Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng Hóngchá

Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng Hóngchá ndi tii wofiira wosuta fodya wapezeka ku mapiri a Wǔyí (武夷山), womwe umayimira kusiyana koyambirira kwa nkhani ya tii wotchuka wa Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng (正山小种). Pomwe tii wotchuka wa “Lapsang Souchong” wa kale anadziwika ndi fungo lamphamvu la utsi wa paini, Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng amavumbula mbali ina ya tii wofiira wa ku Wǔyí – kukoma koyera, kwa “miyala” (cliff) lokhala ndi mawonekedwe a uchi ndi zipatso, komanso kukoma kotsalira kwa mchere, popanda chizindikiro chilichonse cha utsi.

1. Kugawidwa ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tii wofiira (红茶, hóngchá) – wophika (okosijeni) kwathunthu. Malinga ndi kagawidwe ka ku Ulaya – tii wakuda. Mlingo wa okosijeni – 90–100%. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng wachikale: tii uyu sawotchedwa pa nkhuni za paini.
Gulu: Tii wapamwamba wofiira wa m’chigawo cha Fújiàn. Amagawidwa mu kagulu kakang’ono ka Xiǎo Zhǒng (小种, “Mtundu Wawung’ono”), banja lalikulu la tii wofiira lomwe linayambira ku mapiri a Wǔyí ndipo ndi kholo la mitundu yonse ya tii wofiira padziko lapansi.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fújiàn (福建省, Fújiàn Shěng), boma la Nánpíng (南平市, Nánpíng Shì), mapiri a Wǔyí (武夷山, Wǔyí Shān). Dera lomwe tikuyembekezera kupanga ndi malo ozungulira mudzi wa Xīngcūn (星村镇, Xīngcūn Zhèn), likulu lachikale la malonda ndi kupanga tii wa ku Wǔyí, lomwe lili mkati mwa malo okongola a Wǔyí, koma kunja kwa malo osungidwa a Tóngmù (桐木关, Tóngmù Guān), kumene Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng weniweni amachokera.
Malo a pa mapu: 27°43’ kumpoto, 117°41’ kummawa (mapiri a Wǔyí).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri: Mbiri ya Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ndi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo yopangira tii wofiira ku Wǔyí ya zaka mazana ambiri – malo obadwira tii wonse wofiira padziko lapansi. Tii wofiira anayamba kudera la Tóngmù (桐木) la mapiri a Wǔyí kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Ming (明, kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1500 – kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1600). Malinga ndi umboni wa mbiri, magulu oyamba a tii wofiira anatumizidwa ku Ulaya kudzera mwa amalonda a Chidatchi kale mu 1610, ndipo mudzi wa Xīngcūn unakhala likulu lalikulu la kusonkhanitsa ndi kugulitsa tii wofiira wa m’derali. Mtsogoleri wa bungwe la tii la Taiwan, Dǒng Tiāngōng (董天工) mu “Zolemba za Mapiri a Wǔyí” (《武夷山志》, 1751) anatchula mitundu iwiri ya tii wofiira – “xiǎo zhǒng” (小种) ndi “gōngfū” (工夫), zomwe zikutsimikizira kusiyanitsidwa komwe kunalipo panthawiyo kwa tii wofiira wa ku Wǔyí. Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng wachikale anatchuka Kumadzulo makamaka chifukwa cha fungo lake lamphamvu la utsi, lomwe limapezeka poupiza tii pa nkhuni za paini (mao jie, 马尾松, mǎwěi sōng). Komabe, panalinso miyambo yopangira tii wofiira wosuta fodya – yomwe sinaganizidwe kugulitsidwa kunja ndipo inkadyedwa makamaka m’dziko muno. Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ndi umodzi mwa mitundu imeneyi. M’zaka za m’ma 2000, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa tii wofiira wosuta fodya (pambuyo pa kupezeka kwa Jīn Jùn Méi mu 2005), chidwi pa tii wotere chinakula kwambiri.
Dzina:
- “Yán” (岩) – thanthwe, miyala. Chisonyezero chachindunji cha mawonekedwe a “miyala” a tii – kutukuka kwake kuchokera kumalo amiyala a mapiri a Wǔyí, omwe malo ake ofiira amtundu wa danxia adalembetsedwa mndandanda wa World Heritage wa UNESCO (1999).
- “Sōng” (松) – paini. Lingaliro lake ndi mbiri yakale youpizira tii pogwiritsa ntchito nkhuni za paini, koma popanda utsi weniweni. Komanso angatanthauze kuzungulira minda ya tii ndi nkhalango za paini zomwe zimapanga chiklima cha m’deralo.
- “Xiǎo Zhǒng” (小种) – “mtundu wawung’ono” kapena “gawo laling’ono”. Amatanthauza mtundu wa chomera cha tii cha m’deralo chamasamba aang’ono chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tii wofiira ku Wǔyí. Mawuwa amakhudzananso ndi kuchuluka kochepa kopanga poyerekeza ndi tii wofiira wa “gōngfū”.
- “Hóngchá” (红茶) – “tii wofiira”.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ili ndi malo ake ngati “tii wa odziwa zambiri” – awo amene amafunafuna mu tii wofiira wa ku Wǔyí osati fungo lodabwitsa la utsi, koma kukoma kwakuzama, kosanjikizana, kobadwa ndi malo enieni a mapiri. Kwa akatswiri, tii uyu amavumbula “nkhope yeniyeni” ya Xiǎo Zhǒng – kukoma komwe kumabisika pambuyo pa chotchinga cha utsi mu mtundu wapakale wosuta fodya. Kupezeka ndi kutchuka kwakukula kwa tii wosuta fodya wotere ndi gawo la kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ku China: kuchoka ku mtundu womwe umakonda kugulitsidwa kunja ndi fungo la utsi, kupita ku mtundu wabwino womwe umadyedwa m’dziko muno.

