Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai · new.thetea.app

Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai ndi tiyi wobiriwira wochokera mumzinda wa Yantai (烟台市, Yāntái Shì) m’chigawo cha Shandong, ndi tiyi wobiriwira wapamwamba kwambiri pa mtunda wa latitude ku China. Chogulitsachi chatetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha malo (国家地理标志产品保护) kuyambira 2016. Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai ndi mtundu wa ‘chobiriwira chakuda ngati inki, fungo la nyemba zowotcha, ndi madzi amtundu wa amber’ (墨玉绿、焙豆香、琥珀汤, mòyù lǜ, bèidòu xiāng, hǔpò tāng). Chifukwa cha malo apadera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja pa latitudi 36–38° N, tiyi wa ku Yantai uli ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid ndi zotulutsa m’madzi (水浸出物) koposa madera ena onse a tiyi ku China — 14% yoposa ya ena akumwera.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá) — wosafufutika; kutha kwa oxidation ndi kochepa (osaposa 5%). Njira zazikulu ndi kuwotcha mu poto (炒青, chǎoqīng) ndi kuyanika ndi mpweya wotentha (烘青, hōngqīng); zina za zokololazo zimatha ndi kuwotcha pa makala a mtengo (木炭烘焙, mùtàn hōngbèi).
Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumadera a China; “tiyi wakumpoto” (北茶, běi chá) wochokera ku pulogalamu ya ‘Tiyi Wakumwera Wopita Kumpoto’ (南茶北引, nán chá běi yǐn). Chogulitsa chokhala ndi chitetezo cha malo.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Shandong (山东省, Shāndōng Shěng), mzinda wa Yantai (烟台市, Yāntái Shì). Dera lopangira limakhudza maphunziro onse a mzindawu.
Mizere ya malo: 36°16′–38°23′ N, 119°34′–121°57′ E — ndi dera lalikulu kwambiri la tiyi pa mtunda wa latitude ku China.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri:

Mizu ya m’zaka za m’ma 1200–1300 (金元, XII–XIV). Mbiri ya ulimi wa tiyi m’dera la Yantai ili ndi zaka zoposa 700. Mu nthawi ya ufumu wa Jin (金, 1115–1234), pa nthawi yomwe ankamenyana ndi Southern Song (南宋), boma la Jin linkaletsa malonda a tiyi pakati pa malire kuti zisapezeke kuti siliva wambiri akumwera. Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa msika, m’tauni ya Ninghaizhou (宁海州, yomwe tsopano ndi dera la Muping (牟平区) ku Yantai) anakhazikitsa malo opangira tiyi (茶坊, cháfáng), ndipo pa mapiri a Kunyu (昆嵛山, Kūnyú Shān) anabzala mitengo ya tiyi. M’zaka za m’ma 1960, pa mapiri omwewo, anthu odziyenda (驴友, lǘyǒu) anapeza zitsamba za tiyi zakutchire — zotsalira za minda ya kale kwambiri.

“Tiyi Wakumwera Wopita Kumpoto” (1966–1985). Monga gawo la pulogalamu ya chigawo chonse ya ‘Nán chá běi yǐn’, mu 1966 ku Yantai anabweretsa mitundu ina ya tiyi kuchokera ku Anhui ndi Zhejiang. Pofika 1977, kuchuluka kwa zokolola kunafika 180,000 jin (matani 90). Komabe, kuwononga ndalama zambiri pa kukonzekera nyengo yozizira komanso kusowa kwa luso pa ukadaulo zinayambitsa vuto lalikulu: pofika 1985, dera la minda ya tiyi linachepa kufika 600 mu (mahekitala 40).

