Tiyi wa Nkhungu ya Msonkho

Yúnwù Gòngchá ndi imodzi mwa tiyi zakale kwambiri za m’boma la Guizhou, ndipo ndi tiyi yokha m’bomali yomwe ili ndi umboni wolembedwa wa udindo wake wa msonkho woperekedwa kwa nyumba yachifumu, wosungidwa pa chipilala cha mwala. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu wamba wa Niao Wang (鸟王种) m’mapiri aatali a Yunwu Shan — nsonga yaikulu ya mapiri a Miaoling, kumene mitambo imaphimba minda ya tiyi masiku oposa 200 pachaka. Tiyi yobiriwira iyi imadziŵika ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba lake, lofanana ndi mbedza ya nsomba, fungo la mabokosi ndi uchi, komanso kutsekemera kwamuyaya.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi yobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá) — yosafufumudza, mlingo wa okisidheshoni ndi wochepa kwambiri (wosaposa 5%).
• Gulu: Tiyi yakale yodziwika bwino ya China; ili m’gulu la tiyi khumi zodziwika za m’boma la Guizhou (贵州十大名茶). Ili m’gulu la tiyi zapadera zobiriwira (特种绿茶, tèzhǒng lǜchá).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guizhou (贵州省), boma la Guiding (贵定县), tawuni ya Yunwu (云雾镇). Tiyi idatchulidwa potengera phiri la Yunwu Shan (云雾山) — nsonga yaikulu ya mapiri a Miaoling (苗岭), kusiyana kwa madzi a mitsinje itatu — Wu (乌江), Yuan (沅江) ndi Pan (盘江). Malo aatali kwambiri a phirili ndi 1583.6 m.
• Ma coordinates a geographical: pafupifupi 106°51′–107°22′ E, 26°05′–26°47′ N (dera la boma la Guiding).
• Mayina ena: Niao Wang Cha (鸟王茶, Niǎowáng Chá) — potengera mudzi wa Niaowang; Yu Gou Cha (鱼钩茶, Yúgōu Chá) — “tiyi-mbedza ya nsomba”, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a tsamba louma; Bai Yun Cha (白云茶, Báiyún Chá) — “tiyi yamitambo yoyera”, malinga ndi nthano; Guiding Xue Ya (贵定雪芽, Guìdìng Xuěyá) — “mphukira ya chipale chofeŵa yochokera ku Guiding”. Amwenye a Hmong (Hapa Miao, 海葩苗) amatcha tiyi iyi “bulaoji” (不老几, bùlǎojī).
• Mkhalidwe wa chitetezo: Chogulitsa chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographic cha dziko (国家农产品地理标志, certification 2010). Kupanga kumayendetsedwa ndi muyezo wa kwanuko DB52/T 547—2008 “Guiding Yunwu Gong Cha”.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri:

Guiding ndi limodzi mwa maboma akale a tiyi kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa China, ndipo mbiri yake ya tiyi ndi yopitilira zaka masauzande awiri. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za kulima tiyi zimagwirizana ndi midzi ya amwenye a Hmong m’phiri la Yunwu Shan, amene anayamba kuweta mitengo yakuthengo ya tiyi isanalembedwe konse. M’mapiri a Doupen Shan (斗篷山) akadali mitengo yakuthengo ya tiyi yokhala ndi m’modzi wokhala masentimita 48 ndi zaka zopitilira chikwi.

Umboni woyamba wodalirika wa kupereka tiyi kuchokera ku Guiding kwa nyumba yachifumu uli mu nthawi ya Yuan — chaka chachiŵiri cha ulamuliro wa Tai’an (泰安二年, 1325). Mu nthawi ya Ming, kuyambira chaka chachisanu cha ulamuliro wa Hongwu (洪武五年, 1372), tiyi yochokera ku phiri la Yunwu inkaphatikizidwa nthawi zonse m’kaundula wa “mphatso za kwanuko” (贡方物). Mu “Ming Shi-lu” (《明实录》) muli zolembedwa 27 zokhudza kupereka tiyi ndi mahatchi kuchokera ku Guiding pazaka 276 za ufumu.

