Yǒngchuān Xiù Yá · new.thetea.app

Yǒngchuān Xiù Yá (永川秀芽, Yǒngchuān xiù yá — “Mphukira Wopambana wa ku Yongchuan”) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wodziwika bwino wa mu mzinda wapadera wa Chongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng), wopangidwa mu 1959 ndipo anapatsidwa dzina mu 1964 ndi katswiri wamkulu wa tiyi, profesa Chén Chuán (陈椽, Chén Chuán, 1908–1999) — tate wa sayansi ya tiyi ya masiku ano ku China, yemwe adapanga dongosolo la mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya tiyi ya Chinesa. Tiyiyi ndiyotchuka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri “onga lupanga”: mphukira zowongoka, zozungulira pang’ono, zonyezimira ngati siliva ndi emeradi (银翠交辉, yíncuì jiāohuī), pamene akuwira m’madzi, zimayimirira ndikupanga mawonekedwe a “Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi” (海底森林, hǎidǐ sēnlín). Mu 2024 — adalandira mphoto yapadera ya golide ya nyenyezi zisanu ndi chimodzi ya “Zhongcha Bei” (中茶杯国际鼎承茶王赛绿茶组六星特别金奖, Zhōngchá bēi). Mtengo wa ndondomeko yake ndi 34.32 biliyoni yuan, ndipo mtengo wonse wa unyolo wake ndi 4.5 biliyoni yuan.

1. Kuyika ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (wosaphetsedwa). Mwa mawonekedwe — wonga singano, wokhotakhota pang’ono, wonga lupanga (针芽状，挺直略扁似剑). Mwa njira yopangira — yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira ya “kuwotcha katatu ndi kuphika kanayi” (三烘四炒, sān hōng sì chǎo).
Gulu: Chizindikiro cha National Geographical Indication (国家地理标志商标, chaka cha 2011). Ndi chizindikiro cha kalozera wa zolemba zaulimi ku China (中国农业品牌目录, chaka 2019). Mphoto ya golide ya nyenyezi zisanu ndi chimodzi ya “Zhongcha Bei” (2024). Mtengo wa ndondomeko ndi 34.32 biliyoni yuan. Ndi njira yodziwika ndi patent ya dziko (国家发明专利, chaka 2004).
Chiyambi: China, mzinda wapadera wa Chongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng), chigawo cha Yongchuan (永川区, Yǒngchuān Qū). Magulu a tiyi ali m’mapiri asanu: Yunwushan (云雾山), Yinshan (阴山), Bayueshan (巴岳山), Jishan (箕山) ndi Huangguashan (黄瓜山). Malo ofunika kwambiri: Chashan Zhuhai (茶山竹海, “Phiri la Tiyi — Nyanja ya Nsatsi”) — malo ochitira ziwonetsero, mzinda wa Yongrongzhen (永荣镇) ndi phiri la Shisunshan (石笋山) la mzinda wa Hegeng (何埂镇), kutalika kwa 300–500 m — “dera la mitambo”.
Koordinati: Pafupifupi 29°23′ kumpoto, 105°53′ kummawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo Lachikhalidwe:

Mbiri: Mu 1959, bungwe la kafukufuku la zaulimi ku Chongqing, dipatimenti ya tiyi (重庆市农科院茶研所, kale linali siteshoni yoyesera ya tiyi ku Sichuan) pa phiri la Jishan (箕山) ku Yongchuan, linapanga tiyi wobiriwira watsopano wonga singano. Mu 1963, pulezidenti wa Komiti Yoyimirira ya National People’s Congress Zhu De (朱德) atayendera malo a Yongchuan, analawa tiyiyi ndipo anayamikira khalidwe lake. Mu 1964, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa tiyi, profesa wa Yunivesite ya Zaulimi ya Anhui Chén Chuán (陈椽) — amene anapanga dongosolo la mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya tiyi ya Chinesa — mwalamulo anapatsa tiyiyi dzina lakuti “Yongchuan Xiu Ya” (永川秀芽, “Mphukira Wopambana wa ku Yongchuan”).

Kukula kwa luso: m’zaka za m’ma 1980 — kukonza njira za “kumwazika mosintha” ndi “kupanga pang’ono pang’ono”; mu 2004 — njira yake inalandira patent ya dziko (国家发明专利), ndipo inakhazikitsa ndondomeko ya “鲜叶适度摊放、杀青中度偏嫩、初干以烘代炒” — “kumwazika mokwanira, kufikitsa kutentha kwapakati koma kosalimba, kuyanika koyamba pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha mmalo mwa kuwotcha”.

