Yíméng Yù Yá

Yíméng Yù Yá (沂蒙玉芽, Yíméng yù yá) — “Mphukira wa Yade wa Mapiri a Yíméng” — ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa fleti wochokera ku Kigawo cha Jǔnán (莒南县, Jǔnán Xiàn) mumzinda wa Línyí (临沂市, Línyí Shì) m’chigawo cha Shāndōng (山东省), woimira “funde lachiwiri” la kayendetsedwe ka Shāndōng ka “Tiyi wa Kumwera – Wopita Kumpoto” (南茶北引, Nánchá Běiyǐn). Tiyiyi amatchulidwa pambuyo pa mapiri a Yíméng (沂蒙山, Yíméng Shān) — dera lochitira “chofiira” chodziwika bwino, lolemekezeka m’zaka za nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni ngati “maziko olimbikira” a Chipani cha Communist China. Mkhalidwe wake wodziwika bwino ndi fungo lothithima la chestnut (栗香浓郁持久), limodzi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku kwa “kumpoto” ndi kukula pang’onopang’ono kwa mphukira. Mtsogoleri wakale wa Institute of Tea of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chéng Qǐkūn (程启坤), anapereka chiwonetsero chapamwamba: “Kumwera kuli Lóngjǐng wa Hangzhou, kumpoto kuli Yíméng Yù Yá” (南有杭州龙井，北有沂蒙玉芽). Katswiri wa tiyi waku Japan, Matsushita Satoshi (松下智), Wapampando wa Japan Tea Association, anasiya zolemba za calligraphy: “Chilengedwe – tiyi wa Yùyá” (无为自然玉芽名茶).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosasungunuka. Maonekedwe ake akuluakulu ndi fleti (扁平形, biǎnpíng xíng), wopindika pang’ono, ndi pamwamba pake mosalala. Mzera wowonjezera: “Sōngzhēn” (松针, sōngzhēn, “singano ya paini”) wooneka ngati singano; wozungulira “Bìluóchūn” (碧螺春, Bìluóchūn); wozungulira ngati “mpira” “Tuányuán Chūn” (团圆春, Tuányuán Chūn, “Masika a Kukumananso”).

• Gulu: Chizindikiro cha Geographical Indication cha PRC (中国农产品地理标志产品, 2010). Mendulo ya Golide pa Second National Agricultural Exhibition (第二届中国农业博览会金奖, 1995). Chitsimikizo cha “green product” (绿色食品, 2003). Ulamuliro wa “Kwawo kwa Tiyi ku China” (中国茶叶之乡) kwa Kigawo cha Jǔnán. Palimodzi, maphata opitilira 116 amalemekezedwa pa mlingo wa mzinda, chigawo, ndi dziko, 20 mwawo ali apadziko lonse.

• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Shāndōng (山东省), mzinda wa Línyí (临沂市, Línyí Shì), Kigawo cha Jǔnán (莒南县, Jǔnán Xiàn). Pakatikati pa kupanga ndi tawuni ya Zhūbiān (洙边镇, Zhūbiān Zhèn) ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Chigawo chodziwika cha Geographical Indication chimaphatikizapo tawuni 13 (乡镇): Zhūbiān, Zhuānggāng (壮岗镇), Tuánlín (团林镇), Zhūlú (朱芦镇), Fāngqián (坊前镇), Wéntuǎn (文疃镇), Píngshān (坪上镇), Làopō (涝坡镇), Xiànggōu (相沟乡), Shízìlù (十字路镇), Xiàngdǐ (相邸镇), Tīngshuǐ (汀水镇), Shíliánzǐ (石莲子镇).