3. Mafotokoza a Zomera ndi Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito:

Mtundu / Cultivar: Mtundu wa m’deralo wamasamba aang’ono – Xiǎo Zhǒng (小种, Xiǎo Zhǒng), womwe umatchedwanso Cài Chá (菜茶, Cài Chá – “tii wa masamba” kapena “tii wochokera ku nthangala”). Amagawidwa mu gulu la Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Cài Chá ndi dzina lophatikiza mitundu yonse ya m’deralo yochokera ku nthangala (osati yobzalidwa) yomwe yakula ku Wǔyí kwa zaka mazana ambiri. M’mene zinthu zilili:
- Tsamba: Laling’ono (mtundu wamasamba aang’ono), lolimba, lowumbidwa ngati mkondo wa mundu, lokhala ndi mitsempha yoonekera bwino. Mtundu wa tsamba – wobiriŵa wakuda ndi chonyezimira.
- Chitsamba: Makamaka chitsamba (灌木型, guànmù xíng), chotalika mopitirira pang’ono.
- Mphamvu ya fungo: Yaikulu. Cài Chá wa ku Wǔyí ndi wodziwika ndi mawonekedwe a fungo lovuta, lomwe limakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe a mchere, omwe amachokera ku dothi lapadera la m’derali.
- Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma jini: Popeza Cài Chá amafesedwa ndi nthangala, chitsamba chilichonse ndi chapadera mwa jini, zomwe zimapanga mitundu yambiri ya kukoma ndi fungo, yomwe singapezeke powafesedwa mwa kubzala.
Kukolola: M’nyengo ya masika – Epulo–Meyi. Nthawi yokolola imakhala mochedwa poyerekeza ndi Jīn Jùn Méi (masamba okha), ndipo imakhala pafupifupi nthawi yomweyi ndi yokolola ulong a ku Wǔyí.
Muyeso wa kukolola: Tsamba limodzi kapena awiri kapena awiri-atatu apamwamba (一芽二葉 kapena 一芽三葉). Kugwiritsa ntchito masamba achikulire (matipusi) kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi Jīn Jùn Méi apamwamba, koma kumakhalapo m’mitundu yokwera mtengo. Kukolola pamanja.
Zofunika pa zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito: Zapamwamba. Masamba okhawo athanzi, osawonongeka ochokera ku zitsamba zomwe zakula kudera la mapiri a Wǔyí.