Kumanga ndondomeko: mu 2011 — chizindikiro cha malo; mu 2019 — kalozera wa zolemba zaulimi ku China; pofika 2024 — mtengo wa ndondomeko unali 34.32 biliyoni yuan, mtengo wonse wa unyolo unali 4.5 biliyoni yuan.
Dzina:
- “Yongchuan” (永川) — “Mtsinje wa Nthawi Zonse”: dzina la chigawo ku Chongqing.
- “Xiu” (秀) — “wopambana, wowongoka”: limafotokoza mawonekedwe abwino a mphukira.
- “Ya” (芽) — “mphukira, masamba osatuluka”.
Dzina linapatsidwa ndi profesa Chén Chuán — mmodzi mwa akatswiri akuluakulu a tiyi a zaka za zana la 20. Kulandira dzina kuchokera kwa Chén Chuán n’kofanana ndi kupeza dzina kuchokera kwa Lu Yu: chizindikiro cha kuvomerezedwa kwathunthu.
Tanthauzo Lachikhalidwe: Yongchuan Xiu Ya ndi chizindikiro cha tiyi ku Chongqing, mzinda wapadera wokhala ndi anthu oposa 30 miliyoni. Malo a “Chashan Zhuhai” (茶山竹海, “Phiri la Tiyi — Nyanja ya Nsatsi”) ndi malo odziwika bwino oyendera alendo: magulu aakulu a tiyi amene amapita ku nkhalango za nsatsi. Dongosolo la chilengedwe la “猪-沼-茶” (nkhumba — biogas — tiyi) — njira yobweretsa ubwino waulimi — imatengedwa ngati chitsanzo chabwino.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zipangizo:

Mitundu / Chomera: Local Quntizhong (本地群体种, běndì qúntǐzhǒng) — mtundu wamba wa Camellia sinensis var. sinensis wa tchire, wokhala ndi masamba ang’ono ndi apakati.
Kututa: Wa m’masika. Mulingo wofunikira ndi — mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi loyamba kutuluka (一芽一叶初展). Nthawi yotuta: 9:00–16:00. Samatuta: mphukira zodwala, mphukira zofiirira.
Magulu (malinga ndi mkhalidwe wa zipangizo):
- Gongya (贡芽, “Mphukira Wamphatso”): Mphukira zathunthu ≥95%. Fungo labwino, loyera. Kuyambira 2000 yuan pa jin imodzi.
- Yuya (玉芽, “Mphukira wa Ndale”): Mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi. Kununkhira kokhazikika. 1000–1500 yuan.
- Yunya / Xiuya (云芽/秀芽, “Mphukira wa Mtambo / Wopambana”): Mphukira imodzi ndi masamba awiri. Mtengo wabwino. 300–800 yuan.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe Olima:

Nyengo: Yotentha komanso yamvula ambiri. Kutentha kwapachaka kumakhala pakati pa 17–20°C, chinyezi ≥75%, masiku achifunga opitilira >200 pachaka. Kutentha kumasintha kwambiri pakati pa usana ndi usiku. Kuwala kofewa kumathandizira kupangika kwa amino acid: tiyi wa m’masika — ≥4.0%.
Kutalika: 300–500 mita. Malo ofunika — “dera la mitambo” la mapiri asanu.
Dothi: Dothi lofiira-lachikasu (红黄壤), pH 4.5–6.0, lokhala ndi organic wambiri. Magulu ofunika a tiyi — malo otetezedwa a madzi (水源保护区): kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo n’koletsedwa. Njira yosamalira chilengedwe ya “猪-沼-茶” — njira yobweretsa ubwino: ulimi wa nkhumba → mbiya ya biogas → feteleza wa organic → magulu a tiyi.

5. Njirayi Yopangira:

Njira yofunika kwambiri ndi — “kuwotcha katatu ndi kuphika kanayi” (三烘四炒, sān hōng sì chǎo) — njira yodziwika ndi patent (patent ya dziko ya 2004), yophatikiza ntchito ya makina ndi manja.