• Kulongola kwa geographic: Pafupifupi 35°20′ N, 118°50′ E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri:

“Tiyi wa Kumwera – Wopita Kumpoto” (1966). Monga gawo la dongosolo la dziko lonse la “南茶北引” (Nánchá Běiyǐn), limene linayambika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1950 zolimbikitsa ulimi wa tiyi m’zigawo za kumpoto, mbande zochokera kumadera akumwera — Fujian, Ānhuī, Zhèjiāng — zinabwera mumzinda wa Línyí. Pa malo otsetsereka a mapiri a Yíméng, pamene panali maziko a zigawenga akale, popanda kuipitsidwa ndi mafakitale, mbandezo zinazika mizu, ndikuyika maziko a ulimi wa tiyi wa ku Shāndōng. Magulu oyamba oyesera adakhazikitsidwa mu 1966 — zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pa Rìzhào (日照), yemwe adakhala “wotsogolera” wa kayendetsedwe kumpoto kwa Shāndōng.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu (1994). Kampani ya “Línyí Yùyá Cháyè” (临沂市玉芽茶业有限公司, Línyí Shì Yùyá Cháyè Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī) inapanga tiyi, yomwe poyamba idabwera pamsika pansi pa dzina lakuti “Jǔnán Lǜchá” (莒南绿茶, “Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Kigawo cha Jǔnán”). Kenako dzinalo linasinthidwa kukhala “Yíméng Yù Yá” — “Mphukira wa Yade wa [mapiri a] Yíméng,” zomwe zimagogomezera kugwirizana ndi mapiri odziwika bwino komanso kupezeka kosowa kwa mphukira wachifundo wa “kumpoto”.

Kuvomerezeka (1995–2010). Mu 1995 tiyiyi inapambana mendulo yagolide pa Second National Agricultural Exhibition (第二届中国农业博览会). Mu 2001 mitundu ya “Yùyá” ndi “Bìyá Chūn” (碧芽春) inalandira udindo wokhala “zotchuka” (名牌产品) pa China International Agricultural Exhibition. Mu 2003 chitsimikizo cha “green product” (绿色食品) chinalandiridwa. Mu 2010 Unduna wa Zaulimi wa PRC unavomereza geographical indication pa “Jǔnán Lǜchá”. Pofika chaka cha 2022 mtengo wa mtunduwu unapitirira 6 miliyoni yuan.

Munda Wosonyeza (沂蒙玉芽茶叶科技示范园). Pakatikati pa kupanga ndi “Yíméng Yùyá Cháyè Kējì Shìfàn Yuán” (沂蒙玉芽茶叶科技示范园, “Science and Technology Demonstration Park wa Tiyi wa Yíméng Yùyá”) wokhala ndi malo a 520 mu (~34.7 ha) mu tawuni ya Zhūbiān. Pakiyi imagwirizanitsa ntchito za khola, malo oyesera, ndi zokopa alendo.

• Dzina:

  • “Yíméng” (沂蒙, Yíméng) — mapiri a Yíméng, dzinalo linapangidwa kuchokera ku mitsinje iwiri: Yí (沂, Yí) ndi Méng (蒙, Méng), yomwe imayenda kupyola mapiri. Derali ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za mbiri yakale ya “yofiira” (革命) ya China.
  • “Yù Yá” (玉芽, Yù Yá) — “Mphukira wa Yade” — fanizo la chifundo, chiyero, ndi kufunika kwa mphukira wa m’mamawa wa masika. Yade (玉) mu chikhalidwe cha China ndi chizindikiro cha ulemerero ndi ungwiro.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Mapiri a Yíméng ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za mbiri ya revolution ya PRC. Munthawi ya nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan (1937–1945) ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni (1946–1949) “maziko olimbikira” (根据地, gēnjùdì) a CPC anali pano. Mwachilendo, kusowa kwa chitukuko cha mafakitale m’zaka za nkhondo ndi zaka zotsatira kudasunga chiyero cha chilengedwe cha derali. Tiyi wa Yíméng Yù Yá amanyamula matanthauzo awiri: wa mbiri — wobadwa pa “nthaka yofiira” pomwe zozizwitsa zinkachitika — ndi wa chilengedwe — wobzalidwa m’malo osaipitsidwa a maziko akale a zigawenga. “Mapiri ofiira amabala yade wobiriwira” (红色的山生出绿色的玉) — ndi chithunzi chandakatulo chokhazikika cha mtundu. Maulendo a atsogoleri akuluakulu a PRC (Mlembi Wamkulu Hú Jǐntāo, Prime Minister Zhū Róngjī, membala wa Standing Committee wa Politburo Wú Guāngzhèng, ndi ena) ku minda ya tiyi ya Jǔnán adagogomeza tanthauzo la njira ya ulimi wa tiyi wa m’deralo.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zipangizo:

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Wopambana ndi Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá), Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, clone yopanda kugonana (无性系良种, wúxìngxì liángzhǒng), gawo lake — pafupifupi 70% ya zomera. Fúdǐng Dàbái — ndi cultivar imodzimodzi imene ku Fujian amapangira tiyi woyera Báiháo Yínzhēn (白毫银针); pa latitude 35° N ku Shāndōng imapeza khalidwe losiyana kotheratu — fungo la chestnut ndi kukoma kothithima kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa “kumpoto”. Mitundu yowonjezera: Ānhuī Huángshān Zhǒng (安徽黄山种, Ānhuī Huángshān Zhǒng) — mtundu wamagulu ochokera ku Ānhuī, ndi Zhèjiāng Jiūkēng Zhǒng (浙江鸠坑种, Zhèjiāng Jiūkēng Zhǒng) — umodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya magulu ochokera ku Zhèjiāng. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa anatomical, mitengo ya tiyi ya Jǔnán ili ndi wosanjikiza wa epidermal cuticular wokhuthala ndi zigawo zitatu za palisade tissue (malo awiri mwa tchire la tiyi lakumwera), zomwe zikusonyeza kulimba kwa kupsinjika komwe kumapezeka panthawi ya “kuzolowera kumpoto”.

• Kusonkha: Kumachitika m’masika, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka April. Gulu lapamwamba (特级, tèjí) — mphukira umodzi (单芽, dānyá). Gulu loyamba (一级, yījí) — mphukira umodzi + tsamba limodzi lokulira (一芽一叶初展, yī yá yī yè chūzhǎn). Tiyi wa m’dzinja satulutsidwa.

• Mulingo wa zipangizo:

  • Gulu lapamwamba (特级): Mphukira umodzi, wopanda, wopindika pang’ono, wobiriwira wachikasu wofewa, wokhala ndi tsitsi lambiri. Kufanana — osachepera 95%.
  • Gulu loyamba (一级): Mphukira umodzi + tsamba limodzi. Maonekedwe a fleti, obiriwira ndi tsitsi.
  • Gulu lachiwiri (二级): Mphukira umodzi + masamba awiri. Kuloledwa pang’ono kusafanana.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe Olimekedwa:

• Nyengo: Nyengo yotentha yonyowa ya monsoon (暖温带湿润季风气候, nuǎn wēndài shīrùn jìfēng qìhòu). Kutentha kwapachaka — 14.1 °C. Mvula yapachaka — 865 mm, yochuluka m’nyengo yachilimwe. Chinyezi chochepa — 72%. Nthawi yopanda chisanu — masiku 216. Chinthu chofunikira — kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku: kutentha kwakukulu masana kumafika 18–22 °C ndi kutsika kwa usiku 4–8 °C. Kusiyana kumeneku kumachedwetsa kukula kwa mphukira ndipo kumalimbikitsa kudzikundikira kwa ma amino acid ndi zinthu zonunkhira — kuchokera apa ndiye fungo lothithima la chestnut, lomwe silikupezeka mwa ma analogue a “kumwera” omwe amakula mofulumira.

• Kutalika: Malo a zitunda (丘陵, qiūlíng), kutalika kwapakati kwa minda — 200–400 m. Malo okwera kwambiri a kigawo ndi Mǎqí Shān (马鬐山, Mǎqí Shān), 662.2 m. Minda ya tiyi ili makamaka kumapiri a kum’mawa ndi kum’mwera chakum’mawa — pa malo am’m’mphepete mwa mapiri a Láoshān–Wǔlián (崂山—五莲山脉).