Kuyambiranso (2001 – mpaka pano). Mu 2001 anayamba kuyesa mitundu ina yabwino yatsopano. Mu 2004, minda inayambidwanso pamlingo wokulirapo. Mu 2016, Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai unalandira chitetezo cha chizindikiro cha malo. Mu 2021, “Tiyi wa ku Yantai” (烟台茶) unalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malo cha Unduna wa Zaulimi. Mu 2024, mitundu ina yobzalidwa kumaloko, ‘Yānchá Qī Hào’ (烟茶7号, Yānchá Qī Hào) ndi ‘Yānchá Jiǔ Hào’ (烟茶9号, Yānchá Jiǔ Hào), inachita chitsimikizo cha boma — chochitika chofunikira chosonyeza kusintha kuchokera ku kubweretsa mitundu kuchokera kumalo ena kupita ku kusankha kokha mitundu.

Dzina:

烟台 (Yāntái) — dzina la malo, limatanthauza “nsanja ya utsi”: 烟 (yān) — “utsi”, 台 (tái) — “nsanja, malo okwerera”; dzinali likugwirizana ndi nyali zolondera (烽火台, fēnghuǒ tái) zomwe zimayambitsidwa pagombe mu nthawi ya Ming. 绿茶 (lǜchá) — “tiyi wobiriwira”. Choncho, “Yāntái lǜchá” — “tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Yantai”.

Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe:

Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai ndi tiyi wobiriwira wakumpoto kwambiri ku China ndipo ndi umodzi mwa tiyi a malo apamwamba kwambiri pa latitudi padziko lonse. Ngati tiyi wobiriwira wakumwera ndi “ana a madera otentha”, ndiye kuti tiyi wa ku Yantai ndi “mwana wa nyanja ndi kuzizira”: khalidwe lake limatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo ya m’nyanja, nyengo yachisanu yayitali, komanso nyengo yofupika koma yolimba yakukula. Mzinda wa Yantai ndi likulu la m’mphepete mwa nyanja m’chigawo cha Shandong, lodziwikanso ndi kupanga vinyo; mafakitale a tiyi kuno ndi achichepere koma akukula mwachangu. Kwa anthu a m’derali, tiyi wa ku Yantai ndi chinthu chonyadira: bokosi la mphatso la “Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai” ndi chokumbukira chofunikira kwa alendo obwera mzindawu.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zipangizo:

Mtundu / Mtundu Wobzalidwa:

Minda yambiri imakhala ndi mitundu yotchuka yobwera kuchokera kumalo ena ndi ya m’derali ya Camellia sinensis var. sinensis:

— Fúdǐng Dàbái (福鼎大白, Fúdǐng Dàbái) — mtundu wakale wokhwima mofulumira, wogwiritsidwa ntchito ku China konse. Umagwirizana bwino ndi nyengo yozizira ya Shandong.

— Lóngjǐng 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng Sìshísān) — mtundu wokhwima mofulumira, wopilira kuzizira, wochokera ku Zhejiang. Umapereka fungo lodziwika bwino la nandolo (豌豆香, wāndòu xiāng) m’ma tiyi athyathyathya.

— Běichá Yī Hào (北茶1号, Běichá Yī Hào) — mtundu wosankhidwa wa m’deralo, wolembetsedwa ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi. Wokhazikika mwapadera ku mikhalidwe yakumpoto.

— Yānchá 7 hào (烟茶7号) ndi Yānchá 9 hào (烟茶9号) — mitundu yaposachedwa kwambiri ya m’deralo yomwe inachita chitsimikizo cha boma mu 2024. Zotsatira za ntchito yosankha kwa zaka zambiri ndi akatswiri a zaulimi a ku Yantai.

Zaka za minda yambiri zimaposa 30. Kulemera kwa masamba 100 a “thuphwi + tsamba limodzi” — pafupifupi magalamu 45.