Mu “Kangxi Guizhou tongzhi” (《康熙贵州通志》, 1673) kwalembedwa kuti mwa tiyi zonse za m’chigawo, yodziwika kwambiri ndi tiyi ya Yunwu yochokera ku Guiding. Mu “Xu Zunyi fu zhi” (《续遵义府志》) muli mawu akuti: “Tiyi ya Yunwu ndi yapamwamba kuposa tiyi zonse za Guizhou, imaperekedwa chaka chilichonse monga msonkho.”

Chipilala chofunikira kwambiri cha mbiri ndi chipilala cha mwala “Yunwu Gong Cha Bei” (云雾贡茶碑), chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa m’chaka cha 55 cha ulamuliro wa Qianlong (乾隆五十五年, 1790). Chipilalachi chili ndi zilembo 228, ndipo chimalemba lamulo lokhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa msonkho, kuletsa akuluakulu kuzunza opanga tiyi a Hmong, ndi kupereka ndalama za siliva 420 kuti zithandizire bizinesi ya tiyi. Mu 1982 chipilalachi chinavomerezedwa kukhala chikumbutso cha mlingo wa chigawo. M’chaka cha 10 cha ulamuliro wa Jiaqing (嘉庆十年, 1805), chipilala chachiŵiri chinakhazikitsidwa, chomwe chinadziŵitsa malire a dera lomwe linkapanga tiyi ya msonkho.

Mu nthawi ya Qing, tiyi ya ku Guiding inali m’gulu la “tiyi zisanu ndi zitatu zodziwika” za dziko. Mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Guangxu (1904–1905), bwanamkubwa wa Guizhou Lin Shaonian (林绍年) anatumiza mfumu ndi amayi ake a mfumu Cixi aliyense bokosi la tiyi la ku Guiding — chikalata ichi chili mu Nyumba Yoyamba Yosungiramo Zolemba Zakale ya China (中国第一档案馆).

M’nthawi yamakono: mu 1987 kulima mwadongosolo kunayambika; mu 1990 tiyi inalandira mphotho yapamwamba kwambiri pa chiwerengero cha dziko ndi dzina loti “yabwino kwambiri mwa tiyi zodziwika” kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zamalonda; mu 2002 inapeza golide pa mpikisano wachinayi wa mayiko a tiyi zodziwika; mu 2010 inalandira chizindikiro cha geographic cha dziko. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2024, minda ya tiyi ya m’bomali inafika pa 255,600 mu (pafupifupi mahekitala 17,040), kuchuluka kwa kupanga pachaka kunali matani 11,800, ndipo mtengo wa chizindikiro unaposa mabiliyoni 35 a yuan (2023).

• Dzina:

“Yunwu” (云雾) amatanthauza “mitambo ndi chifunga” — kutengera mwachindunji ku chivundikiro cha mitambo chokhazikika cha phirili. “Gong” (贡) — “msonkho kwa mfumu”, “cha” (茶) — “tiyi”. Choncho, dzina lonse limamasulira kuti “tiyi ya msonkho yochokera mu nkhungu ya mitambo”. Dzina lina la “Niao Wang Cha” limachokera kwa mudzi wa Niaowang (鸟王村), womwe uli pakati pa chigawo cha tiyi; “niao wang” limatanthauza “mfumu ya mbalame”.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe:

Yunwu Gong Cha imagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Hapa Miao (海葩苗) — nthambi ya fuko la Miao, yomwe imakhala m’midzi 18 ya m’mapiri mozungulira phiri la Yunwu. Mwezi uliwonse wa masika, nyengo ya tiyi ikatsegulidwa, mwambo wachikhalidwe umachitika ndi gule lusheng-changu (芦笙长鼓舞) — pemphero la kulandira zokolola zabwino. Pafupi pali malo oyera a Chibuda a Yangbao Shan (阳宝山), kumene amonke ankamaliza tiyi kuyambira nthawi ya Ming; ndiko kumene kunachokera mtundu wa “Bai Yun Cha”, womwe mu 1997 unaperekedwa kwa wapampando wa Bungwe la Chibuda la China Zhao Puchu (赵朴初), ndipo iye, atachita chidwi ndi kukoma, anajambula pamanja “Fo Cha” (佛茶) — “Tiyi ya Chibuda”. Katswiri wodziwika wa tiyi Chen Chuan (陈椽) anapatulira tiyi iyi ndime yolembedwa: “Gui zai ding gou, qing ming gong xiu. Yun hai wu du, zhi liang jian you” — kutamanda mawonekedwe a tsamba ndi khalidwe losayerekezeka.