4. Malo ndi M’mene Zimakulira:

Mapiri a Wǔyí (武夷山): Malo apadera a mapiri okhala ndi mawonekedwe a danxia (丹霞地貌, dānxiá dìmào) – mizati ikuluikulu ya miyala ya mchenga wofiira, maphokoso akuluakulu, mitsinje yambiri ndi mathithi. Mapiriwa ndi ojambidwa ndi zigwa, otidwa ndi nkhalango zobiriŵa nthawi zonse zoterera komanso minda ya nsungwi. Malo okongola a Wǔyí ndi pafupifupi 70 km², ndipo malo akuluakulu opangira tii amaphatikizapo dera lalikulu kwambiri. Kuyambira 1999, m’derali mwalembedwa mndandanda wa World Heritage wa UNESCO monga malo achilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe.
Kutalika kwake: 350–800 m utali wa nyanja. Dera la Xīngcūn lili m’munsi poyerekeza ndi Tóngmù (600–1200 m), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiklima chosiyana pang’ono ndi mawonekedwe a kukoma.
Dothi: Chizindikiro cha Wǔyí. Dothi lofiira ndi lofiira-lachikasu (红壤, hóng rǎng), lopangidwa ndi kutha kwa miyala ya mchenga wofiira ya zaka pafupifupi 80 miliyoni. Limakhala ndi mchenga ndi miyala yambiri (24–29%), zomwe zimathandiza kuti madzi aziyenda bwino. Dothi limakhala ndi phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi manganese ochuluka, koma liri ndi nayitrogeni wochepa pang’ono. M’mene zimakhalirazi ndizomwe zimapanga “nyimbo ya miyala” (岩韵, yányùn) yotchuka – mawonekedwe a mchere, a miyala omwe amapezeka mu tii wonse wa ku Wǔyí. Tiyeni tidziwe kuti Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng, wopangidwa ku Xīngcūn ndi madera ozungulira, mwina sangakhale ndi mawonekedwe owonekera kwambiri a miyala monga tii wa ku dera la “Zhèng Yán” (正岩, zhèngyán – “miyala yeniyeni”, dera lotchuka kwambiri mkati mwa malo okongola).
Chiklima: Chiklima chotentera cha m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Kutentha kwapachaka – pafupifupi 18°C. Mvula – pafupifupi 2000 mm pachaka. Chinyezi chachikulu (80–85%), chifunga pafupipafupi (masiku opitilira 100 achifunga pachaka), nthawi yochepa ya kuŵala kwa dzuŵa. Zomera zambiri zimapangitsa kuwala kofalikira, koyenera kuunjika kwa mafuta onunkhira ndi amino asidi m’masamba a tii.

5. Tekinoloji Yopangira:

Tekinoloji yopangira Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng imatsatira ndondomeko yopangira tii wofiira, koma ndi kusiyana kwakukulu ndi Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng – palibe kusuta fodya pa nkhuni za paini. Izi zimalola kuti kukoma koyera komanso mawonekedwe a malo enieni a zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito ziwonekere popanda kubisidwa ndi fungo la utsi.

Kukolola (采摘, cǎizhāi): Kukolola pamanja, muyeso – “tsamba limodzi kapena awiri” kapena “awiri kapena atatu”.
Kufowotsa (萎凋, wěidiāo): Masamba amayalidwa mosanjikizana pang’ono pa matayala a nsungwi panja (pamene pali dzuŵa kapena pamthunzi) kapena m’nyumba. Nthawi – 8–16 maola. Cholinga – kuchepetsa chinyezi kufika pa 58–64%, kufewetsa tsamba, ndi kuyambitsa okosijeni woyamba. Mosiyana ndi Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng, kufowotsa sikuchitidwa pamwamba pa nkhuni za paini zoyaka pang’ono (松柴加温萎凋), koma kumachitidwa mwachilengedwe kapena ndi magetsi.
Kupotoza / kupukuta (揉捻, róuniǎn): Masamba ofowoka amapotozedwa, kuwapatsa mawonekedwe a mizere yaying’ono yopindika. Kupotoza kumawononga mawonekedwe a ma cell, kumatulutsa ma enzyme ndi madzi a m’maselo, ndi kuyambitsa okosijeni. Mphamvu ya kupotoza – kuchokera pakati mpaka paikulu.
Kufufumitsa / Okosijeni (发酵, fājiào): Masamba opotozedwa amaikidwa m’zipinda zofufumitsira kutentha kwa 25–30°C ndi chinyezi 90–95%. Nthawi – 4–6 maola. Panthawi ya okosijeni, ma catechin amasandulika theaflavin ndi thearubigin, ndipo masamba amatenga mtundu wofiira-bulauni ndi kupanga maziko a mawonekedwe a kukoma ndi fungo.
Kuumitsa (烘干, hōnggān): Kusiyana kwakukulu. Tii amaumitsidwa popanda kusuta fodya. Amagwiritsa ntchito makabati oumitsira a magetsi kapena, nthawi zina, makala a mitengo yamitundu (zipatso), koma popanda mawonekedwe owonekera a utsi. Kuumitsa kumaletsa kufufumitsa ndi kukhazikitsa ubwino. Kumachitidwa pa kutentha kwa 90–110°C, chinyezi chotsalira – 4–6%.
Kusanja (分级, fēnjí): Tii womalizidwa amasanjidwa malinga ndi ubwino ndi kukula kwa zidutswa.

