Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan

Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan (永福高山茶, Yǒngfú gāo shān chá) ndi ulamu wamapiri aatali wopangidwa m’njira ya Taiwan, wochokera kumudzi wa Yongfu m’boma la Zhangping m’chigawo cha Fujian. Awa ndi malo akulu kwambiri ku China opangira tchai lamapiri aatali la Taiwan, pomwe alimi aku Taiwan akhala akulima ndi kukonza maulamu pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa pachilumba kuyambira 1996. Tchayi limadziwika ndi fungo la maluwa ndi zipatso, madzi ozama amtundu wa uchi, komanso mawonekedwe ake a pamapiri (高山韵, gāoshān yùn). M’chaka cha 2020, linapezedwa ngati chinthu chazindikirika ndi chizindikiro cha dera.

1. Gulu la Chiyambi ndi Kuchokera:

• Mtundu: Ulamu (tchai lopangidwa ndi kusakaniza pang’ono, 烏龍茶, wūlóngchá). Njira yopangira ya Taiwan (台式烏龍, táishì wūlóng). Kuchuluka kwa oxidation kumasiyana: mtundu wopanda fungo lolimba (清香型, qīngxiāng xíng) — 15–30%, mtundu wafungo lolimba (浓香型, nóngxiāng xíng) — 30–50%, ulamu wofiira (紅烏龍, hóng wūlóng) — 50–60%.
• Gulu: Maulamu a pamapiri aatali a Taiwan opangidwa ku China (台式高山烏龍, táishì gāoshān wūlóng). Chinthu chazindikirika ndi chizindikiro cha dziko la China (国家农产品地理标志, guójiā nóngchǎnpǐn dìlǐ biāozhì).
• Kuchokera: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建省, Fújiàn shěng), mzinda wa Longyan (龙岩市, Lóngyán shì), boma la Zhangping (漳平市, Zhāngpíng shì), kamudzi ka Yongfu (永福镇, Yǒngfú zhèn). Dera lotetezedwa limaphatikizapo midzi 27 ya kayendetsedwe — Guiyang (桂洋村), Fuli (福里村), Jianzhu (箭竹村), Qiuyuan (秋苑村), Lingxia (岭下村) ndi zina. Malo onse oterowo ndi 535.5 km².
• Malingaliro a malo: 117°12′28″–117°25′54″ Kutalika, 24°55′09″–25°10′55″ Kumpoto.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan ndi tchai laling’ono poyerekeza ndi mbiri, lomwe linayamba chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1990 ndipo limagwirizana kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wa zaulimi pakati pa Taiwan ndi Fujian.

M’chaka cha 1996, mlimi wa tchai waku Taiwan a Xie Dongqing (谢东庆, Xiè Dōngqìng) ochokera m’boma la Nantou (南投, Nántóu) anazindikira kuti nyengo, kutalika kwa malo ndi latitude ya kamudzi ka Yongfu zimafanana ndithu ndi zomwe zili ku Alishan — m’madera omwe ali ndi tchai lapamwamba kwambiri ku Taiwan. Xie Dongqing anabweretsa mbande za Ruanzhi Oolong (软枝乌龙, ruǎnzhī wūlóng) ndipo anayambitsa malo oyamba a tchai a mahekitala pafupifupi 67 (1,000 mu). Izi ndizo zinayambitsa mbiri ya “Alishan ya ku China” (大陆阿里山, dàlù Ālǐshān) — dzina losavomerezeka lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kwa Yongfu pakati pa ochita malonda aku Taiwan.

M’chaka cha 2008, kamudzi kameneka kanalandira udindo wa National Park of Entrepreneurial Activities for Taiwanese Farmers (国家级台湾农民创业园, guójiājí Táiwān nóngmín chuàngyè yuán), zomwe zinakopa mabizinesi 48 a tchai a ku Taiwan. Pofika m’chaka cha 2019, malo okhala ndi tchai anali atafika 5.5萬 mu (pafupifupi mahekitala 3,667), zokolola pachaka — zoposa matani 1,600, mtengo wamalonda — woposa 700 miliyoni yuan.

M’chaka cha 2011, Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan inasankhidwa ndi Beijing Gugong Museum ngati “tchai lofikira ku nyumba yachifumu” (故宫贡茶, Gùgōng gòngchá). M’chaka cha 2017, tchayi linayamba kuwerengedwa m’gulu la zakumwa zovomerezeka za msonkhano wa BRICS ku Xiamen ndipo linaonetsedwa pachiwonetsero cha zinthu zopambana za dziko la “Zaka Zisanu Zopita Patsogolo Molimbika”. M’chaka chomwecho pa mpikisano wa “Mfumu ya Tchai” pa chionetsero cha tchai cha mphepete mwa nyanja ku Zhangzhou, Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan linapambana udindo wa “mfumu ya tchai” m’gulu la maulamu a ku Taiwan.