Kututa (鲜叶采摘): Kututa pamanja m’masika.
Kumwazika (摊晾 — tānliàng): Maola 6 — nthawi yaitali kwambiri mwa tiyi wobiriwira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale fungo labwino kwambiri.
Kufikitsa Kutentha (杀青 — shāqīng): Mu chigawo chozungulira (滚筒) pa 160–180°C. Ndondomeko: “kufikitsa kutentha kwapakati koma kosalimba” (杀青中度偏嫩) — mofewa kwambiri kuposa tiyi wambiri, kuti amino acid asungidwe.
Kukulunga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): “Kukulunga ndi manja awiri ngati mpira” (双手滚球揉, shuāngshǒu gǔnqiú róu) — luso lapadera: mmisiri amagwiritsa manja onse “kukulunga” tiyi ngati mpira, kuti ikhale yofanana popanda kusweka.
Kuchotsa chinyezi (抖水 — dǒushuǐ): Kufafaniza kwapakati.
Kupanga mawonekedwe (做条 — zuòtiáo): Pa 60–70°C — kuwongola ndi kukulunga m’mawonekedwe (理条搓形). Kupanga mawonekedwe “onga lupanga”.
Kuyanika (烘干 — hōnggān): Chinyezi chochepera 5%.
Makhalidwe apadera: Ntchito yonse imagwiritsa ntchito zida za nsatsi ndi matabwa (全程竹木器具避金属氧化).

6. Makhalidwe Olawa:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mphukira zowongoka, zokhotakhota pang’ono, “zonga lupanga” (挺直略扁似剑). Utsitsi wochepa wa siliva (茸毛依稀). Mtundu — “siliva ndi emeradi zikunyanyala pamodzi” (银翠交辉, yíncuì jiāohuī). Kwa magulu apamwamba — “kunyezimira kwa mchenga ndi chisanu” (砂绿起霜, shālǜ qǐshuāng).
Fungo la masamba owuma: Loyera (清香) — ndi fungo lalikulu. La chestnut (栗香) — kwa magulu apamwamba. La orchid (兰花香) — kwa tiyi watsopano.
Fungo la madzi: Latsopano, lokwanira, lokhazikika (鲜嫩浓郁, xiānnèn nóngyù).
Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kwamadzimadzi (鲜爽) — amino acid ≥4.0%. Kwabwino ndi kokoma (甘美, gānměi) — kutsekemera kokhazikika. “Kuwawa kwapang’ono komwe kumatha mwamsanga” (微涩速化, wēisè sùhuà) — mawonekedwe apadera: kuwawa koyambirira kumatha mwa masekondi ochepa, ndipo kumasiya kutsekemera koyera.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira ngati emeradi, woyera komanso wowala (碧绿清澈).
Mawonekedwe owonekera: Mukapaka mu kapu yagalasi, mphukira zimayima zowongoka n’kumira pansi ndi nsonga zake — mawonekedwe a “Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi” (海底森林, hǎidǐ sēnlín) — chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimachitika ndi tiyi wonga singano.
Zotsalira: Mphukira zatsopano, zofanana, zowoneka bwino (嫩匀明亮), zomwe zimayima zowongoka (芽尖竖立下沉).

7. Zomwe Zili mu Makemikolo:

Amino Acid: ≥4.0% — zimapereka kutsapano ndi “umami”.
Polyphenol: Zochuluka kwambiri. Mphamvu yochotsa ma radical aulere ndi yowirikiza 18 kuposa vitamini E.
Fluorine: Zochuluka — zimateteza mano (防龋健齿).
Alkaloid: Kafeini — mochepa.
Vitamini: Vitamini C, carotenoid.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

Mphamvu yothana ndi oxidation: Polyphenol — mphamvu yowirikiza 18 kuposa vitamini E.
Kuteteza mano (防龋健齿): Fluorine imaletsa mabakiteriya ndikuchepetsa zinyalala.
Kuwongolera kulemera ndi shuga (降脂控糖): Catechin imathandizira kusweka kwa mafuta ndi 30%.
Mphamvu yolimbitsa thupi: Kafeini ndi L-theanine.
Chofunika: si malangizo azachipatala.

9. Kuwira:

Njira ya galasi (直泡法):
- Kutentha: 85°C. Mulingo: 3 g / 150 ml.
- Thirani madzi, ikani tiyi. Dikirani mphindi 2–3.
- Yang’anani “海底森林” — “Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi”.
Njira ya gaiwan (工夫泡):
- 80–85°C. Kutsuka koyamba — masekondi 20. Onjezani masekondi 10.
Chidziwitso: musagwiritse ntchito madzi owira (>85°C). Pambuyo potsegula — muzigwiritsa ntchito mkati mwa masiku 7.