3. Kufotokoza Kwachomera ndi Zipangizo:

• Mtundu / Kulima: Mtundu waukulu ndi Niao Wang quntishu zhong (鸟王群体种, Niǎowáng qúntǐ zhǒng), mtundu wamba watsamba laling’ono la anthu a Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Mu 2014 unavomerezedwa kukhala mtundu wapamwamba wa chigawo (省级优良品种) ndi Komiti Yoŵerengera Mitundu ya Guizhou. Umatha kusunga kufewa kwa mphukira kwa nthawi yaitali (持嫩性), uli ndi masamba okhuthala komanso opatsa nyama owoneka ngati oviringula, ndi tsitsi lambiri. Kulemera kwa mizumbe 100 ya muyezo wa “mzumbe ndi tsamba limodzi” (一芽一叶) ndi pafupifupi 45 g. Monga mtundu wothandizira, amagwiritsidwa ntchito Fuding Dabai Cha (福鼎大白茶).
• Kukolola: Kukolola kwakukulu n’kwamasika (Mwezi wachitatu – koyambirira kwa Mwezi wachinayi); nthawi yabwino kwambiri n’patatsala pang’ono kufika chikondwerero cha Qingming (清明, nthawi zambiri pa 4–5 Epulo). Kukolola kwa chilimwe ndi kwa m’dima kumachitikanso, koma kumayamikiridwa mochepa kwambiri.
• Muyezo wa kukolola: Umatengera giredi: pa gulu la “Zhengong” (珍贡, Zhēngòng) — mizumbe yokha (单芽); pa Giredi Yapamwamba Kwambiri (特级) — mzumbe ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe likungotumbuka (一芽一叶初展); pa Giredi Yoyamba (一级) — mzumbe ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶); pa Giredi Yachiwiri (二级) — mzumbe ndi masamba awiri otambasuka mokwanira.
• Zofunika za zipangizo: Kukolola kumachitika ndi manja okha; zida za nsungwi ndi zamatabwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (kupeŵa kukhudza chitsulo kuti zisawonongeke). Zipangizo ziyenera kukhala zatsopano, zopanda kuvulala kwa makina. Mizumbe ya masika imakhala ndi ma amino acid ochuluka (≥3.32% pa nyengo ya masika).

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Phiri la Yunwu Shan — nsonga yaikulu ya mapiri a Miaoling kum’mwera kwa boma la Guiding — ndi malo abwino kwambiri a tiyi ya m’mapiri a kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China.

• Kutalika kwa kumera: Minda ikuluikulu ya tiyi ili pamalo aatali 1200–1500 m pamwamba pa nyanja; nsonga ya phirili imafika 1583.6 m.
• Nyengo: Nyengo ya subtropical ya monsoon ya m’mapiri. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 15 °C; nyengo yozizira imakhala yofewa, yopanda chisanu chokhwima, chilimwe — chopanda kutentha koposa. Chiŵerengero cha masiku a chifunga chimaposa 200 pachaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuŵala kofalikira — mkhalidwe wabwino wopangira ma amino acid ndi L-theanine m’masamba a tiyi. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku kumalimbikitsanso kupanga zinthu zofunikira zonunkhiritsa. Kuchuluka kwa mvula pakati pachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 1107 mm, ndipo chinyezi chapakati chimakhala pafupifupi 80%. Nthawi yopanda chisanu ndi masiku 300–340.
• Nthaka: Nthaka zachikasu ndi zachikasu-zofiira za mchenga (黄壤, 黄红砂壤), zomwe zidapangidwa pamiyala ya shali yachikasu-yotuŵa. pH 4.5–6.0 — yabwino kwa chitsamba cha tiyi. Kuya kwa nthaka yachonde kumakhala kosachepera 80 cm. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kumakhala 5.63–18.87%. Nthaka zimakhala ndi zinki ndi selenium zambiri.
• Chilengedwe: Chivundikiro cha nkhalango ndi 70.93% (malinga ndi zomwe zanenedwa ndi tawuni ya Yunwu); m’dera la minda ikuluikulu ya tiyi — mpaka 87.6%. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa makemikolo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi koletsedwa; mafamu ambiri ali ndi satifiketi ya organic ya ku Ulaya. Madzi amachokera ku akasupe a m’mapiri, omwe ali ndi mtundu woyamba.
• Pakatikati pa dera: Mudzi wa Niaowang (鸟王村) mu tawuni ya Yunwu — malo akale a kupanga tiyi ya msonkho; famu ya tiyi ya Meizichong (梅子冲茶场) ya malo 3000 mu pansi pa nsonga yaikulu; dera la Chibuda la Yangbao Shan; gulu la mitengo yakale ya tiyi la Doupen Shan.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Yunwu Gong Cha amapangidwa ndi ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wa “kuwotcha katatu ndi kukamula katatu” (三炒三揉, sān chǎo sān róu), wopangidwa ndi opanga tiyi a Hmong kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kupanga kwamakono kumaphatikiza kukonza ndi manja ndi makina, koma magulu amtengo wapatali kwambiri akadapangidwa ndi manja okha. Ukadaulo waphatikizidwa mu kaundula wa cholowa chosagwirika cha mlingo wa chigawo.