Pa 30 April 2020, Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zaulimi Zakumidzi ku China unapereka tchayi udindo wa chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera. M’chaka cha 2021, miyezo ya dziko ya “Ulamu wa Taiwan” (《台式乌龙茶》) ndi “Malamulo a ukadaulo wopangira ulamu wa Taiwan” (《台式乌龙茶加工技术规范》), yomwe inapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi opanga Zhangping ndi bungwe la Tea Society la Taiwan, inayamba kugwira ntchito. Miyezo imeneyi inali njira yoyamba ya miyezo yogwirizana yamagulu awiri m’gawo laulimi. Mu September 2021, Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan linalembedwa m’kaundula wa “Zinthu Zabwino Kwambiri Zaulimi Padziko Lonse” (全国名特优新农产品).

• Dzina: 永福 (Yǒngfú) ndi dzina la kamudzi, kutanthauza “chimwemwe chosatha” kapena “ulemerero wosatha”. 高山 (gāoshān) — “phiri lalitali,” kusonyeza kuti limamera pamtunda wopitilira 700 m. 茶 (chá) — “tchai.” Choncho, dzina lonse limatanthauza “tchai la pamapiri aatali [lochokera] ku Yongfu.”

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan ndi chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wa zaulimi pakati pa Taiwan ndi Fujian. Limasonyeza momwe ukadaulo wa ulamu wamapiri aatali ku Taiwan ungathere kubwerezedwa bwino m’madera omwe ali ndi nyengo yofanana ku China. Amisiri a tchai aku Taiwan anabweretsa osati mbande ndi zipangizo zokha, komanso filosofi ya “ulimi wolemekezeka wapamwamba” (高优精致农业, gāoyōu jīngzhì nóngyè) — kuyang’anira bwino, kutsatira kochokera, ndi chiphaso cha organic. Minda ya tchai ku Yongfu, pomwe maluwa a cherry amabzalidwa pakati pa mizere ya tchai ngati chotchinga cha chilengedwe, yakhala malo okaona ndi chizindikiro cha njira yobiriwira ya ulimi wa tchai.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

• Mtundu wa mmera / Cultivar: Cultivar yaikulu ndi Ruanzhi Oolong (软枝乌龙, ruǎnzhī wūlóng), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Qingxin Oolong (青心烏龍, Qīngxīn Wūlóng), imodzi mwa mitundu inayi yakale ya Taiwan. Ili ndi chitsamba cha Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, masamba apakati, yakucha mochedwa. Masamba ndi a elliptical, okhuthala, obiriwira kwambiri ndi kuwala kwamafuta. Ruanzhi Oolong amatenga pafupifupi 70% ya mbewu. Mitundu yowonjezera: Jinxuan (金萱, Jīnxuān, TTES № 12) — yokhala ndi fungo la mkaka; Cui Yu (翠玉, Cuìyù, TTES № 13) — yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a maluwa; Si Ji Chun (四季春, Sìjì Chūn) — yobala msanga ndi yokolola kwambiri. Mitundu yonseyi imabzalidwa mwa njira yobzala ndi makalumukira (kudula).

• Kututa: Nyengo yotuta — kuyambira pakati pa April mpaka pakati pa October. Mphukira ya masika (April) imapereka tchai lapamwamba kwambiri. Mphukira ya autumn imayamikiridwanso. Tchai lachilimwe limapangidwa koma limakhala ndi fungo lochepa. Kututa kumachitika pamanja, masana pamene mame a m’mawa asanduka nthunzi.

• Mulingo wotuta: Mphukira imodzi ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè) pa mitundu yapamwamba; mphukira imodzi ndi masamba atatu pa mtundu woyamba. Mphukira ziyenera kukhala zonse, zofanana kupsyetsa, popanda kuvulala.

• Zofunikira pazopangira: Mphukira yatsopano ya pamwamba yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, popanda fungo lachilendo, yowuma bwino kuchokera ku mame isanafike kufakitale. Ukadaulo wa ku Taiwan umafunikira kusamala kwakukulu: masamba asatenthedwe poyenda, ndipo nthawi yapakati pa kututa ndi kuyamba kufota iyenera kukhala yochepa.

