润茶, rùn chá): tsanulani madzi otentha, tsanulani pakatha masekondi 3–5 — zimadzutsa masamba.
4. Kutulutsa koyamba: masekondi 15–20; tsanulani pogwiritsa njira ya “Guan Gong akuyendayenda m’linga” (关公巡城, Guāngōng xúnchéng) — mofanana, mozungulira, m’makapu onse.
5. Kumaliza kutulutsa: “Han Xin akuika asilikali” (韩信点兵, Hánxìn diǎnbīng) — madontho otsiriza a tiyi amagawidwa mofanana.
6. Kutulutsa kopitirira: nthawi iliyonse onjezerani masekondi 5–10. Tiyiyu amapilira mitsuko yathunthu 6–8, ndi zipangizo zabwino — kufika 10.
7. Kulawa: choyamba, yang’anani mtundu wa tiyi, kenako fungani fungo lake, ndipo pambuyo pake — tengani kamwa, n’kumazunguliza tiyi m’kamwa.
Chidziwitso: Osathira madzi otentha kwambiri opitirira 100 °C mwachindunji pamasamba — kutentha kwakukulu kumawononga L-theanine ndikuchepetsa kumva “kwatsopano”.

10. Kusunga:

Chidebe: Kuyika mosindikizidwa — matumba a vacuum a zojambulazo, zitini zachitsulo, kapena ziwiya zadothi zokhala ndi zivindikiro zolimba.
Mikhalidwe: Malo owuma, ozizira, opanda kuwala; kutentha koyenera 10–25 °C, chinyezi chosakwana 60%. Mitundu yopepuka ya “qingxiang” imayenera kusungidwa mufiriji (0–5 °C) kuti fungo lake likhale lotsitsimuka.
Adani a tiyi: Chinyezi, kutentha, fungo lachilendo, ndi kuwala kwachindunji — zinthu zazikulu zinayi zowononga.
Mitundu yowotchedwa ndi makala: Imasungidwa kwanthawi yaitali kwambiri; mu mikhalidwe yoyenera — zaka 2–3 kapena kupitilira popanda kutaya ubwino kwakukulu. Komabe, mutatsegula phukusi, tikulimbikitsidwa kumwa tiyi mkati mwa masiku 7, fungo lisanathe.
Tiyi watsopano: Tiyi watsopano (新茶, xīnchá) tikulimbikitsidwa kuti ukhale masiku 10–15 pamalo opanda kuwala kuti “uchotse moto” (褪火气, tuì huǒqì) musanamwe — izi zimafewetsa kukoma ndikulola fungo kukhazikika.

11. Mitengo ndi Zonyenga:

Mlingo wa mitengo: Zhao’an Ba Xian ali m’gulu lapakati ndi lapakati-lapamwamba la mitengo pakati pa Minnan wulong. Mlingo wapadera (特级, tèjí) — kuchokera ku 700 yuan pa jin (500 g) ndi kupitilira. Mlingo woyamba ndi wachiwiri ndi otsika mtengo kwambiri. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mtengo: kutalika kwa malo obzalidwa, nyengo ya kututa (m’chisanu ndiokwera mtengo), ntchito yamanja, kuwotchedwa ndi makala, zaka za zitsamba, chizindikiro cha wopanga, ndi kusowa kwa malo aang’ono. Poyerekeza ndi Tieguanyin ya mlingo wofanana, Ba Xian nthawi zambiri amapereka chiŵerengero chabwino cha “ubwino/mtengo”, popeza chizindikiro cha Ba Xian sichinadziwikebe pamsika waukulu.
Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Gulani kwa ogulitsa omwe ali ndi chiyambi chodziwika bwino ndi umboni woti tiyiyu amachokera ku chigawo cha Zhao’an. Kukhalapo kwa chizindikiro cha malo (地理标志) ndi chizindikiro chofunikira.
- Yang’anani maonekedwe: Ba Xian weniweni amakhala ndi kukulunga kolimba, kolemera, mtundu wobiriŵira wakuda wonyezimira ngati mafuta ndi kachikasu ka uchi. Kusafanana kwa kukula ndi mtundu wa masamba ndi chizindikiro cha kusakaniza.
- Yesani fungo: fungo la mtundu wake (品种香) liyenera kukhala loyera, lalikulu komanso lokhalitsa, popanda “mankhwala” a zonunkhiritsa kapena nkhumbi zachilendo.
- Yesani tiyi: tiyi weniweni amapereka tiyi wowonekera wa orange-chikasu, kukoma kokhuthala ndi kukoma kumene kumabweranso mwachangu, ndipo amapilira mitsuko 6–8. Kutaya kukoma msanga pambuyo pa mitsuko 2–3 ndi chizindikiro cha zipangizo zopanda ubwino.
- Samalani ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri: ngati “mlingo wapadera” ukuperekedwa pansi pa 300 yuan pa jin — mwina si Ba Xian weniweni wochokera kumapiri.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