• Kutola (采摘, cǎizhāi): Kutola ndi manja m’mawa; muyezo umadalira giredi (onani ndime 3). Mabasiketi a nsungwi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula.
• Kuyala ndi kufota (摊青, tān qīng): Zopangira zatsopano zimayalidwa m’magawo ochepera m’chipinda chopumira mphepo kwa maola 4 kuti madzi ena asanduke nthunzi ndi kumayambika kununkhira.
• Kukhazikitsa zobiriwira, koyamba — “kupha kobiriwira” (杀青, shāqīng): Kugwiritsa ntchito ng’oma yozungulira (滚筒杀青) pa kutentha kwa 180–240 °C. Cholinga ndi kulepheretsa polyphenol oxidase, kusiya okisidheshoni, ndi kukhazikitsa mtundu wobiriwira ndi fungo latsopano. Popanga ndi manja, amagwiritsa ntchito poto yachitsulo pamoto wa nkhuni.
• Kukamula, koyamba (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kukamula pang’ono kuti awononge makoma a selulu ndi kupanga mawonekedwe oyamba a tsamba. Kukakamiza kumakhala kochepa — kuti tsitsi loyera lisawonongeke (毫, háo).
• Kuwotchanso ndi kukamula kwachiwiri ndi kwachitatu (二炒二揉, 三炒三揉): Uwu kuzungulira kumachitika katatu: nthawi iliyonse kuwotcha kumakhazikitsa mawonekedwe, ndipo kukamula kumakulitsa kupindika. Uku kuzungulira mobwerezabwereza kumapangitsa kuti tsamba likhale lopindika ngati mbedza.
• Kupanga mawonekedwe — kugudubuza ndi kukweza tsitsi (搓团提毫, cuō tuán tí háo): Gawo lofunikira lodziwika bwino la opanga: masamba a tiyi amagudubuzidwa kukhala timiyala tating’ono kenako nkutambasulidwa, kutulutsa tsitsi loyera pamtunda. Njirayi imapatsa tiyi yomalizidwa tsitsi lambiri ndi “kutuwala” kwa maso.
• Kuyanika kotsiriza (足干, zú gān): Kuyanika pang’onopang’ono pa 80 °C mpaka chinyezi chikhale ≤7%. Amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yakuti “choyamba moto wamphamvu, kenaka wofewa” (先武火后文火) kuti akhazikitse fungo popanda kuyanika kwambiri.
• Kusanja ndi kuika m’magulu (筛分归类, shāi fēn guī lèi): Tiyi yomalizidwa imasefedwa, kusankhidwa malinga ndi kukula ndi khalidwe, ndi kuigawa m’magulu.