4. Malo ndi Zina Zakulima:

• Dera ndi mtunda: Kamudzi ka Yongfu kali kumwera chakumadzulo kwa khonsolo ya Zhangping. Ili ndi chigwa chapamapiri aatali (高山盆地, gāoshān péndì), chozunguliridwa ndi mapiri mbali zonse zinayi. Malo okhala ndi nkhalango ndi 78%.

• Kutalika komwe kumamerako: Kutalika kwapakati — 755 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Kufanana kwakukulu ndi Alishan ku Taiwan: madera onsewa ali pafupifupi latitude yomweyo (24°55′–25°10′ Kumpoto).

• Nyengo: Nyengo yamtunda wapamapiri ya chilili chotentha. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka — 17.3°C. Mvula yapakati pachaka — 1,839.4 mm. Kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku kumapitirira 10°C, zomwe zimachedwetsa kukula kwa chitsamba cha tchai ndipo zimathandiza kuti asamangidwe ma amino acid. Kuphimba kwa mitambo ndi nkhungu chaka chonse kumapereka kuwala kochuluka (mpaka 70% ya kuwala), kumene kuli ndi utoto wobiriwira-ufiyoliyo — izi zimatalikitsa nyengo ya kukula ndipo zimalimbitsa mawonekedwe onunkhira a masamba.

• Dothi: Mitundu yodzala ndi chikasu chobiriwira (酸性黄壤, suānxìng huángrǎng), yokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe komanso yopititsa madzi bwino. Chinthu chapadera cha ulimi wa tchai ku Yongfu ndi njira yakuthirira chitsamba cha tchai ndi mkaka wa soya (豆浆浇灌法, dòujiāng jiāoguàn fǎ), yomwe inakonzedwa ndi Li Zhihong (李志鸿, Lǐ Zhìhóng), mtsogoleri wa famu ya Hongding (鸿鼎农场). Soya watsopano amasinthidwa kukhala mkaka, kusakaniza ndi mabakitiriya a bioactive, shuga wofiira, khungu la mpunga, kadzutsa wa nzimbe, ndi ndowe za mbalame, kupesa, ndipo amasungunula kuti athirire pansi. Njirayi imakhuthaza masamba, kumapangitsa kuti likhale lolimba ku matenda, ndikuthe kukometsa tchai. Manyowa opangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo sagwiritsidwa ntchito — m’malo mwake, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yobiriwira yotetezera zomera, ndipo kubzala limodzi ndi maluwa a cherry kumapanga chotchinga chachilengedwe, zomwe zimachepetsa matenda obwera ndi tizilombo ndi 60%.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan limapangidwa motsatira ukadaulo wakale wa Taiwan wa ulamu wa mpira, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopotoza nsalu yotentha (热团揉, rè tuánróu) — gawo lofunika kwambiri lomwe limasiyanitsa mtundu wa Taiwan ndi maulamu a Minnan aku China.

• Kututa / 采摘 — cǎizhāi: Mphukira ya “mphukira imodzi — masamba awiri” imatutidwa pamanja masana ndipo imatumizidwa nthawi yomweyo kufakitale.

• Kufota padzuwa / 日光萎凋 — rìguāng wěidiāo: Masamba atsopano amayalidwa panja padzuwa. Kuchuluka kwa kufota kumayesedwa mwa kukhudza: masamba amayenera kumva ngati “velvet” akakhudza, fungo loyera limatuluka, masamba achiwiri amataya kuwala ndikuyamba kupindika. Kuchepa kwa kulemera — 8–12%. Kutalika kwa nthawi kumasinthidwa malinga ndi nyengo ndi chinyezi cha mpweya — njira ya “kufota mwa nyengo” (看天萎凋法, kàn tiān wěidiāo fǎ).

• Kufota m’nyumba ndi kugwedeza / 室内萎凋搅拌 — shìnèi wěidiāo jiǎobàn: Kusinthana pakati pa nthawi yopumula ndi yowotcha (mikombero 4–5). Akugwedeza, m’mphepete mwa masamba amabala kuvulala pang’ono komwe kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mpweya pang’ono — kumene kumapanga mzera wofiira wozungulira m’mphepete mwamchenga. Komaliza: kukhuthala kwa masamba 15–20 cm, masamba amayalidwa “chigwa” kuti azitha kufufumira mwachangu; amayikapo mphindi 90–180 kufikira fungo la “masamba obiriwira” litatha ndipo fungo loyera la maluwa litaoneka.