6. M’mene Tii Amawonekera:

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Tiyi waung’ono, wopindika mwamphamvu wowumbidwa ngati mizere yaying’ono yotalika (條索狀). Mtundu – wodera bulauni, pafupifupi wakuda, wofanana. Nthawi zina pamaoneka pang’ono ngati phulusa limodzi pamtunda. Tsamba ndi laukadaulo, lopanda zidutswa zikuluzikulu.
Fungo la tsamba louma: Lolemetsa, lovuta – mawonekedwe a zipatso zouma (maplamu akuda, ma apricot owuma, maplamu owuma), uchi, chimera. Amakhalanso ndi fungo laling’ono la mtengo ndi zonunkhira. Fungo la utsi kulibe konse – ichi ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chosiyanitsa Yán Sōng ndi Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng wosuta fodya. Akatenthedwa, pamaoneka fungo laling’ono la miyala, la mchere.
Fungo la mankhwala: Lowala, losanjikizana, lokhudza. Kupangana kwa zipatso ndi uchi – maplamu okhwima, uchi, caramel – kumaphatikizana ndi mawonekedwe a zonunkhira (cinnamon, nutmeg) ndi mawonekedwe odziwika a “miyala” a mchere. Mawonekedwe a maluwa (orchid, rose) amatha kuonekera pamene mankhwala azizira.
Kukoma: Lodzaza, losalala, ndi zovuta zomangika bwino ndi kukoma kwachilengedwe koonekera bwino. Mu kupangana – mawonekedwe a zipatso zouma (maplamu akuda, ma apricot owuma, mphesa zouma), uchi, chimera, zonunkhira. “Nyimbo ya miyala” (岩韵, yányùn) yodziwika imaonekera ngati kukoma kwapang’ono kwa mchere ndi kukoma kotsalira kwa miyala, komwe kumapereka kuzama ndi kutalika kwa kukoma. Kukoma kotsalira n’kwautali, kotsekemera, ndi mawonekedwe a zipatso zouma ndi zonunkhira zotentha.
Mtundu wa mankhwala: Kuchokera ku amber wakuda mpaka wofiira-bulauni wolemetsa. Mankhwala ndi oonekera bwino, oyera, okhala ndi mtundu wakuya, wotentha. Pansi pa kuŵala kwabwino, amasinthasintha mitundu ya mtengo wofiira ndi amber wakale.
Pansi pa tii (tsamba lopondedwa): Masamba athunthu, osalala a bulauni wakuda, m’malo ena ofiira-mkuwa. Tsamba limatseguka mofanana. Kufanana ndi kukhulupirika kwa tsamba ndi chizindikiro cha ntchito yabwino.

7. Zomwe Zili mu Mankhwala:

Mawonekedwe a mankhwala a Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng amadziwika ndi kufufumitsa kwathunthu kwa zinthu zamasamba aang’ono zochokera ku dothi lolemera la mchere la Wǔyí.