Kukolola: Nyengo yayikulu ndi kuchokera kumapeto kwa April mpaka kumapeto kwa June. Tiyi wa m’chisanu (春茶, chūnchá) ndiye wofunika kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi madera akumwera, nthawi imasinthidwa kukhala milungu 4-6 mochedwa chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwa nyengo yokula.
Mulingo wa kukolola: Mtundu wapadera (特级): thuphwi limodzi lokha (单芽) — osachepera 90%. Mtundu woyamba: thuphwi ndi tsamba limodzi (一芽一叶) — osachepera 80%. Mtundu wachiwiri: thuphwi ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶). Pali mulingo wa “zoletsa zisanu pa kukolola” (五不采): osakolola mvula ikagwa, masamba ali ndi mame, mphukira zofiirira, masamba owonongeka, kapena zipangizo zosayenera.
Zofunikira pa zipangizo: Kukolola ndi manja. Zokolola zonse zimayendera chitsimikizo cha organic cha ku Ulaya.

4. Malo ndi Zikhalidwe za Kulima:

Yantai ili kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Shandong Peninsula, yomwe imazunguliridwa ndi Nyanja ya Yellow ndi Bohai. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nyengo ya m’nyanja yapadera ya ulimi wa tiyi.

Kutalika kwa malo: Mpaka 300 m pamwamba pa nyanja (mapiri a Zhaohushan (招虎山), Buheshan (步鹤山) ndi ena).
Nyengo: Yotentha yochepa, yamphepo ya m’nyanja (暖温带海洋性季风气候). Kutentha kwapachaka kokwanira — 12.4 °C (kocheperapo kwambiri kuposa dera lililonse la tiyi ku China). Mvula yapachaka — 650–900 mm. Kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku — kupitirira 8 °C. Kuwala kochuluka kumalimbikitsa kudzikundikira kwa ma amino acid m’masamba: ma amino acid mu tiyi wa m’chisanu — osachepera 3.0%.
Dothi: Dothi labulauni (棕壤, zōng rǎng), pH 5.5–7.0, kuchuluka kwa zinthu za organic kupitirira 1.0%. Dothi limakhala ndi zinc (锌, xīn), selenium (硒, xī) ndi zina zochepa zofunika.
Mikhalidwe ya zachilengedwe: Malo okhala ndi nkhalango — 81%. Kuchuluka kwa ma ion osalabadira — koposa 50 kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mulingo wa m’mizinda. Dera lili ndi chitsimikizo cha “China Natural Oxygen Bar” (中国天然氧吧).

Malo apakati a kupanga: Mzinda wa Haiyang (海阳市, Hǎiyáng Shì) — 80% ya zokolola zonse za Yantai. Komanso: Laiyang (莱阳市) ndi dera la Penglai (蓬莱区). Minda yayikulu — minda ya tiyi ya mapiri pa mtunda wopitirira 300 m (Zhaohushan, Buheshan), yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala ndi chifunga cha m’nyanja, ndipo amathirira madzi a akasupe a mchere.

Chofunikira chachikulu cha malo: Nyengo ya m’nyanja imapanga mikhalidwe yapadera ya ulimi wa tiyi. Nthawi yogona m’nyengo yozizira ya chitsamba cha tiyi imakhala yayitali kwa miyezi 1-2 kuposa kumwera, zomwe zimapatsa mwayi waukulu wa kudzikundikira ma amino acid aulere ndi L-theanine. Chifunga cha m’nyanja ndi kuwala kochuluka kumachedwetsanso kusandulika kwa ma amino acid kukhala ma polyphenol. Zotsatira — tiyi yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid koposa madera ena onse a tiyi ku China (56% yoposa ya ena akumwera) ndi kuchuluka kwa chlorophyll kwachilendo (170% yoposa).

5. Njira Yopangira:

Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai amapangidwa ndi njira zophatikiza zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe a chogulitsa chomaliza. Chosiyanitsa ndi kuwotcha komaliza pa makala a mtengo (木炭烘焙, mùtàn hōngbèi), kumene kumapereka fungo lake lodziwika la “nyemba zowotcha”.