• Kukazinga (kupha masamba obiriwira) / 杀青 — shāqīng: Amagwiritsa ntchito makina okazinga a cylindrical (圆筒炒青机, yuántǒng chǎoqīng jī) pa kutentha pafupifupi 260°C. Njirayi imatenga mphindi 3–4; chizindikiro chakuti yakonzeka — kuchepa kwa phokoso la kung’ung’udza, kutha kwa fungo la udzu, ndi kuonekera kwa fungo lokoma la maluwa. Masamba amakhala ofewa, osalira pang’ono ndipo amapota m’manja popanda kutulutsa madzi. Mfundo: kutentha kuyenera kukhala kothitho podali kuti masamba asapse.

• Kupota / 揉捻 — róuniǎn: Masamba amapotedwa mpaka atakulungidwa kukhala zingwe zolimba, ndikutulutsa pang’ono madzi pamwamba pake.

• Kupota ndi nsalu yotentha / 热团揉 — rè tuánróu: Gawo lofunika kwambiri la ukadaulo wa Taiwan. Masamba oumitsidwa amatenthedwanso mpaka atafewa, kukulungidwa mu nsalu ya thonje ndikupangidwa kukhala mpira wolimba pogwiritsa ntchito makina opota nsalu (布球揉捻机, bùqiú róuniǎn jī) kapena pamanja. Kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kwa “kutentha — kupota ndi nsalu” kumachotsa pang’ono chinyezi ndikupangitsa kuti masamba akhale ngati mpira kapena theka la mpira. Gawo limeneli ndilomwe limapanga chizindikiro cha ulamu wa Taiwan.

• Kuumitsa / 干燥 — gānzào: Kuumitsa ndi mpweya wotentha kwambiri kumaletsa ntchito ya enzyme yotsalira ndikukhazikitsa ubwino.

• Kuchotsa makungu / 拣枝 — jiǎnzhī: Kuchotsa tsinde lalikulu ndi zinthu zina kuti maonekedwe ake akhale abwino.

• Kuumitsa komaliza ndi kukaanga / 再干与烘焙 — zài gān yǔ hōngbèi: Kuwotcha pang’onopang’ono pa 60–80°C mpaka chinyezi chikhale ≤ 6.5%. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mawonekedwe onunkhira a komaliza amapangidwa: kwa mtundu wa qingxiang, kuwotcha kumakhala kochepera; kwa mtundu wa nongxiang, kumakhala kozama, ndipo kumakhala ndi fungo la mtedza ndi caramel.

• Zapadera za ukadaulo: Kupota pamakina sikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa gawo la kupanga nsalu — masamba amapotedwa kokha mu thumba la nsalu, zomwe zimasunga kuti masamba asasweke. Ichi ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Minnan (mwachitsanzo, Tieguanyin), pamene kugudubuza pamakina kumaloledwa.

6. Zizindikiro za M’mimba ndi Pamaso:

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mphukira zolimba zooneka ngati mpira kapena theka la mpira (球型/半球型, qiú xíng / bàn qiú xíng), zolingana kalibre. Mtundu — wobiriwira kwambiri ngati emerald, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (翠绿鲜活、有油光).

• Fungo la masamba owuma: Laling’ono, losalira, lokhala ndi fungo la maluwa a kuthengo, zipatso zobiriwira, ndi kumva kwa mkaka pang’ono. Kwa mitundu yochokera ku Jinxuan, fungo la mkaka limamveka bwino. Kwa mtundu wa nongxiang, pali fungo lofula la mtedza.

• Fungo la madzi a tchai: Maluwa ndi zipatso zimakhalapo kwambiri: pichesi yamadzi (水蜜桃, shuǐ mìtáo), osmanthus (桂花, guìhuā), orchid (兰花, lánhuā). Ndikamwetsa mobwerezabwereza, fungo limakula ndikukula, ndikutulutsa ma toni a uchi ndi zipatso. Mwa zamagulu osungidwa, fungo la uchi (蜜香, mìxiāng) limawonekera.

• Kukoma: Mokwanira, molimba (醇厚, chúnhòu), kwatsopano (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng). Kuyamba — kumwa mofatsa ndi zipatso; pakati — kumva kochepera koma kolimba; kutsekemera pambuyo — kumwa kotsekedwa kum’mero (喉韵甘甜, hóuyùn gāntián) komanso kumva khazikhazi koziziritsa. Huigan (回甘, huígān) — kumwa kotsekemera kumene kumabwerera — kukuchitika. Tchayi limatha kumwetsedwa kuposa ka 7, nkusunga kukhuta kwake.

• Mtundu wa madzi a tchai: Mtundu wa qingxiang — wobiriwira- wachikasu ngati uchi (蜜绿黄亮, mì lǜ huáng liàng), wowala ndi woonekera. Mtundu wa nongxiang — kuyambira wagolide wofunda mpaka amber. Ulamu wofiira — wofiira-waorenji kwambiri (红亮, hóngliàng).