• Dothi: Dothi la bulauni (棕壤土, zōng rǎng tǔ), lomwe lakhazikika pa granite ndi mwala wa gneiss. pH 5.5–6.8 — acid pang’ono, yabwino kwa tchire la tiyi. Wosanjikiza wakuya wa dothi (>60 cm), kapangidwe kotayirira, kudutsa bwino madzi ndi mpweya. Zomwe zili ndi organic matter — pafupifupi 1.1%. Nayitrogeni wopezeka — 116.75 mg/kg, phosphorus wopezeka — 47.4 mg/kg, potaziyamu wopezeka — 85.4 mg/kg.

• Zothandizira madzi: Kigawo chili m’chigwa cha Huái, mitsinje 323 yotalika mokwana 1708 km. Minda ya tiyi — m’dera lotetezedwa la madzi la dongosolo la hydrological la m’mphepete mwa nyanja (滨海水系). Chivundikiro cha nkhalango — 55% m’dera lapakati la kupanga.

• Ecology: Kuletsedwa kotheratu kwa feteleza wa mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m’dera lapakati. Dongosolo la chilengedwe lotsekeka la “nkhumba → gas → tiyi” (猪—沼—茶, zhū—zhǎo—chá): zinyalala za nkhumba zimawotchedwa mu zotengera za biogas, ndipo chomera chomwe chimatuluka chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wachilengedwe. Kudzala udzu pakati pa mizere (行间覆草, hángjiān fùcǎo) kumalepheretsa kukokoloka ndi kusunga chinyezi.

5. Ukadaulo Wopangira:

Kupanga kotheratu kwa makina “koyera” (全程机械化清洁生产, quánchéng jīxièhuà qīngjié shēngchǎn). Ukadaulo waukulu: kukhazikitsa zobiriwira ndi mpweya wotentha (热风杀青), kuyanika ndi microwave (微波干燥), kulongedza kwa vacuum (真空包装), kusunga kozizira.

• Kutambalitsa (摊放, tānfàng): Maola 2–4 mumthunzi pa kutentha kwa chipinda. Cholinga — kuchepetsa chinyezi m’tsamba kuchokera ~78% mpaka ~68%, kuyambitsa kayendedwe koyamba ka fungo. Mphukira amaziyala wosanjikiza wochepa (~3 cm) pa matayi a nsungwi.

• “Kupha zobiriwira” (杀青, shāqīng): Kumachitika pa makina onjenjemera oyatsira mzere (振动理条机, zhèndòng lǐtiáo jī) pa 130–140 °C. Kugwedezeka kumangiranso zobiriwira ndikuyamba kupanga mawonekedwe a fleti a tchizi. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa — kuyala kopapatiza kwa mphindi 30 kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino ndi kuchotsa chinyezi chochuluka pamwamba.

• Kukonza Maonekedwe (整形, zhěngxíng): Kutentha 90–100 °C. Tsamba limakanikizidwa pakati pa mbale zotenthedwa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ake odziwika, opanda, opindika pang’ono (略扁挺直). Njirayi imapatsa tchizi pamwamba posalala ndi kawonekedwe kowonda.

• Kuyanika kotsiriza (足干, zúgān): 90 °C mu makina oyanitsira mpaka chinyezi chotsalira ≤5%. Pa siteji iyi, fungo la chestnut limakhazikika — kuyanjana kwa Maillard pakati pa ma amino acid ndi shuga pa kutentha koyenera kumapanga zinthu za pyrazine zodziwika.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Tchizi zopanda, zopindika pang’ono, zowonda (略扁挺直, lüè biǎn tǐng zhí). Mtundu — wobiriwira wachikasu wofewa (嫩黄绿, nèn huáng lǜ) ndi mawonekedwe ochepa a siliva. Kwa gulu lapamwamba — tsitsi loyera lochuluka (白毫显露). Kukula kwa tchizi kuli kofanana, palibe tiziduswa tothyoledwa.