6. Makhalidwe a Kuona ndi Kununkhira:

• Mawonekedwe a tsamba louma: tiyi yaing’ono, yopindika mwamphamvu ngati mbedza (鱼钩形, yúgōu xíng), yophimbidwa ndi tsitsi loyera lambiri. Mtundu — wobiriwira kwambiri, ngati emeralo (翠绿). Masamba ndi olingana, osakanikirana; kwa magulu apamwamba — onyezimira, onenepa ngati mafuta.
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Lopanda kanthu, loyera, lokhala ndi fungo lodziwika bwino la mabokosi (栗香, lìxiāng) ndi fungo laling’ono la uchi. Kwa gulu la “Zhengong” — fungo lodziwika bwino la “tsitsi loyera” (毫香, háoxiāng), lofanana ndi chimanga chaching’ono.
• Fungo la mphalaphala: Lolimbikira, lokwezeka, lolemekezeka. Fungo la mabokosi ndi lolamulira; pakati — kutsekemera kwa uchi (蜜香, mìxiāng); pamene kapu ikuzizira, fungo laling’ono lamaluwa, lofanana ndi maluwa a orchid, limamveka. Fungo la kapu yopanda kanthu ikazizira (冷杯香) limakhala kwa nthawi yaitali.
• Kukoma: Ndi kokhuthala ndi kodzadza (醇厚, chúnhòu) ndi kutsitsimula koonekera (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng). Thupi — lapakati, ndi “kumamatira” koonekera (粘稠感). Kutsekemera kobwerera (回甘, huígān) komwe kumaonekera ndi kukhala kwa nthawi yaitali. Kuwawa ndi kumamatira sikuchitika ngati yapangidwa moyenera. Mafotokozedwe achikalekale: “kapu yoyamba — fungo, yachiwiri — kukhuthala, yachitatu — kutsekemera ndi kuzungulira, yachinayi kapena yachisanu — kukoma kotsalira kuli ndi moyo” (一杯香，二杯浓，三杯甘又醇，四杯五杯韵犹存).
• Mtundu wa mphalaphala: Wobiriwira wofewa ndi wowala ndi kamtengo kakang’ono kachikasu (嫩绿明亮), woyera ndi wowoneka bwino. Kwa gulu la “Zhengong” — ndi wopepuka kwambiri, ngati jade wachinyamata.
• Masamba otayira (ataphikidwa): Ofewa, olingana, amoyo (嫩匀鲜活); amtundu wachikasu-wobiriwira, owala (黄绿明亮). Masamba amatambasuka mokwanira, kusonyeza kusasunthika kwa kutola.

7. Kapangidwe ka Makemikolo:

Yunwu Gong Cha imadziwika pakati pa tiyi zobiriwira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa polyphenols pamodzi ndi mgwirizano wabwino wa ma amino acid, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukoma kukhale kokhazikika ndi kukhala ndi kutsekemera kodziwika.

• Polyphenols (茶多酚): ≥33.81% (malinga ndi kuyezetsa); mu muyezo wa chizindikiro cha geographic — ≥34.4%. Poyerekeza: pafupifupi pakati pa tiyi zobiriwira za China ndi 20–30%. Mlingo wapamwambawu umabwera chifukwa cha mtundu wa tsamba laling’ono ndi malo a m’mapiri. Zinthu zazikulu ndi ma catechins: EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC; kuchuluka konse kwa ma catechins — pafupifupi 125.21 mg/%.
• Ma Amino Acids (氨基酸): ≥4.65% (muyezo wa GI); zina zikusonyeza 2.18 mg/g pa muyezo wa “mzumbe umodzi ndi masamba awiri”. Kuchuluka kwa L-theanine kumagwirizana ndi kuŵala kofalikira kwa nthawi yaitali komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku.
• Alkaloids: Caffeine (咖啡碱) — pafupifupi 2.89–4.23%; theobromine ndi theophylline — m’milingo yofanana ndi ya tiyi zobiriwira.
• Mphala ya madzi (水浸出物): ≥41.69%, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhazikika kwapadera ndi “kudzala” kwa mphalaphala. Pa giredi yoyamba — ≥40%.
• Vitamini: Vitamini C — yochuluka (zomwe ndi zachilendo kwa tiyi zobiriwira zam’mapiri), ndiponso ma vitamini a gulu B, vitamini E.
• Ma Minerals: Zinki (Zn) ndi selenium (Se) — m’milingo yochuluka, potengera momwe nthaka ya m’derali ilili ndi ma minerals.
• Mafuta ofunikira ndi zinthu zonunkhiritsa: Fungo la mabokosi ndi uchi limapangidwa ndi pyrazines, furanones ndi linalool, zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi ya “kuwotcha katatu”.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