Kuyala masamba atsopano (摊放, tān fàng): Zipangizo zokololedwa mwatsopano zimayalidwa moonda kwa maola 6-8 m’chipinda chopumira mpweya. Cholinga ndi kutaya chinyezi pang’ono (mpaka 68–70%), kuyamba kutulutsa zinthu zonunkhira.
Kuthyolera ma enzyme / “kufa kwa zobiriwira” (杀青, shāqīng): Kumachitidwa mu chigubu chopingasa pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa 280–300 °C. Kutentha kumeneku n’kupamwamba kwambiri kuposa tiyi wambiri wobiriwira — izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwa masamba a mitundu ya ku Yantai (叶片肥厚, yèpiàn féihòu) komanso kufunikira kothetsa ma enzyme mwachangu ndi mokwanira.
Kupiringiza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kupanikizika kopanga ndi dongosolo la “mopepuka — mwamphamvu — mopepuka” (轻-重-轻, qīng-zhòng-qīng), kwa nthawi ya mphindi 40–60. Kupiringiza kwanthawi yayitali n’kofunikira kuti kuwononge ma cell a masamba okuthwa.
Kuumba (做形, zuò xíng): Malinga ndi mtundu wa chogulitsa: — Tiyi athyathyathya (扁形): kupondereza ndi manja kuti akhale athyathyathya ndi oongoka; — Tiyi opiringizika (卷曲形): kuumbidwa mwa spiral; — Tiyi onga singano (针形): kuwongola ndi makina apadera (理条, lǐ tiáo).
Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): M’magulu awiri: koyamba — pa 120 °C (毛火, máo huǒ, “moto wakuthwa”); komaliza — pa 90 °C (足火, zú huǒ, “moto wokwanira”).
Kuwotcha pa makala / kukweza fungo (提香, tí xiāng): Gawo lomaliza — kutentha pa makala a mtengo (木炭烘焙). Iyi ndi njira yapadera ya akatswiri a ku Yantai, yomwe imapereka fungo lakuya la “nyemba zowotcha” ndi kutalikitsa nthawi yosungira.

Mitundu mwa mawonekedwe:

— Tiyi athyathyathya (扁形茶): Opondekedwa ndi manja, athyathyathya ndi oongoka, obiriwira ngati emerald. Ndi fungo la nandolo (豌豆香). Mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba: 1,000–3,000 yuan/jin.

— Tiyi opiringizika (卷曲形茶): Opiringizika mwamphamvu mwa spiral, obiriwirawakuda ndi “chisanu” (墨绿起霜, mòlǜ qǐ shuāng). Ali ndi fungo la mtedza wa chestnut. Uwu ndiwo mtundu waukulu: 400–800 yuan/jin.

— Tiyi onga singano (针形茶): Oonda, oongoka, okhala ndi tsitsi loyera lochuluka. Ali ndi kukoma kofewa, kwatsopano. Mtundu wa 明前 — kuyambira 800 yuan/jin.