• Fungo la tsamba louma: Lodziwika la chestnut (栗香, lìxiāng) — lofunda, lozungulira, lomwe lili ndi zizindikiro za chestnut zokazinga ndi kutsekemera pang’ono. Loyera ndi losalala (清香持久).

• Fungo la mankhwala: Fungo la chestnut limawonekera mokwanira, likuwonjezedwa ndi zizindikiro za udzu womwe wadulidwa kumene ndi kamvekedwe kopepuka ka nyemba. Kuthithima ndi kusakhazikika — ndikokwera kuposa tiyi ambiri akumwera obiriwira a gulu lofanana.

• Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kofewa (鲜醇, xiān chún), kokoma (爽口, shuǎng kǒu). Thupi — lapakati, ndikumveka “ kwamafuta”. Kuwawa kuli kochepa. Kubwerera kwa kutsekemera (回甘, huígān) — kuli komveka bwino, ndi “shuga” wochulukirachulukira (生甜, shēng tián). Kukoma kotsalira — kwautali, ndikutentha kwa chestnut.

• Mtundu wa mankhwala: Wachikasu, wowala ndi wooneka bwino (黄亮清澈, huáng liàng qīng chè). Wopanda madontho. Kwa gulu lapamwamba — ndimawonekedwe ochepa a chobiriwira.

• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lophikidwa): Lofewa, lobiriwira, lofanana, “lamoyo”. Kwa gulu lapamwamba, mphukira zimaimirira chilili (芽尖直立, yá jiān zhí lì) — chizindikiro cha zipangizo zopanda chilema ndi kugwira bwino ntchito.

7. Kupanga kwa Chemical:

• Polyphenols (茶多酚): Malinga ndi zomwe opanga akunena — ndi 30% kuposa muyeso wapakati wa tiyi wobiriwira. Terroir ya “kumpoto” yokhala ndi masiku ozizira amachedwetsa kusintha kwa ma catechin, kuwasunga mokhazikika, mawonekedwe osalala kwambiri. Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá monga cultivar imadziwika ndi mbiri yolinganiza ya polyphenols — “兼具浓强、鲜爽、醇厚” (kuthithima, kutsitsimuka, ndi kukhwima mokwanira nthawi imodzi).

• Amino acid (氨基酸): Kuchuluka kwakukulu — pafupifupi 4–5% ya chinthu chouma (pamene muyeso wachibadwa wa tiyi wobiriwira ndi ~2–4%). Kukwera kwa latitude (35° N) ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi usiku kumalimbikitsa kudzikundikira kwa L-theanine (L-茶氨酸) — yemwe ndi wonyamula wamkulu wa “umami” ndi chigawo cha mgwirizano wa “kukhala omasuka koma okhazikika” ndi caffeine. Kutentha kotsika kwa usiku kumalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa theanine kukhala ma catechin, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa amino acid ku polyphenols (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ) — chizindikiro chofunikira cha mbiri ya kukoma “kwatsopano” ndi “kofewa”.

• Caffeine (咖啡碱): Pang’ono, pafupifupi 3.0–4.0% — mulingo wamba wa tiyi wobiriwira wozikidwa pa Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá. Pokhala ndi theanine wambiri, kumapereka “tonus yofewa” yopanda mawawa.

• Mavitamini: C (ascorbic acid — mu tiyi wobiriwira amasungidwa bwino kuposa mitundu yofufumitsa), B₁ (thiamine), B₂ (riboflavin), E (tocopherols), K.

• Zinthu zamchere: Potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinki (Zn), manganese (Mn), fluoride (F). Dothi la bulauni la Jǔnán limapereka kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu wopezeka.

• Zinthu zonunkhira: Fungo la chestnut limapangidwa ndi pyrazines ndi pyrroles — zotuluka za kuyanjana kwa Maillard pa “kupha zobiriwira” ndi kuyanika kotsiriza. Kukula pang’onopang’ono kwa mphukira kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zoyambitsa fungo (amino acid + shuga zochepetsera) muzakudya.