• Pansi pa tchai (masamba ophikidwa): Masamba onse omwe asokonekera ndi dongosolo lokhazikika la “mphukira + mphukira” (芽叶连枝完整). Masamba ndi ofewa, owala, olimba. M’mphepete mwa masamba — madontho ofiira odziwika pa mano (叶缘锯齿呈红点状), omwe amatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa mpweya kunachitika moyenera.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan liri ndi chiŵerengero chabwino cha polyphenols ndi ma amino acid, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha malo ake apamapiri: pokwera, kuchuluka kwa polyphenols kumachepa, pomwe ma amino acid amachuluka.

• Polyphenols: Kuchuluka kwa polyphenols mu tchai — ≥ 12.8% (malinga ndi mulingo wa chizindikiro cha dera), kwenikweni kumakhala mpaka 14.4%. Catechins amatenga pafupifupi 10.62% (kuphatikiza EGCG, ECG, EGC, EC). Zotsatira za kusinthidwa pang’ono — theaflavins ndi thearubigins — zimapanga utoto ndi kukhuthala kwa madzi a tchai.

• Amino acids: Kuchuluka kwa amino acids a ufulu — ≥ 2.0% (mwa mulingo), kwenikweni — mpaka 4.48%, zomwe ndi zoposa kwambiri chiŵerengero chapakati cha maulamu wamba. Kuchuluka kwa L-theanine kwakukulu kumapereka kufewa, kutsekemera, ndi kumva kwa umami.

• Zinthu zosungunulira mu madzi: 41.9% — chiŵerengero chapadera kwambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti madzi a tchai akhale okhuthala ndi okwanira.

• Shuga osungunulika: 10.37%, zomwe zimapatsa tchai kutsekemera kwachilengedwe ndi kukometsa kwapambuyo kwa nthawi yayitali.

• Alkaloids: Kafeini — mulingo wapakati (wodziwika kwa tchai losakanizidwa pang’ono), theobromine ndi theophylline — zochepa. Kuyanjana kwa kafeini ndi L-theanine kumapereka mphamvu yochedwa, yokhalitsa yotsogolera popanda “kuphulika kwadzidzidzi kwa kafeini.”

• Mavitamini: Mavitamini C, B₁, B₂, P (rutin) — odziwika kwa maulamu amapiri aatali.

• Minerals: Potaziyamu, magnesium, manganese, zinc, fluoride — zochepa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti madzi a tchai akhale ndi mtundu wa minerali.

• Mafuta osungunuka: Kompleki ya terpenes ndi mankhwala onunkhira (linalool, geraniol, nerol, indole, jasmone), omwe amapanga mawonekedwe a maluwa ndi zipatso. Kuwala kochedwetsa kobiriwira-kufiyoli kwa pamapiri kumathandiza kuti asamangidwe zinthu zoyambitsa fungo.

8. Ubwino:

• Mphamvu yochedwetsa: Kafeini kuphatikiza ndi L-theanine kumapereka kukhazikika kwa chidwi, kochedwetsa komanso kosalekeza, popanda nkhawa kapena kuthamanga kwa mtima. Malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwa, mphamvu yochedwetsa ya ulamu ya Yongfu imakhala yaitali ndi 30% kuposa tchai lobiriwira, ndipo mwayi wochitapo kanthu zochedwetsa pang’ono.

• Chitetezo cha antioxidant: Kompleksi ya polyphenol (EGCG, ECG) imalepheretsa ma free radicals ndikuchepetsa kupsyinjika kwa okosijeni m’maselo. Mwa zina, kuchuluka kwa antioxidants mu ulamu wamapiri aatali ndi 25% yapamwamba kuposa mu tchai la m’zigwa.

• Kuthandizira kagayidwe ka mafuta: Catechins amathandiza kuyang’anira kaphatikizidwe ka kolestro, kuchepetsa mulingo wa LDL, ndikusunga chiŵerengero chabwino cha mafuta.

• Ubwino wokhudza chakudya: Tchai losakanizidwa pang’ono limakhudza bwinobwino m’mikumbu kuposa lobiriwira. Mitundu ya nongxiang (yowotcha) ndi yofewa makamaka kwa omwe ali ndi vuto losakhalira bwino kwa chakudya.

• Kuthandiza mtima: Kumwa polyphenols mwa tchai mokhazikika kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhazikika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kusintha kwa elasticity ya mitsempha.