6. Makhalidwe Organoleptic:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zimatengera mawonekedwe: opiringizika — olimba, opiringizika mwamphamvu, obiriwirawakuda ndi “chisanu” chosaoneka bwino; athyathyathya — oongoka, obiriwira ngati emerald; onga singano — oonda, oongoka, ndi tsitsi loyera. Chofanana ndi chakuti masamba ndi okuthwa komanso amnofu (叶片肥厚), zomwe zimasiyanitsa tiyi wa ku Yantai ndi tiyi wa kumwera wa masamba oonda.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Lolimba, lochuluka. Tiyi athyathyathya — ali ndi fungo lodziwikiratu la nandolo (豌豆香, wāndòu xiāng), chizindikiro cha tiyi wathyathyathya wa ku Yantai. Opiringizika — ali ndi fungo la mtedza wa chestnut (栗香, lì xiāng). Onga singano — kutsitsimula koyera (清香, qīngxiāng).
Fungo la madzi: Lolimbikira, lokhazikika, ndi maziko akuya a “nyemba zowotcha” (焙豆香, bèidòu xiāng), lomwe limasanduka kukhala la chestnut kapena la maluwa. Fungo limakhalapobe ngakhale mutatsitsa kwa 4-5.
Kukoma: Kwamphamvu, kokwanira (醇厚, chúnhòu), ndi “mnofu” wodziwika wa amino acid (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng). Kutsekemera — kumakhala kosalekeza, kwautali (回甘, huígān). Kukhuthala kwa madzi — kwapakati ndi kupitirira apakati, kowoneka kukhuthala kwambiri kuposa tiyi wambiri wobiriwira wakumwera. Kumalimbikira bwino: 5 kapena kupitirira komwe kutsitsidwa.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira kwambiri (碧绿明亮, bìlǜ míngliàng) kwa tiyi opiringizika; wachikasu chobiriwira, woyera (黄绿清澈) kwa onga singano. Mwachidule, amafotokozedwa ngati “amtundu wa amber” (琥珀, hǔpò) — ndi mawonekedwe agolide ndi obiriwira.
Pansi pa kapu (masamba ophikidwa): Okhuthala, amnofu (肥厚嫩绿, féihòu nèn lǜ), ofanana, masamba amakhala amoyo ndi atsopano. Kukula kwa tsamba lotseguka ndi chinthu choyamba chomwe chimasiyanitsa tiyi wa ku Yantai ndi ena akumwera.

7. Zomwe Zili M’kati:

Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai ndi wapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira wa ku China ponena za kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid, zotulutsa m’madzi, ndi chlorophyll. Izi ndi zotsatira zachindunji za malo okhala ndi latitudi yapamwamba kwambiri ku China: nyengo yachisanu yayitali, nyengo ya m’nyanja, ndi kuwala kochuluka kumachedwetsa kukula ndi kuchulukitsa kusungidwa kwa zakudya.

Zotulutsa m’madzi (水浸出物): 48.6% — 14% yoposa ya tiyi wobiriwira wamba wakumwera. Izi zikutanthauza kutsitsidwa kwakukulu komanso kutulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa zakudya.
Polyphenols (茶多酚): Osachepera 21% (mtundu wapadera). Kuchuluka kwake n’kochepa koyenera kwa tiyi wobiriwira — chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa komanso kuwala kochuluka kumachedwetsa kapangidwe ka polyphenols. Zomwe zili zazikulu ndi ma catechins, makamaka EGCG.
Ma amino acid (氨基酸): Osachepera 3.0% mu tiyi wa m’chisanu. Malinga ndi zoyesa za chitsimikizo, kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid n’kuposa ndi 56%, ndipo L-theanine ndi 64% yoposa ya ena akumwera. Ichi ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa madera onse 21 a tiyi ku China.
Chlorophyll: Kuchuluka kwake n’kuwiri kuposa kwa tiyi wakumwera ndi 170% — ndipo ndicho chifukwa chake masamba owuma amakhala ndi mtundu wakuya wa “chobiriwira chakuda ngati inki” (墨玉绿, mòyù lǜ).
Ma alkaloids: Caffeine — kuchuluka kofanana ndi tiyi wobiriwira (2–4%). Theobromine, theophylline m’kuchuluka kochepa.
Mavitamini: Vitamini C (yochuluka chifukwa cha oxidation yochepa), vitamini B₁, B₂, E, K.
Mchere: Zinc (锌), selenium (硒), fluoride (氟), potaziyamu, magnesium, manganese. Kuchuluka kwa zinc ndi selenium ndi chifukwa cha geochemistry ya dothi labulauni la Shandong.
Mafuta onunkhira: Pyrazines (amapangidwa pakuwotcha ndi makala, ndipo amapangitsa fungo la “nyemba zowotcha”), linalool, geraniol.
Zapadera za kapangidwe kake: Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha ma amino acid ku ma polyphenol (chiŵerengero chochepa cha “phenol-amino” 酚氨比) — ndi njira yabwino kwambiri ya tiyi wobiriwira wapamwamba. Kuphatikiza kwa kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid, chlorophyll, ndi zotulutsa m’madzi pamene ma polyphenol ali ochepa — ndi mbiri yomwe singapezekenso m’dera lina lililonse la tiyi kumwera.