8. Mapindu a Zaumoyo:

• Ntchito ya Antioxidant: Kuchuluka kwa polyphenols (makamaka ma catechin, makamaka EGCG) kumapereka kuwonongeka kwa ma free radical ndikuchedwetsa kupsinjika kwa oxidative.

• Zotsatira zolimbitsa thupi ndi mbiri yofewa: Kugwirizana kwa caffeine ndi L-theanine — “mphamvu yopanda nkhawa”. Theanine imalimbikitsa kupanga kwa mafunde a α mu ubongo, kuthandiza kuti pakhale “kukhazikika momasuka”.

• Kuthandizira ntchito za ubongo: L-theanine imathandizira kukumbukira ndi kukhala tcheru, ndipo imathandiza pa neuroprotection. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti ikaphatikizidwa ndi caffeine, zotsatira zake zimakula.

• Kuthandizira kayendedwe ka lipid: Ma catechin, makamaka EGCG, amathandizira kuwonjezera kwa mafuta ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol “woipa” (LDL).

• Kuthandizira dongosolo la mtima: Polyphenols amathandizira kuti mitsempha ikhale yotanuka komanso kuthandizira kukhazikika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi.

• Kulimbitsa enamel ya mano: Fluoride yomwe ili m’tsamba la tiyi imathandiza popewa kuwola kwa mano.

• Kuthandizira chitetezo chamthupi: Vitamini C ndi ma catechin amakhala ndi mphamvu zoletsa kutupa komanso zochepetsera kutupa.

9. Kukonkha:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90 °C. Kwa gulu lapamwamba (单芽) — m’munsi mwake (85 °C), kuti tisapse mphukira zachifundo.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml (mulingo 1:50).

• Zida:

  • Kapu yagalasi (玻璃杯, bōli bēi) — ndiyo yabwino poyang’ana “kuvina kwa mphukira”. Njira yabwino kwa gulu lapamwamba.

  • Gàiwǎn (盖碗, gàiwǎn) — kuti azikonkha modekha ndi zidutswa zazifupi.

• Njira (kapu yagalasi):

  1. Tenthetsani kapu ndi madzi otentha, tsanulani.
  2. Thirani madzi mpaka 7/10 ya kuchuluka kwake (85–90 °C).
  3. Thirani 3 g a tiyi (njira “yapamwamba” yothira — 上投法, shàng tóu fǎ).
  4. Yang’anani mmene mphukira zimamira pansi pang’onopang’ono, zikutseguka molunjika.
  5. Lekerani kwa mphindi 2–3. Imwani pamene mwamwa 2/3 ya kapu — wonjezerani madzi.
  6. Imatha kuthiridwa 3–4.

• Njira (gàiwǎn):

  1. Tenthetsani gàiwǎn ndi cháhǎi ndi madzi otentha.
  2. Thirani 3 g a tiyi. Kutsuka — masekondi 5, tsanulani.
  3. Kuthira koyamba — masekondi 15–20.
  4. Aliyense wotsatira — + masekondi 5.
  5. Imatha kuthiridwa 6–8.

10. Kusunga:

• Mikhalidwe: Kuyika mopanda mpweya, firiji 0–5 °C. Chabwino kwambiri — kuyika mu vacuum mu thumba la aluminiyamu.
• Tiyi watsopano: “Kupuma” (退火, tuìhuǒ) masiku 15 pambuyo pa kupanga — kuti fungo likhazikike ndi kuchepetsa kukoma kwa “moto”.
• Pambuyo pa kutsegula: Wopanga amalangiza kuti amwe pasanathe maola 72 — fungo la chestnut limasokonekera kwambiri ndipo limabalalika mofulumira likakumana ndi mpweya. Ili ndi limodzi mwa malangizo okhwima kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira waku China.
• Adani a tiyi: Chinyezi, fungo lachilendo, kuwala kwadzuwa kwachindunji, kutentha kwakukulu. Osasunga pafupi ndi zakudya zonunkhira kwambiri.
• Nthawi yake yogwiritsidwa ntchito: Mopanda mpweya, potentha 0–5 °C — mpaka miyezi 18. Pambuyo pa kutsegula — amwe mofulumira momwe mungathere.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

• Zowunikira za mtengo:

  • Gulu lapamwamba (特级, mphukira umodzi) — kuyambira 600 yuan pa 500 g (~1200 yuan/kg).
  • Gulu loyamba (一级, mphukira umodzi + tsamba limodzi) — 300–500 yuan pa 500 g.
  • Gulu lachiwiri (二级) — la anthu ambiri, mtengo wotsika.