• Kuthandiza kasamalidwe ka kulemera: Polyphenols ndi kafeini amathandizira kuthamanga kwa metabolism ndi thermogenesis — payekha, mkati mwa zakudya zoyenera.

• Kulimbitsa mano: Fluoride ndi catechins amapereka mphamvu yowononga mabakitiriya mkamwa, zomwe zimalepheretsa kupangika kwa makoko a mano.

• Mchitidwe wa kumwa tchai mwanzeru: Kupereka tchai mobwerezabwereza (gongfu) kumasintha kumwa tchai kukhala mchitidwe wozama, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kupsyinjika.

9. Kutsatira:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100°C (mtundu wa qingxiang — 90–95°C; nongxiang ndi ulamu wofiira — 100°C yotentha kuti atulutse bwino fungo la maluwa ndi zipatso).

• Kuchuluka kwa tchai: 7 g pa 140 ml (gongfu, chiŵerengero 1:20) kapena 3–4 g pa 200–250 ml pakumwa tsiku ndi tsiku.

• Mbale: Gaiwan ya porcelain yoyera (白瓷盖碗, báicí gàiwǎn) — yoyenera kuwonera mtundu wa madzi a tchai ndi kuwongolera nthawi mwatsatanetsatane; ndiyabwino kwambiri kwa mtundu wa qingxiang. Tsamba lapansi la Yixing la dongo lofiirira (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú) — la mitundu ya nongxiang ndi ulamu wofiira: dongo limasunga kutentha ndipo “limasonkhanitsa” fungo.

• Njirayi:

  1. Yotolani ziwiya ndi madzi otentha: gaiwan, chahai (公道杯, gōngdào bēi), ndi makapu.
  2. Ikani tchayi ndi kulisiyirani kwa masekondi 10–15 kuti litenthedwe ndi nthunzi yochokera ku khoma lotentha — pumani fungo la masamba owuma.
  3. Kumwetsa mwachangu (温润泡, wēnrùn pào): thirani madzi ndikutsira pakatha masekondi 5 — izi zimatsegula mphukira ndikudzutsa fungo.
  4. Kudontha koyamba: masekondi 10.
  5. Sanjani madzi a tchai kupyolera mu chahai m’makapu.
  6. Zina: chachiwiri — masekondi 10, kenaka aliyense wowonjezani masekondi 5. Tchayi limatha kumwa mpaka 7 kapena kuposera apo.

• Zolemba: Kwa mtundu wa qingxiang, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kochepera ndi 5–10°C kuti mawu osalimba asatenthedwe. Kwa mtundu wa nongxiang — madzi otentha kwambiri ndi nthawi yotalikirapo kuti atulutse zovuta za caramel ndi mtedza.

10. Kusunga:

• Mtundu wa qingxiang: Kutseka bwino, mufiriji (0–5°C), kutetezedwa ku fungo lachilendo. Pambuyo pa kutsegula — gwiritsani ntchito mkati mwa miyezi 6, kuti polyphenols asasanduke ndi fungo lisatheretu. Chinyezi chotsalira mu tchai — osaposa 6.5%.

• Mitundu ya nongxiang ndi yowotcha: Amatha kusungidwa bwino. Pokhapokha pamalo ouma, ozizira (mpaka 25°C), m’chidebe chosawonekera chotsekedwa bwino. Nthawi yosungira — mpaka zaka 2. Ngati asungidwa bwino, amatha “kupsya” pang’ono ndikukula ma tone a uchi.

• Ulamu wofiira: Mofanana ndi mtundu wa nongxiang; amalola kupsya pang’ono.

• Adani a tchai: Chinyezi, kutentha, kuwala kwa dzuwa, fungo lachilendo. Osasunga pafupi ndi zonunkhira, mafuta onunkhira, kapena mankhwala apanyumba.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

• Gulu la mtengo: Mtengo umasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mtundu, nyengo yotuta, mtundu wa kukonza, ndi mulingo wa katswiri. Gulu lapadera (特级, tèjí): kuposa 5,000 yuan/kg — kuchokera ku mphukira “mphukira + masamba awiri” ya ubwino wopambana, ndi fungo lapamwamba la maluwa ndi zipatso ndi kukoma kwabwino. Gulu loyamba (一级, yījí): 3,000–4,000 yuan/kg — mphukira “mphukira + masamba atatu,” fungo lokhazikika, chiŵerengero chabwino cha mtengo ndi ubwino. Gulu lachiwiri (二级, èrjí): pansi pa 3,000 yuan/kg — kuchokera ku masamba okhwima, kumva kolimba, kukhazikika kwabwino pakuthira.