Polyphenols: Kuchuluka kwakukulu. Theaflavin (2–3%) amapanga kukoma kowala ndi kwamphamvu, thearubigin (10–18%) amatengera kuzama kwa mtundu, kudzaza kwa thupi ndi mawonekedwe okhwima. Chiŵerengero cha theaflavin ku thearubigin chimakhudza kukhalitsa pakati pa “kuwala” ndi “kuzama” kwa kukoma.
Amino asidi: Kuchuluka – pafupifupi 2.5–3.5% ya kulemera kowuma. L-theanine ndi amino asidi yaikulu, yomwe imapereka kukoma kotsekemera ndi kuchepetsa kuwawa.
Ma alkaloid: Caffeine – pafupifupi 3–4% ya kulemera kowuma (40–65 mg pa chikho cha 200 ml). Theobromine ndi theophylline – mochepa kwambiri.
Ma element a mchere: Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mchere chifukwa cha dothi la malo a danxia. Potaziyamu, manganese, magnesium, fluoride, zinc, iron, phosphorous. Ndiko kupangika kwa mchere kumeneku komwe kumapanga “noti ya miyala” yodziwika mu kukoma.
Mafuta onunkhira: Gulu losiyanasiyana la mankhwala onunkhira osasunthika, kuphatikizapo linalool, geraniol, nerol, β-ionone, methyl salicylate. Kusowa kwa kusuta fodya kumasunga kuyera kwa mawonekedwe oyambirira a fungo, osabisedwa ndi guaiacol ndi zina za utsi.
Ma vitamini: B₁, B₂, C (mochepa), E, K.
Pectin ndi ma polysaccharide: Amapereka mawonekedwe osalala, okhudza a mankhwala.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

Kutenthetsa kwakukulu: Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ali ndi mphamvu yotenthetsa – malinga ndi mfundo za TCM, tii uyu ndi wa “chotentha” (性溫), woyenera nyengo yozizira. Amathandizira kuyenda kwa magazi m’mbali mwa thupi, ndi kuthetsa kumva kuzizira.
Kulimbikitsa ndi kumveka bwino kwa maganizo: Kuphatikizana kwa caffeine ndi L-theanine kumapereka kusonkhezera kofewa, kokhazikika popanda nkhawa. Amathandizira kukhala tcheru ndi kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo.
Kuthandizira chakudya: Amathandizira kupanga madzi a m’mimba ndi ma enzyme a chakudya. Amathandizira kwambiri pambuyo pa chakudya chochuluka, chamafuta kapena cha nyama. Ma pectin amatsekera m’matumbo.
Chitetezo cha antioxidant: Theaflavin amasonyeza mphamvu yoonekera yochepetsera ma free radicals, zomwe zimathandiza kuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa ma cell ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda osachiritsika.
Thanzi la mtima: Ma polyphenol a tii wofiira amathandizira kuchepetsa LDL-cholesterol, kukonza kukhazikika kwa makoma a mitsempha yamagazi ndi kukhazikitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi.
Kuchotsa poizoni: Amathandizira kutulutsa zinthu zomwe m’thupi lazimetsa, komanso amathandizira kukodza pang’ono.
Kuchepetsa nkhawa: L-theanine amathandizira kupanga mafunde a alpha mu ubongo, zomwe zimathandizira kupumula popanda kugona. Ndondomeko yomweyo yopondedwa ndi kulawa tii wofiira wa miyala imathandizira kusinkhasinkha.

9. Kuphika:

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95°C. N’kovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha kwambiri (100°C) kuti awonjezere mawonekedwe a miyala.
Kuchuluka kwa tii: 5–7 g pa 150 ml ya madzi (njira ya gongfu); 3–4 g pa 200 ml (njira ya ku Ulaya).
Zida: Gaiwan ya porcelain (蓋碗) – njira yabwino kwambiri yowongolera bwino kutulutsa. Mtsuko wa dongo la Yixing (紫砂壺, zǐshā hú) umagwiranso ntchito bwino – dongo lopindika limachepetsa kuwawa ndi kuwonjezera kuzungulira. Mtsuko wa porcelain – njira ina yabwino.
Ndondomeko (njira ya gongfu):
1. Tenthetsani gaiwan kapena mtsuko, mukatsuke ndi madzi otentha.
2. Ikani tii. Sangalalani ndi fungo la tsamba louma pakhoma lotentha la zida.
3. Thirani madzi ndikutsanulira msanga kuthira koyamba (kutsuka, masekondi 5–8).
4. Kuthira kwachiwiri – khalani ndi masekondi 15–25.
5. Gawanirani mankhwala m’makhopho.
6. Kuthira kopitirira – onjezani nthawi ndi masekondi 5–10. Tii amatha kuthiridwa 6–8.
Malangizo: Onani fungo lozizira la chikho chopanda kanthu mutatha kumwa mankhwala (杯底香, bēidǐ xiāng) – pa Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng wabwino, limavumbula mawonekedwe owonjezera a maluwa ndi zipatso.