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:

  • Gulani tiyi wolembedwa ndi geographical indication “莒南绿茶” (Jǔnán Lǜchá) — chizindikiro chovomerezeka choteteza.
  • Yang’anani maonekedwe: Yíméng Yù Yá weniweni ndi wopanda, wopindika pang’ono, wosafanana, wamtundu wobiriwira wachikasu wofewa. Tchizi zowawa, zobiriwira kwambiri kapena zokhotakhota kwambiri ndi chizindikiro cha kusinthidwa.
  • Yesani fungo: fungo lenileni la chestnut ndi lothithima, losalala, lopanda “kubaya kwa udzu” kapena kuthimbirira.
  • Yesani mankhwala: ayenera kukhala achikasu, owala, oonekera. Mankhwala osaonekera bwino kapena obiriwira kwambiri amawonetsa zipangizo zosayenera kapena kukonza molakwika.
  • Mtengo wotsika wokayikitsa: gulu lapamwamba silingakhale lotsika kwambiri kuposa 600 yuan/500 g.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• “Mapiri ofiira — yade wobiriwira”. Mapiri a Yíméng ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za mbiri ya revolution ya PRC. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni “maziko olimbikira” a CPC anali pano, ndipo anthu anathandiza kwambiri asilikali. Tsopano “mapiri ofiira” awa amabala “yade wobiriwira” — Yíméng Yù Yá, ndipo tiyi wakhala chimodzi mwa zida zotsitsimutsa chuma cha derali.

• Cultivar imodzi — tiyi awiri. Cultivar yayikulu ndi Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá, mtundu womwewo umene ku Fujian pa 27° N amapangira tiyi woyera Báiháo Yínzhēn. Atasamutsidwa kupita ku Shāndōng pa 35° N, amasanduka tiyi wobiriwira wonunkhira chestnut — chitsanzo chowala cha kugwiritsa ntchito cultivar “kudutsa madera”, kumene terroir imasintha kotheratu khalidwe la chinthucho.

• Maola 72 pambuyo pa kutsegula. Wopanga amalangiza kuti amwe tiyi pasanathe maola 72 mutatsegula phukusi — fungo la chestnut limasokonekera kwambiri. Ili ndi chimodzi mwa zoletsa zokhwima kwambiri pakati pa tiyi yonse yobiriwira yaku China komanso umboni wa kukhala wosalimba kwa fungo la “kumpoto”.

• Mizere itatu ya palisade tissue. Kafukufuku wa anatomical wa tchire la tiyi la Shāndōng adawonetsa kuti panthawi ya “kuzolowera kumpoto” adakulitsa wosanjikiza wa cuticular wokhuthala ndi mizere itatu ya palisade tissue (m’malo mwa ziwiri m’zomera za tiyi zakumwera) — kusintha kuti athe kupirira nyengo yowawa, kumawonjezera kupsinjika.

• “Lóngjǐng wakumwera — Yùyá wakumpoto”. Mawu a mtsogoleri wakale wa Institute of Tea of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chéng Qǐkūn (程启坤) — “南有杭州龙井，北有沂蒙玉芽” — adakhala chidziwitso chosavomerezeka cha mtundu, ndikuyika Yíméng Yù Yá ngati “yankho lakumpoto” kwa Lóngjǐng wotchuka wa Hangzhou.