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:

  • Gulani kwa ogulitsa omwe ali ndi chiyambi chodziwika bwino ndi chiphaso cha chizindikiro cha dera “永福高山茶”.
  • Yang’anani mawonekedwe: mphukira ziyenera kukhala zolingana, zolimba, ndi kuwala kobiriwira kwamafuta. Kusalana ndi mtundu wopanda kuwala ndiye chizindikiro cha tchai la mtundu wotsika kapena chonyenga.
  • Yang’anani fungo: Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan yachilengedwe imakhala ndi fungo loyera, losanjikizana la maluwa popanda “khalidwe” la mankhwala kapena kutsekemera kwambiri kolimba.
  • Muone madzi a tchai: mtundu uyenera kukhala wowala ndi woonekera, kumwa kofewa ndi kutsekemera kwanthawi yayitali pambuyo pake. Madzi a tchai osakanika, kuwawa kwambiri kapena “kusowa” kothina ndi chisonyezo cha vuto la ubwino.
  • Khalani tcheru ndi mitengo yotsika mokayikitsa: ulamu wa pamapiri aatali weniweni wochokera ku Yongfu (wotutidwa pamanja, manyowa organic, ndi kukonzedwa mwa Taiwan) sangakhale wotsika mtengo. Mtengo wapansi pa 1,500 yuan/kg pachomwe chimati ndi “gulu lapamwamba” ndi chifukwa chokayikira.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• “Alishan ya ku China”: Yongfu ndi dera lokhalo ku China lomwe ovomerezedwa ndi alimi a tchai a Taiwan kuti ndi lofanana ndi Alishan wotchuka. Kufanana kwa latitude, kutalika, ndi nyengo ndikokwanira moti, popima maso, a Tea Society aku Taiwan kangapo ananena kuti maulamu a Yongfu ndi a Alishan sasiyanitsika.

• Tchai lomwe “limamwa mkaka wa soya”: Njira yochiritsira mitengo ndi mkaka wa soya wovunda (豆浆浇灌法) ndi njira yodziwika ya opanga a ku Yongfu, yomwe ilibe fanizo m’madera ena a tchai. Imakhuthaza masamba ndi kulimbitsa fungo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa amankhwala.

• Maluwa a cherry ngati chishango cha chilengedwe: Kubzala maluwa a cherry pakati pa mizere ya tchai si njira yongokongoletsa, koma njira yaulimi. Mitengo yamaluwa imakopa adani achilengedwe a tizirombo, ndipo mizu yake imakonza dongosolo la dothi. Kuchuluka kwa matenda oti tizirombo m’mindapo kumachepa ndi 60%.

• Tchai la ukazembe: Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan ndi imodzi mwa tchai zochepa zomwe zinalowa pamodzi m’gulu la tchai lofikira m’nyumba yachifumu ya Gugong ya ku Beijing (2011) ndi zakumwa zovomerezeka za msonkhano wa BRICS (2017). Zinthu za kumeneko ziri ndi ziphaso zoyang’anira milingo ya ku China, Taiwan, Japan ndi European Union — “chiphaso cha ubwino” chamadera anayi — ndi chosowa pa tchai lochokera kudera limodzi.

• Mulingiro woyamba wamagulu awiri: Miyezo ya dziko ya “Ulamu wa Taiwan” (2021) inakonzedwa mogwirizana ndi bungwe la Taiwan Tea Society ndi Lugu Township Farmers’ Association — iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba m’mbiri pomwe mbali zonse za Strait of Taiwan zinapanga mulingo umodzi wamalonda a chinthu chimodzi.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Maulamu Ena:

• Alishan Gaoshan Cha (阿里山高山茶, Ālǐshān Gāoshān Chá): “M’bale” wapamtima komanso mulingo wa mtundu. Amapangidwa ku Taiwan pa kutalika kwa 1,000–1,600 m. Kutsekemera koopsa kwa “phiri lalitali,” mawonekedwe abwino a maluwa. Ulamu wa Yongfu ndi wolimba kwambiri m’thupi ndipo wamphamvu pang’ono m’fungo — zotsatira za kutalika kochepa (755 m) ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa tsiku.

• Tieguanyin (铁观音, Tiě Guānyīn): Ulamu wakale wa Minnan wochokera ku Anxi, Fujian. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku cultivar yomweyi, osati Ruanzhi Oolong. Ukadaulo n’wosiyana: Tieguanyin amagwiritsa ntchito kugudubuza pamakina, osati kupota ndi nsalu; mphukira ndi zazikulu ndi zolemera. Tieguanyin ya qingxiang imakhala ndi minerali; Yongfu — yokhala ndi zipatso komanso “mkaka.”