8. Ubwino wa Zaumoyo:

Kuchita kwa Antioxidant Kwamphamvu: Ma catechins a tiyi wobiriwira amachotsa ma free radicals mokwanira 18 kuposa vitamini E. Zotulutsa zochuluka m’madzi (48.6%) zimatsimikizira kuti ma antioxidant atuluka mokwanira pokonza tiyi.
Kuchepetsa ma lipid m’magazi: Ma catechins amathandizira kagayidwe ka cholesterol, ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha atherosclerosis. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kuchuluka kwa ma catechins mu tiyi wa ku Yantai n’kuposa ndi 30% kuposa ena akumwera.
Kuteteza mano: Kuchuluka kwa fluoride kumalepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa kuola kwa mano ndikulimbitsa mphamvu ya mano. Mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi kuola kwa mano imayesedwa kukhala 40% yoposa ya tiyi wobiriwira wamba.
Phindu la muubongo ndi lolimbikitsa: Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa L-theanine (64% yoposa ya ena akumwera) kumapereka phindu lalikulu ndi lalitali la muubongo: kukulitsa ma alpha waves, kusintha kukhazikika ndi kukumbukira, kuthetsa nkhawa — popanda zotsatirapo zoyipa za “kukhudzidwa kwa caffeine”.
Kuthandizira chitetezo cha mthupi: L-theanine imalimbikitsa kugwira ntchito kwa ma γδ-T-cell, ndikulimbikitsa kuyankha kwachilengedwe kwa chitetezo.
Kuchita kwa antibacterial: Polyphenols amaletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m’mimba, kusintha kagayidwe ndi thanzi la matumbo.
Kukalamba: Ma antioxidant amachedwetsa kukalamba kwa maselo, kuthandizira khungu ndi mitsempha ya magazi.
Kukhala ndi ma microminerali ochuluka: Kukhalapo kwachilengedwe kwa zinc ndi selenium kumawonjezera mphamvu ya antioxidant komanso kuthandizira chitetezo cha mthupi.

9. Kukonza:

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C. Kwa mtundu wapadera wa tiyi onga singano — 80 °C. Madzi otentha kwambiri ndi oletsedwa: kutentha kopitirira 85 °C kumawononga L-theanine ndikukulitsa kuwawa.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml (chiŵerengero 1:50). Madzi a m’kasupe wa m’mapiri (山泉水) ndiye abwino koposa.
Ziwiya: Kapu yamagalasi (玻璃杯) kapena gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain (白瓷盖碗).
Zochita:

Tenthetsani ziwiya ndi madzi otentha, tsitsani.
Thirani tiyi. Kwa tiyi onga singano — njira ya kutsanulira pamwamba (上投法, shàng tóu fǎ): choyamba madzi (80–85 °C), kenako tiyi; sungani kwa mphindi 3. Kwa opiringizika ndi athyathyathya — njira ya kutsanulira pakati (中投法, zhōng tóu fǎ): tsanulirani madzi ⅓ ya voliyumu, gwedezani mofewa kuti fungo lituluke (摇香), kenako onjezani; sungani kwa mphindi 2.
Kutsuka si kofunikira — zipangizo zosalimba zimatuluka ndi kutsanulira koyamba.
Kutsanulira koyamba — mphindi 2-3 (njira ya ku Ulaya mu kapu) kapena masekondi 15-20 (gaiwan, njira ya gongfu).
Kubwereza kukonza — 3-5. Tiyi wa ku Yantai ndi wosatha kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwa masamba ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotuluka.