• Demonstration Park 520 mu. Science and Technology Demonstration Park ku Zhūbiān ndi umodzi mwa minda ikuluikulu yoyesera ya tiyi ku Shāndōng, yomwe imagwirizanitsa khola, kupanga, ndi zokopa alendo a tiyi.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina Wobiriwira:

• Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Tiyi wabwino kwambiri wa fleti wobiriwira wochokera ku Hangzhou (Zhèjiāng). Fungo — “la nyemba” (豆香), kukoma — “kotsekemera ndi kwatsopano”. Yíméng Yù Yá — ndi kutanthauzira kwa “kumpoto” kwa mawonekedwe a fleti: fungo la chestnut m’malo mwa nyemba, thupi lolimba kwambiri, “kutsitsimuka kwa umami” kocheperako.

• Rìzhào Lǜchá (日照绿茶, Rìzhào Lǜchá): “Mnansi” waku Shāndōng (mzinda wa Rìzhào). Nayenso ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa “kumpoto” wokhala ndi fungo la chestnut, koma mawonekedwe ake si a fleti, koma “onga nsidze” (眉形). Rìzhào — ndiye “wotsogolera” wa kayendetsedwe ka “南茶北引” ku Shāndōng (kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1950), Yíméng Yù Yá — ndi “funde lachiwiri” (kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1960). Rìzhào ili pafupi ndi nyanja ndipo ili ndi nyengo yabwino yakunyanja.

• Zhūchéng Lǜchá (诸城绿茶, Zhūchéng Lǜchá): Tiyi wina wobiriwira wa Shāndōng wokhala ndi geographical indication (wochokera ku Wèifāng). Mbiri yofanana ya chestnut ya “kumpoto”, mikhalidwe yofanana ya dothi ndi nyengo (棕壤, pH 5.5–6.8). Sodziwika bwino pa mlingo wa dziko kuposa Yíméng Yù Yá.

• Láoshān Lǜchá (崂山绿茶, Láoshān Lǜchá): Tiyi wobiriwira wa “kumpoto” wochokera m’mphepete mwa Qīngdǎo (Shāndōng). Amalimidwa m’mphepete mwa phiri la Láoshān (崂山, mpaka 1133 m), m’dera la chikoka cha nyanja. Fungo — la chestnut lokhala ndi zizindikiro za “nyanja”. Terroir yapamwamba kwambiri ndi mphepo ya kunyanja zimamupatsa mchere wowonjezera, umene Yíméng Yù Yá alibe.

• Tàipíng Hóu Kuí (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóu Kuí): Tiyi wobiriwira wa fleti wochokera ku Ānhuī — poyerekeza “maonekedwe a fleti”. Ndi wamkulu kwambiri (tsamba mpaka 15 cm), wokhala ndi fungo la orchid (兰香). Ukadaulo ndi terroir ndizosiyana kotheratu; chinthu chofanana — mawonekedwe a fleti a tchizi.

Pomaliza:

Yíméng Yù Yá — “Mphukira wa Yade” wochokera ku “mapiri ofiira” — tiyi wobadwa pa nthaka yakale, pomwe kunalibe mafakitale — mapiri okha, nkhalango, ndi mitsinje yoyera. Tchizi zopanda, zofewa, zobiriwira zachikasu, zokhala ndi fungo lothithima la chestnut — ndi zotsatira za terroir ya “kumpoto” pa latitude 35, kumene kusintha kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi usiku ndi kukula pang’onopang’ono kwa mphukira kumapanga tiyi wothithima komanso wonunkhira kuposa ma analogue a “kumwera”. Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá yomweyi, yomwe ku Fujian amapangira tiyi woyera wachifundo kwambiri, apa imatulutsa mawu osiyana — ofunda, a chestnut, ndi kubwerera kwa kutsekemera kwa “shuga”.

Yíméng Yù Yá — ndi ya omwe amayamikira tiyi wobiriwira wa fleti, koma akufuna njira ina m’malo mwa Lóngjǐng wosalala: yothithima kwambiri, yofunda kwambiri, yokhala ndi mbiri mu sip yense. Ndipo kumbukirani: maola 72 mutatsegula — fungo la chestnut silingadikire.