• Dongding Oolong (冻顶烏龍, Dòngdǐng Wūlóng): “Agogo” wa mtundu wa Taiwan, pomwe mtundu wonse wa maulamu a mpira a Taiwan unachokera. Amapangidwa ku Nantou pa kutalika kwa 600–800 m kuchokera ku Qingxin Oolong yemweyo. Mu mtundu wake, imafanana ndi nongxiang — ndi kuwotcha kozama. Ulamu wa Yongfu mu mtundu wa qingxiang ndi wopepuka komanso watsopano kuposa Dongding, koma mu mtundu wa nongxiang ungafufuze pafupi naye.

• Zhangping Shuixian (漳平水仙, Zhāngpíng Shuǐxiān): Ulamu wina wotchuka wochokera ku Zhangping, koma ndi wosiyana kotheratu: ili ndi ulamu wa Minnan woumiridwa (mwa mawonekedwe a “mkate” wa masikweya) wochokera ku cultivar ya Shuixian. Ukadaulo ndi mawonekedwe a kukoma (maluwa-nkhuni, ndi mawu a narcissus) n’zosiyana kwambiri. Mitundu iwiri ya tchai — mawonekedwe awiri a khonsolo imodzi.

• Lishan Oolong (梨山烏龍, Líshān Wūlóng): Ulamu wa pamapiri aatali a Taiwan wochokera ku kutalika kwa 1,800–2,600 m. Wofewa kwambiri, “wamzimu,” ndi kutsekemera kwa maluwa kozizirira. Tchai la Yongfu, ngakhale liri lapamapiri aatali, ndi lolimba komanso “lofunda” kuposa Lishan — kusiyana kwa kutalika ndi kukhalirana kwa nyengo ya boma limodzi kumachititsa.

14. Mitundu ya Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan:

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa oxidation ndi kuwotcha, mitundu itatu imawerengedwa:

• Qingxiang (清香型, qīngxiāng xíng): Oxidation yochepa (15–30%), kuwotcha kochepera. Fungo lalikulu — orchid ndi zipatso zatsopano. Madzi a tchai — obiriwira-wachikasu ngati uchi. Kukoma kwatsopano ndi kotsekemera. Cultivar yaikulu — Ruanzhi Oolong. Iyi ndi “khadi la alendo” la dera ndipo ndiyo mtundu wofala kwambiri.

• Nongxiang (浓香型, nóngxiāng xíng): Oxidation yapakati (30–50%), kuwotcha kooneka. Fungo — mtedza wowotcha, caramel. Kukoma kolimba, ndi huigan yozama. Cultivar yaikulu — Jinxuan (ndi kumveka kwa mkaka) ndi Ruanzhi Oolong. Madzi a tchai — amtundu wa golide-amber.

• Ulamu wofiira (红乌龙, hóng wūlóng): Oxidation yolemera (50–60%). Amaphatikiza fungo la maluwa la ulamu ndi thupi ndi kuzama kwa tchai lofiira. Madzi a tchai — olemera, ofiira-waorenji. Ili ndi gulu latsopano, lomwe likukulirakulira.

Pomaliza:

Tchai ya Yongfu Gaoshan ndi chitsanzo chosowa cha tchai lomwe silinabadwe kuchokera ku miyambo yakale, koma kuchokera ku kuwerengera ndendende kwa zaulimi: amisiri a ku Taiwan “anabzala” malo a Alishan ku China — ndipo adakhazikika. Mzaka makumi atatu, Yongfu yasintha kuchoka pa malo oyeserera kukhala malo aakulu kwambiri a ulamu wa Taiwan ku China, pomwe malonda ake amaganiziridwa kuti ndi a Alishan pakuyesa mwakhungu, amaperekedwa pamisonkhano yaukazembe, ndipo ali ndi ziphaso zoyang’anira m’miyezo yapadziko lonse ya mabungwe anayi.

Tchai limeneli ndi loyenera kwa iwo amene amayamikira mtundu wa ulamu wa Taiwan — ndi mawonekedwe ake osalala ngati silika, fungo lamaluwa ndi zipatso losanjikizana, ndi kubvumbulutsidwa pang’onopang’ono m’madontho — koma akufuna kudziwa “kuwerenga kwaku China” kwa mtunduwo. Madontho asanu ndi awiri kapena asanu ndi atatu mu gaiwan adzawonetsa mawonekedwe onse: kuchokera pachiwombankhanga choyamba chamaluwa champhamvu mpaka ku kumwa kotsekemera kwachete komaliza.