10. Kusunga:

Mikhalidwe: Malo owuma, ozizira, amdima. Kutentha – osapitirira 25°C. Kutali ndi malo a fungo lamphamvu (zonunkhira, khofi, mafuta onunkhira).
Zotengera: Mtsuko wachitsulo kapena wadothi wotsekedwa bwino. Matumba a zojambulazo ndi zotsekera za zip – njira yotsika mtengo. Pewani zotengera zowonekera.
Nthawi yosunga: Miyezi 18–36 m’mikhalidwe yoyenera. Tii wofiira wa ku Wǔyí amasunga bwino mkhalidwe wake, ndipo ena odziwa zambiri amanena kuti pakadutsa miyezi 6–12 pambuyo pa kupanga, kukoma kumakhala kozungulira komanso kosakanikirana bwino.
Adani a tii: Chinyezi, kuwala, kutentha kwakukulu, fungo lachilendo, mpweya.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ali m’gulu la mtengo “wapakati – wopitirira pang’ono wapakati” pakati pa tii wofiira wa Fújiàn. Mtengo umadalira kwambiri malo enieni akukulira – tii wochokera kudera loyandikira ku “Zhèng Yán” adzakhala wokwera mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi malo akutali (外山, wàishān – “mapiri akunja”). Mtengo wogulitsa wa Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng wabwino ndi pafupifupi 20–60 USD pa 100 g. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mtengo: dera lochokera (Zhèng Yán > Bàn Yán > Wài Shān), zaka za zitsamba za tii, nyengo yokolola, mbiri ya katswiri.

Mmene mungapewere zachinyengo:

Gulani kwa ogulitsa odziwa bwino: Fufuzani masitolo omwe amayang’ana kwambiri tii waku Wǔyí, omwe angathe kupereka mwatsatanetsatane za wopanga ndi dera lochokera.
Kusowa kwa fungo la utsi ndi kofunikira: Ngati tsamba louma kapena mankhwala akuwonetsa fungo lamphamvu la utsi, ndiye kuti muli ndi Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng wachikale (kapena wonyengezera), osati Yán Sōng.
Yezani “miyala”: Yán Sōng weniweni ayenera kuwonetsa pang’onopang’ono mawonekedwe a mchere, a miyala mu kukoma – ichi ndi chizindikiro cha malo enieni a Wǔyí.
Maonekedwe a kunja: Tiyi waung’ono, wopindika mwamphamvu, wa bulauni wakuda. Zidutswa zazikulu, fumbi, kusafanana ndi zizindikiro za ubwino wochepa.
Mankhwala: Oonekera bwino, amber wakuda kapena wofiira-bulauni wolemetsa. Mankhwala othithina, akuda ndi chifukwa chokayikira.