10. Kusunga:

Tsekani bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5°C. Kusungidwa kwa miyezi 12. Pambuyo potsegula — masiku 7.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Magulu anayi: Gongya (≥2000 yuan/jin), Yuya (1000–1500), Yunya/Xiuya (300–800).

Momwe mungapewere zonyenga: Gulani ndi chizindikiro cha GI cha dera la Yongchuan; yang’anani mawonekedwe “onga lupanga” ndi kunyezimira kwa “siliva- emeradi”; onetsetsani “Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi” pamene akuwira.

12. Zina Zosangalatsa:

Anapatsidwa dzina mwini ndi Chén Chuán (陈椽) — amene anapanga dongosolo la mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya tiyi ya Chinesa, mmodzi mwa akatswiri akuluakulu a tiyi a zaka za zana la 20. Kulandira dzina kuchokera kwa Chén Chuán ndi ulemu wapamwamba.
Zhu De (朱德) — Pulezidenti wa National People’s Congress, mmodzi mwa “asilikali khumi” — payekha anayamikira tiyiyi mu 1963.
Mawonekedwe a “海底森林” (Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi) — mukapaka mu kapu, mphukira zimayima zowongoka ndi kumira pansi ndi nsonga zake, ndikupanga “nkhalango yaing’ono ya pansi pa madzi”. Zitsanzo zina: “杯中森林” (Kaihua Long Ding), “松针林立” (Anhua Song Zhen).
Njirayi yodziwika ndi patent (2004) — ndi chitsanzo chochepa chimene njira yopangira tiyi wobiriwira imatetezedwa ndi patent ya dziko.
Dongosolo la chilengedwe la “猪-沼-茶” — njira yobweretsa ubwino yaulimi — ndiyovomerezeka mwalamulo padziko lonse.
34.32 biliyoni yuan — mtengo wa ndondomeko (2024). Kwa tiyi wochokera ku Chongqing — dera lomwe silili mu “nkhotakota ya tiyi” yachikhalidwe — ndi chotulukapo chapadera.

13. Kufananitsa ndi tiyi wina wonga singano wobiriwira:

Nanjing Yu Hua Cha (南京雨花茶): Ochokera ku Nanjing. Ndi “singano” komanso, ndinapangidwanso pofika chikondwerero. Yu Hua — ndi fungo lamaluwa kwambiri; Xiu Ya — ndi fungo la chestnut kwambiri, ndi mawonekedwe “onga lupanga” ndi “Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi”.
Anhua Song Zhen (安化松针): Ochokera ku Hunan. Ndi “singano” komanso, ndi chaka cha 1959. Song Zhen — ndi “wokhotakhota mozungulira”; Xiu Ya — ndi “wophwato wonga lupanga”.
Emei Zhu Ye Qing (峨眉竹叶青): Ochokera ku Sichuan. Wophwato, wonga “tsamba la nsatsi”. Zhu Ye Qing — ndi wopepuka; Xiu Ya — ndi “wonga lupanga” ndi fungo la chestnut, ndi “微涩速化” (kuwawa komwe kumatha mwamsanga).
Qingcheng Xue Ya (青城雪芽): Ochokera ku Sichuan (Dujiangyan). Wowongoka, wonga “chipale chofewa”. Xue Ya — ndi wachikhalidwe cha Tao, ndi maola 20 a kuwonekera kwa utsitsi; Xiu Ya — ndi wa Chongqing, ndi “三烘四炒” ndi “Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi”.

Pomaliza:

Yongchuan Xiu Ya ndi tiyi wopatsidwa dzina ndi katswiri wamkulu wa tiyi, woyamikika ndi marshal, ndi wobadwira mumzinda waukulu pakati pa Sichuan ndi Chongqing. Mphukira zake “zonga lupanga”, zonyezimira ngati siliva ndi emeradi, mawonekedwe a “Nkhalango ya Pansi pa Madzi” mu kapu yagalasi, ndi makhalidwe ake apadera a “kuwawa komwe kumatha mwamsanga” (微涩速化) — zonsezi zimapanga tiyi wokhala ndi umunthu: osati kufewa kwa Biluochun, osati mphamvu yayikulu ya Longjing, koma mawonekedwe abwino, odalirika — ngati lupanga lonyezimira lomwe lalowetsedwa m’madzi a emeradi. Chongqing, mzinda wa anthu 30 miliyoni, potsiriza wapeza tiyi woyenera kukula kwake.