Ba Xian Cha ndi mtundu wokhawo wa dziko lonse wa wulong wa zitsamba za tiyi womwe unatulukira pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa China ya People’s Republic mu 1949. Mitundu ina yonse ya dziko lonse ya wulong ndi mitundu ya mbiri yakale, yomwe inalipo kale.
Mitengo 17 ya amayi, yomwe inabzalidwa mu 1969 kumapeto a phiri la Baxianshan, idakali ndi moyo ndipo imabala zipatso mpaka lero. Kuyambira 2009, ili pansi pa chitetezo cha boma monga chinthu cha chuma cha majini a tiyi (nambala EW002, No. 23). Mitsempha imakula mpaka 10–15 cm m’mimba mwake, yokutidwa ndi moss, ndipo m’mera wake umalukana, ndikupanga denga limodzi lobiriŵira.
Kuyambira m’ma 1990, malo obzalidwa a Zhao’an apanga oposa 200 miliyoni a mbewu za Ba Xian, zomwe zabzalidwa m’zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi za China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Sichuan) pamalo opitirira 120,000 mu (8,000 ha).
Chigawo cha Zhao’an chimatchedwa kuti “Mudzi Wapadziko Lonse Wautali Wamoyo” (世界长寿乡), “Likulu la Oxygen Bars la China” (中国天然氧吧) ndi “Likulu la Selenium la China Strait” (中国海峡硒都). Maudindo atatu amenewa akuwonetsa chilengedwe chapadera cha dera lino, chomwe chimakhudza mwachindunji khalidwe la tiyi.
Ba Xian ndi umodzi mwa mitundu yochepa ya wulong yomwe imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino popanga wulong, tiyi wobiriŵira ndi wofiira. Tiyi wofiira wopangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo za Ba Xian (八仙工夫红茶) amadziwika ndi kukulunga kopapatiza, kolimba, fungo lalikulu lokoma, tiyi wofiira-wochita ngati scarlet, ndi kukoma kofewa, kodzaza.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Wulong Ina ya ku Minnan:

Tieguanyin (铁观音, Tiě Guānyīn): Wulong wotchuka kwambiri wa Minnan wochokera ku chigawo cha Anxi. Poyerekeza ndi Tieguanyin, Ba Xian ali ndi kukoma koposa, “kolimba” (浓厚 vs. 醇厚) ndi fungo la mtundu wake lalikulu kwambiri. Tieguanyin amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha nkhumbi yake yokongola ya orchid ndi mawonekedwe osalala; Ba Xian — chifukwa cha mphamvu, kupilira ndi khalidwe lake la “kuwawa komwe kumasanduka kutsekemera mwachangu”. Profesa Zhuang Wanfang anawayerekeza ngati ofanana pa ubwino.
Huangjin Gui (黄金桂, Huángjīn Guì): Wulong wochokera ku Anxi wokhala ndi fungo la sinamoni wokoma. Ndi wopepuka komanso wodekha kuposa Ba Xian; amatsalira m’mbuyo pa mphamvu ya kukoma ndi kupilira pakupanga, koma amamuposa pa liwiro la kutsegula fungo.
Yongchun Foshou (永春佛手, Yǒngchūn Fóshǒu): Wulong wochokera ku chigawo cha Yongchun, wopangidwa kuchokera ku cultivar ya “dzanja la Buddha” yokhala ndi masamba aakulu, otuwa. Amakhala ndi kukoma kofewa, “kozunngulira” lokhala ndi nkhumbi za citrus; fungo la mtundu wake ndi kuwawa sizikuonekanso kuposa Ba Xian.
Minnan Shuixian (闽南水仙, Mǐnnán Shuǐxiān): Mtundu wa kumwera kwa Fujian wa cultivar ya Shuixian; ndi wokhala ndi nkhumbi za “matabwa” komanso zozama, osati “loposa” mu fungo monga Ba Xian, koma ofanana pa kukhuthala kwa thupi.
Zhao’an Dancong (诏安单丛, Zhàoān Dāncóng): Dancong ya Guangdong, yomwe imabzalidwa m’chigawo chomwechi cha Zhao’an. Imayimira “moyo wachiwiri” wa kulima tiyi kwanuko. Dancong ndi yocheperako, yonunkhira kwambiri, yokhala ndi khalidwe lapadera la mtengo uliwonse; Ba Xian ndi yokhazikika, yamphamvu komanso yokhala ndi ntchito zambiri.

14. Magulu ndi Mitundu ya Zhao’an Ba Xian (malinga ndi muyezo wa GH/T 1236-2018):

Mlingo wapadera (特级, tèjí): Kukulunga kolimba, kolemera; mtundu “wobiriŵira ngati mchenga wonyezimira” (砂绿油润); fungo la orchid, lalikulu, loposa komanso lokhalitsa; kukoma kodzaza, ndi kukoma kumene kumabweranso mokwezeka. Mtengo woyerekeza ndi kuyambira 700 yuan pa jin.
Mlingo woyamba (一级, yījí): Kukulunga kolimba, kofanana; fungo loyera; mtundu wa tiyi wa orange-chikasu; kukoma kofewa ndi kodzaza (醇厚, chúnhòu).
Mlingo wachiwiri (二级, èrjí): Kukulunga kolimba pang’ono; fungo loyenera; kukoma kolimba, ndi kukhwima pang’ono (浓强稍粗).

Pomaliza:

Zhao’an Ba Xian ndi tiyi wokhala ndi tsogolo losazolowereka: mtundu woyamba komanso wokhawo wa dziko lonse wa wulong “pambuyo pa kusintha”, womwe unakumana ndi kukwera, kugwa ndi kutsitsimutsidwanso kwa theka la zaka za mbiri yake. Masiku ano, wayima pakhomo la kuzindikiridwa kwatsopano — monga chinthu cha malo apadera, kuphatikiza nthaka zokhala ndi selenium yambiri, dera la mapiri la mitambo, ndi miyambo ya zaka 400 ya kulima tiyi pamphambano ya zigawo ziŵiri zazikulu za tiyi.

Kwa iwo amene akufuna wulong wokhala ndi khalidwe — wamphamvu, wopilira, wokhala ndi fungo la mtundu wake lalikulu komanso kusanduka msanga kwa kuwawa pang’ono kukhala kutsekemera kwaitali ngati nzimbe — Ba Xian adzakhala chiwonetsero chenicheni. Safuna kutsanzira kukongola kwa Tieguanyin, koma amachita chidwi ndi kulunjika kwake ndi “kuwona mtima” kwa kukoma — mikhalidwe imene imawonekera mokwanira kupyolera m’mitsuko 6–8 ya kupanga tiyi gongfu.