• Antioxidant action: Kuchuluka kwa ma catechins (makamaka EGCG) kumapereka mphamvu yoonekeratu yothetsa ma free radicals.
• Kupatsa mphamvu: Mgwirizano wa caffeine ndi L-theanine umapereka mphamvu yofewa, yosasunthika popanda kutsika kapena kukwera mwadzidzidzi — “kuyang’ana kwa tiyi” kodziwika (清醒感).
• Thandizo la metabolism: Ma catechins amalimbikitsa kuwotcha mafuta, zomwe zingathandize kuyang’anira kulemera kwa thupi. Malinga ndi magwero a m’deralo, mphamvu ya lipolysis ndi 30% yapamwamba kuposa tiyi wamba zobiriwira — mwina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa polyphenols.
• Dongosolo la mtima ndi mitsempha: Kumwa tiyi yobiriwira nthawi zonse yokhala ndi polyphenols ochuluka kumagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa cholesterol “yoyipa” (LDL).
• Kuthandiza ndi ma trace elements: Zinki imathandizira ntchito ya chitetezo cha mthupi ndi kumanganso kwa minyewa; selenium ndi antioxidant yachilengedwe komanso chinthu chothandizira ntchito ya chithokomiro.
• Kuchepetsa kutentha ndi kutsitsimula (清热解暑): Caffeine pamodzi ndi polyphenols imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamwambo mu nyengo yotentha kuthetsa ludzu ndi kuthetsa kusapeza bwino chifukwa cha kutentha.
• Ntchito za ubongo: L-theanine imathandizira kukhazikika maganizo ndi kuthandizira kukhala wodekha komanso wotsimikiza.
• Kulimbana ndi tizilombo: Ma catechins ndi ma tannins a tiyi ali ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya.

9. Kaphikidwe:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C. Kwa gulu la “Zhengong” (mizumbe yoyera) — pafupifupi 80 °C; kwa Giredi Yoyamba ndi Yachiwiri — mpaka 85 °C. Ndikotsutsidwa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha oposa 90 °C: kutentha kwambiri kumawononga theanine ndi kukulitsa kuwawa.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml (chiŵerengero 1:50); kwa gaiwan yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 100–120 ml — 5–7 g.
• Zida: Kapu ya galasi (玻璃杯) — kuti muone “kuvina” kwa tiyi ndi mtundu wa mphalaphala; gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain (盖碗) — kuti muwone fungo ndi njira ya misuzi yambiri; mbale ya porcelain — kwa njira ya ku Ulaya.
• Ndondomeko:

1. Tenthetsani zida ndi madzi otentha, tsanulirani.
2. Kwa gulu la “Zhengong” gwiritsani ntchito njira yothira pamwamba (上投法, shàngtóufǎ): choyamba tsanulirani madzi, kenaka ikani tiyi. Kwa magulu ena — njira yothira pakati (中投法, zhōngtóufǎ): tsanulirani 1/3 ya madzi, ikani tiyi, tsanulani yotsalayo.
3. Tsanulirani madzi mwaulemu, kutsatira khoma la chombo, kupeŵa kukakamiza kwachindunji pa tsamba — izi zimalepheretsa kusokonekera kwa tsitsi “lowonongeka”.
4. Kutulutsa koyamba — masekondi 30. Kutsatira kulikonse — kuwonjezera ndi masekondi 5–10.
5. Tiyi imatha kupirira kutulutsa 7 kapena kuposera (耐泡性强).

• Kaphikidwe kozizira (冷泡法): 1 g ya tiyi pa 50 ml ya madzi ozizira; yisungidwe m’firiji kwa mphindi 30. Njirayi imakulitsa kutsekemera ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa caffeine yotengedwa.

10. Kusunga:

• Mikhalidwe: Kuyika mu phukusi losatuluka mpweya ndi losaŵala; kutali ndi fungo lachilendo ndi magwero a chinyezi. Njira yabwino — m’firiji pa 0–5 °C.
• Nthawi: Imakhala yokoma kwambiri m’miyezi 6–12 yoyamba pambuyo popanga. Tiyi yatsopano imalimbikitsidwa kuti “idzutse” (醒茶) kwa masiku 7 atatsegula phukusi — kuisunga m’malo ampweya, otetezedwa ku kuŵala, kuti kukoma kotsalira kwa “moto” kuchoke. Pambuyo potsegula phukusi la vacuum — mugwiritse ntchito m’masiku 10.
• Adani a tiyi: Kuŵala, chinyezi (chinyezi panthawi yosunga ≤7%), kutentha, fungo lachilendo, mpweya.