10. Kusunga:

Mikhalidwe: Kuyika mosindikizidwa, kosalowa kuwala. Choyenera — mufiriji (0–5 °C). Pewani kukhudzana ndi fungo lina, chinyezi, kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Chidebe: Matumba a vacuum okhala ndi zoyala, zitini zachitsulo.
Nthawi: Tiyi watsopano amalimbikitsidwa “kuti apumire” (醒茶, xǐng chá) pamalo opanda kuwala kwa masiku 7 kuti achotse “moto” (火气) wochokera ku kuwotcha ndi makala. Akatsegula — sungirani mufiriji mosindikizidwa, mugwiritse ntchito mkati mwa mwezi umodzi.
Nthawi yonse: Imakhala yokoma kwambiri m’miyezi 6-12 yoyambirira.

11. Mtengo ndi Zinthu Zachinyengo:

Gawo la mtengo: Pakati ndi pamwamba. Tiyi athyathyathya a mtundu wapadera — 1,000–3,000 yuan/jin. Opiringizika — 400–800 yuan/jin. Onga singano (明前) — kuyambira 800 yuan/jin. Mtengo umadalira mawonekedwe, mtundu, nyengo ya kukolola.
Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:

— Chizindikiro: Chogulitsa chenicheni chimakhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo cha “烟台绿茶”. Ndibwino kugula kuchokera kwa opanga ovomerezeka a ku Haiyang, Laiyang, Penglai.

— Kukula kwa masamba: Tiyi wa ku Yantai amadziwika ndi masamba okuthwa kwambiri komanso amnofu kuposa tiyi wobiriwira wakumwera. Ngati “Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai” amene mwawona akuwoneka wopepuka komanso wokongola, ngati Lóngjǐng wakumwera, ndiye kuti mwina ndi wachinyengo.

— Fungo: Payenera kukhala fungo la “nyemba zowotcha” kapena la mtedza wa chestnut. Fungo lofewa, lophweka, lopanda “kuwotcha” silolimbikira pa tiyi weniweni wa ku Yantai.

— Madzi: Okhuthala, odzaza; achikasu chobiriwira kapena amber-obiriwira. Madzi otetemera, opanda pake akuwonetsa kuti anachokera kwina.

— Mtengo: “Tiyi wa ku Yantai” wotsika mtengo mokayikitsa (mochepera 200 yuan/jin pa mtundu woyamba) pafupifupi sakhala weniweni — zokolola za ku Yantai ndi zochepa.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

Tiyi wobiriwira wa “kumpoto” kwambiri ku China: Minda ya Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai ili pa 36–38° N — ichi ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba koposa cha ulimi wa tiyi m’mafakitale ku China. Mwachiyerekezo: Lóngjǐng yotchuka imakula pa 30° N, Xìnyáng Máojiān pa 32°, ndipo Shāngnán Quánmíng ya ku Shaanxi pa 33°. Yantai ikusuntha malire kumpoto ndi madigiri 5-8.
Zaka 700 za mbiri ya tiyi: Minda yakale ya tiyi ya nthawi ya Jin (zaka za m’ma 1200–1300) pa phiri la Kunyu ndi umboni wina wakale kwambiri wa ulimi wa tiyi m’dera lomwe tsopano ndi Shandong. Zotsalira zakutchire za mindayi zinapezedwa ndi “oyenda” (驴友, lǘyǒu) m’zaka za m’ma 1960 — patatha zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri.
Mbiri ya amino acid yapadera: Malinga ndi bungwe la National Tea Quality Supervision and Inspection Center la Unduna wa Zaulimi, tiyi wa ku Yantai uli ndi ma amino acid ochuluka ndi 56%, L-theanine ochuluka ndi 64%, ndi chlorophyll ochuluka ndi 170% kuposa ena akumwera. Izi zimapangitsa Yantai kukhala “ngwazi ya kutsitsimula” pakati pa madera onse 21 a tiyi ku China.
Mitundu yakeyake — mu 2024: “Yānchá 7 hào” ndi “Yānchá 9 hào” ndi mitundu yoyamba ya tiyi yobzalidwa ku Yantaieniyeni ndipo inachita chitsimikizo cha boma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Yantai yagonjetsa kudalira mitundu yochokera kumwera ndipo yakhazikitsa malo ake osankhira mitundu.
Kuwotcha ndi makala — “chizindikiro cha Yantai”: Kuwotcha komaliza pa makala a mtengo (木炭烘焙) ndi “luso lapadera” la alimi a tiyi a ku Yantai, lomwe silikupezeka ku Láoshān Lǜchá (崂山绿茶) kapena Rìzhào Lǜchá (日照绿茶) — tiyi ina iwiri yotchuka ya ku Shandong. Ndilo lomwe limayambitsa fungo lodziwika la “nyemba zowotcha” (焙豆香), lomwe lakhala chizindikiro cha Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai.