12. Mfundo Zosangalatsa:

Wosuta fodya “wachibale” cha kholo la tii wonse wofiira: Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng amaganiziridwa kuti ndi kholo la tii wonse wofiira padziko lapansi – kudzera mwa iye, Ulaya inayamba kudziwa za “tii wakuda” m’zaka za m’ma 1600. Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng amakulolani kumva momwe tii uyu akanakhalira “utsi usanachitike” – asanakhale chizolowezi chosuta fodya chimakhala chizindikiro chachikulu cha mtunduwo.
Vuto la nkhuni za paini: M’zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng wachikale wosuta fodya kwakumana ndi vuto lalikulu – kufalikira kwa nematode ya paini (松材线虫, sōngcái xiànchóng) kwadzetsa ziletso pakukonza ndi kutumiza nkhuni za paini za mao jie ku malo osungidwa a Tóngmù. Izi zapangitsa kuti anthu achite chidwi ndi mitundu yosuta fodya ya Xiǎo Zhǒng.
“Nyimbo ya miyala” mu tii wofiira: Mawu akuti “yán yùn” (岩韵) mwamwambo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi ulong wa miyala wa ku Wǔyí (岩茶, yánchá). Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ndi umodzi mwa tii wochepa kwambiri wofiira momwe noti ya mchere, ya “miyala” imaonekera momveka bwino kotero kuti tinganene za mawonekedwe a miyala a tii wofiira weniweni.
Tii wosinthasintha: Mawonekedwe a kukoma a Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng amasintha kwambiri kuchokera kuthira ku kuthira: kuthira koyamba – kowala, zipatso-uchi; pakati – kwakuya, zonunkhira-mchere; kumapeto – kofewa, kotsekemera-mtengo. Izi zimapangitsa tii kukhala wosangalatsa kwambiri akamupondedwa mwa njira ya gongfu.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Mitundu Ina ya Tii Wofiira:

Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng (正山小种, Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng): “Wachibale” wapafupi. Kusiyana kwakukulu – kukhalapo kwa utsi wa paini wowonekera bwino mwa Zhèngshān wachikale. Pambuyo pa chotchinga cha utsi, pangakhale maziko ofanana a zipatso-uchi, koma Yán Sōng amakulolani kumvetsetsa maziko awa moonekera bwino. Zhèngshān nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kudera la Tóngmù (kumtunda kwambiri), pomwe Yán Sōng – pafupi ndi Xīngcūn.
Jīn Jùn Méi (金骏眉, Jīn Jùn Méi): Tii wapamwamba wosuta fodya wofiira wochokera ku masamba okha, wopangidwa ku Tóngmù. Wocheperako, wapamwamba, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ochuluka a uchi-maluwa ndi chokoleti. Mtengo – wokwera kwambiri. Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ndi wolemetsa komanso wowawa, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera a zipatso-zonunkhira ndi mchere.
Qímén Hóngchá (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá): Tii wofiira wotchuka wochokera ku chigawo cha Ānhuī. “Qímén Xiāng” (祁门香) – fungo lake lotchuka la orchid-uchi – ndi la maluwa komanso la “mafuta onunkhira” kwambiri. Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng ndi wa “pansi”, wa mchere, ndi zolimbikitsa ku zipatso zouma ndi mawonekedwe a miyala.
Diān Hóng (滇红, Diān Hóng): Tii wofiira wa ku Yúnnán wochokera ku zomera zamasamba akulu (var. assamica). Amakhala amphamvu kwambiri, owawa, okhala ndi mawonekedwe ochuluka a chokoleti-zonunkhira ndi thupi lolemetsa. Yán Sōng – wopepuka, wokongola, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a mchere-zipatso zovuta.
Tǎnyáng Gōngfū (坦洋工夫, Tǎnyáng Gōngfū): Tii wofiira wa ku Fújiàn wa gulu la gongfu. Wotsekemera kwambiri, wa uchi, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera a caramel, koma wopanda kuzama kwa “miyala” kwa Yán Sōng.

Pomaliza:

Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng Hóngchá ndi tii wofiira wa iwo amene amayamikira kukoma koyera ndi kuzama kwa malo enieni. Popanda chigoba cha utsi, chomwe chinapangitsa “mbale” wake wosuta fodya Zhèngshān Xiǎo Zhǒng kutchuka padziko lonse, tii uyu amavumbula tsinde lobisika la tii wofiira wa ku Wǔyí – kukoma kosanjikizana kwa zipatso-uchi kokhala ndi maziko a mchere, kobadwa m’maphokoso a miyala a mapiri a danxia. Mphamvu yake yotenthetsa, kuthekera kothiridwa kangapo, ndi “nyimbo ya miyala” yodziwika zimapangitsa Yán Sōng Xiǎo Zhǒng kukhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri pa kumwa tii nthawi ya kupukuta kwa masamba ndi yozizira, komanso kwa onse amene akufuna kudziwana ndi dziko la Xiǎo Zhǒng popanda chotchinga cha utsi.