11. Mtengo ndi Zofukunula:

• Zoyerekeza za mitengo (msika wamkati wa China, 2023–2024):
  • Zhengong (珍贡): ≥800 yuan pa jin (500 g) — mizumbe yoyera, fungo la mabokosi lowala kwambiri.
  • Giredi Yapamwamba Kwambiri (特级): 500–800 yuan pa jin — mzumbe ndi tsamba limodzi, kutsekemera kwa uchi.
  • Giredi Yoyamba (一级): 200–500 yuan pa jin — mzumbe ndi masamba awiri, fungo loyera.
  • Giredi Yachiwiri (二级): mochepera 200 yuan pa jin — chiŵerengero chabwino cha mtengo ndi khalidwe pankhani ya kumwa tsiku ndi tsiku.
• Momwe mungapeŵere zofuna:
  • Yang’anani mawonekedwe a tsamba: Yunwu Gong Cha yeniyeni imakhala ndi kupindika kofanana ndi mbedza ndi tsitsi loyera lambiri. Zoyerekeza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolunjika kapena zopanda kupindika koonekera.
  • Yesani fungo: Tiyi yeniyeni imakhala ndi fungo lolimbikira la mabokosi ndi uchi popanda fungo la “udzu”, lowola, kapena lowawasa.
  • Yang’anani mphalaphala: Yowala, yobiriwira yofewa, yopanda chisokonezo. Mphalaphala yosokoneza imasonyeza kuti zipangizo ndi zopanda pake kapena kusunga molakwika.
  • Sangalalani ndi mtengo: Mtengo wotsika kwambiri (mochepera 100 yuan pa jin pa zomwe akuti ndi “giredi yapamwamba”) ndi chizindikiro cha kubwezeretsa.
  • Sankhani wogulitsa: Muzisankha zinthu zokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographic (国家农产品地理标志) ndi mabungwe odziwika a boma la Guiding. Yang’anani kukhalapo kwa muyezo DB52/T 547—2008 pa phukusi.

12. Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi:

• “Buddha wa Mitambo”: Malinga ndi nthano, pamene tiyi yoyamba ya phiri la Yunwu ikuphikidwa, mzati wa nthunzi yoyera umakwera kuchokera pansi pa chivundikiro, choyamba ngati ambulera, kenaka ngati mtambo, wosungunuka pang’onopang’ono m’mpweya. Ndiko chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amenewa tiyi inatchulidwa kuti “ya mitambo” ndipo inadziwika ndi dzina loti “ya mitambo yoyera” (白云茶). Mmonke Ling Yao (灵药禅师) akuti anaona mawonekedwe a Buddha mu nthunzi ndi kugwadira — kuchokera pamenepo pamatchulidwa kuti “Fo Cha” (佛茶).
• “Chipilala cha Tiyi” chokha: Guiding Yunwu Gong Cha ndi tiyi yokha m’chigawo cha Guizhou (ndi imodzi mwa zochepa ku China) yomwe udindo wake wa msonkho uli ndi umboni wa chipilala cha mwala chosungidwa — chipilala cha 1790 chokhala ndi zilembo 228, chomwe chiyimirira pamiyala ya phirili mpaka lero.
• Tiyi monga msonkho: M’nthawi ya Qing, midzi ya Hmong ya phiri la Yunwu inkamasulidwa ku msonkho wa tirigu ndipo m’malo mwa tirigu inkapereka ndi tiyi — njira yapadera ya mgwirizano wa misonkho yomwe inkasonyeza kufunika kwa chinthucho.
• Mitengo ya zaka chikwi: M’dera la phiri la Doupen kunakali mitengo yakutchire ya tiyi ya zaka zopitilira chikwi, yokhala ndi m’modzi wokulira masentimita 48 ndi kutalika kwa msonga koposera 40 m — umboni wamoyo wakuti Guiding ndi limodzi mwa malo a chiyambi cha chomera cha tiyi.
• Muyezo wa ukhondo wa ku Ulaya: Yunwu Gong Cha imayesedwa pa mitundu yopitilira 400 ya zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo malinga ndi miyezo ya ku Ulaya — imodzi mwa zoyang’anira zokhwima kwambiri za tiyi yobiriwira ya China.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Zina Zobiriwira:

• Duyun Mao Jian (都匀毛尖, Dūyún Máojiān): “Wachibale wapamtima” — amachokeranso m’chigawo cha Guizhou (boma la Duyun), ali m’gulu la “tiyi khumi zodziwika za China”. Tiyi zonse ziwiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yawamba ya tsamba laling’ono, zimadziwika ndi tsitsi lambiri ndi kukoma kwatsopano. Komabe, Duyun Mao Jian ali ndi mawonekedwe ocheperako a singano, pamene Yunwu Gong Cha ali ndi kupindika kwapadera kofanana ndi mbedza. Fungo la Mao Jian liri losalala, lamaluwa; Gong Cha liri lonunkhira bwino, lokhala ndi fungo la mabokosi ndi uchi.
• Lushan Yunwu (庐山云雾, Lúshān Yúnwù): Tiyi yapamwamba ya “mitambo” yochokera m’chigawo cha Jiangxi. Mikhalidwe ya chilengedwe ndi yofanana (mapiri aatali, chifunga chambiri), koma Lushan Yunwu amapangidwa ndi ukadaulo wa chao-qing (kuwotcha mu wok) popanda kuzungulira kangapo kwa “kuwotcha katatu”; mawonekedwe ake ndi opindika mosalala, kukoma kwake n’kofewa kwambiri ndi kwa udzu, popanda fungo la mabokosi loonekera.
• Xinyang Mao Jian (信阳毛尖, Xìnyáng Máojiān): Tiyi yodziwika yochokera m’chigawo cha Henan, imakhalanso ndi tsitsi lambiri. Mawonekedwe ake ndi olunjika, ngati singano; kukoma kwake n’koyera, kwatsopano, ndi kamtengo kakafupa ka mabokosi ndi nyemba. Malo a Xinyang (800–1000 m) ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi Yunwu (1200–1500 m), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma amino acid ochepa.
• Mengding Gan Lu (蒙顶甘露, Méngdǐng Gānlù): Tiyi yakale ya “msonkho” yochokera ku Sichuan. Monga Yunwu Gong Cha, ili ndi mbiri ya “gongcha” ya zaka mazana ambiri. Mawonekedwe ake ng’opindika mwaukhondo, osalala; kukoma kwake n’kosalala kwambiri komanso “kutsekemera” (dzina “gan lu” limatanthauza “mame otsekemera”). Kuchuluka kwa polyphenols n’kochepa poyerekeza ndi Yunwu Gong Cha.
• Lü Bao Shi (绿宝石, Lǜ Bǎoshí): Tiyi yodziwika yamakono ya Guizhou, yopangidwira msika waukulu. Imakhala ndi tsamba lalikulu kwambiri (mzumbe umodzi ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu), fungo la mabokosi loonekera, koma losakhala lachidzalo ndi losakanikirana poyerekeza ndi Yunwu Gong Cha.

Pomaliza

Yunwu Gong Cha ndi tiyi yomwe ili ndi imodzi mwa “mbiri zolembedwa” zazitali kwambiri pakati pa tiyi zobiriwira za China: kuyambira pamisonkho yoyambirira mu nthawi ya Yuan mpaka chizindikiro cha geographic chamakono. Mawonekedwe ake a tsamba ngati mbedza, fungo la mabokosi ndi uchi, ndi kutsekemera kokhazikika, kosakanikirana kumapangitsa kuti ikhale woimira wodziwika wa sukulu ya tiyi ya Guizhou. Tiyi iyi ikulimbikitsidwa makamaka kwa okonda tiyi omwe akufuna tiyi yobiriwira yodzadza, “yathupi” yokhala ndi mbiri — njira ina yoti mwasankhire m’malo mwa tiyi zakale zodziwika kwambiri koma nthawi zina zosamveka za kummawa kwa China. Fungo la nkhungu ya m’mapiri, losungidwa m’masamba opindika, limatsegulidwa ndi mphalaphala iliyonse, kutsimikizira chiganizo chakale: “Kapu imodzi — fungo, yachisanu — ndi kukoma kotsalira kuli ndi moyo.”