13. Kuyerekezera ndi Tiyi Wina Wobiriwira:

Khalidwe	Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai (烟台绿茶)	Láoshān Lǜchá (崂山绿茶)	Rìzhào Lǜchá (日照绿茶)	Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng (西湖龙井)
Chigawo	Shandong (Yantai)	Shandong (Qingdao)	Shandong (Rizhao)	Zhejiang (Hangzhou)
Latitudi	36°–38° N	~36° N	~35° N	~30° N
Zotulutsa m’madzi	48.6%	~42%	~46%	~36–40%
Fungo lalikulu	Nyemba zowotcha (焙豆香), chestnut	Chestnut, nyemba	Chestnut	Nyemba (豌豆香)
Kuwotcha ndi makala	Inde (chizindikiro)	Ayi	Ayi	Ayi
Kukula kwa masamba	Okhuthala kwambiri (肥厚)	Okhuthala	Okhuthala	Oonda
Chosiyanitsa	Mbiri ya amino acid ndi chlorophyll	Kanyengo kakang’ono ka m’nyanja ka Qingdao	“Tiyi woyamba kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze”	Mmodzi mwa “Tiyi Khumi Wotchuka”

Pakati pa “atatu” a tiyi wobiriwira wa Shandong (烟台、崂山、日照), Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai uli ndi malo apadera: ndiwo wapamphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwambiri, wokhala ndi nyengo yoopsa kwambiri, komanso wokhala ndi kapangidwe kake ka biochemical kokhazikika kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi Láoshān Lǜchá, tiyi wa ku Yantai umatha ndi kuwotcha komaliza pa makala, zomwe zimapatsa khalidwe lakuya, “lowotcha”. Poyerekeza ndi Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng — iyi ndi nzeru yosiyana ya tiyi wobiriwira: osati “watercolor” yosakhwima, koma “kupenta kwa mafuta” kodzaza ndi mphamvu, thupi lamphamvu ndi fungo lolimba.

Pomaliza

Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Yantai ndi tiyi wodabwitsa: wokulira kumene “tiyi siyenera kukula”, iwo wakhala mmodzi mwa tiyi wobiriwira wochuluka kwambiri wa mankhwala ku China. Pansi pa masamba okhuthala, amnofu a mtundu wa “chobiriwira chakuda ngati inki” pamabisa ma amino acid ochuluka, chlorophyll yochuluka, ndi fungo lakuya la “nyemba zowotcha”, lomwe silikupezeka kwa opanga ena akumwera. Uwu ndi tiyi wa iwo amene amafunafuna mu tiyi wobiriwira osati kukhala wopepuka, koma kukhuthala — osati mpweya wopepuka wa masika, koma kumwa kokwanira kwa nyanja yakumpoto ndi mapiri a Shandong. Ndi mitundu yake yosankhidwa, yomwe inachita chitsimikizo mu 2024, Yantai ikunena motsimikiza: tiyi wakumpoto si kungoyesera, koma ndi mwambo wokhazikika.