Xīhú Lóngjǐng

Xīhú Lóngjǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú lóngjǐng) — ndi imodzi mwa tiyi zodziwika bwino kwambiri za ku China, yomwe ili pamwamba pa mndandanda wa “Tiyi khumi zodziwika za ku China” (中国十大名茶). Tiyi yosalala iyi yokhala ndi “ubwino zinayi” zake — mtundu wobiriwira (色绿), fungo lonunkhira (香郁), kakomedwe kofewa (味醇) ndi maonekedwe okongola (形美) — imaimira ukhwima wa chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha m’dera la Nyanja ya Kumadzulo ndipo ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera (地理标志产品), chotetezedwa ndi muyezo wa boma GB/T 18650.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (wosafufumutsidwa). Ndi wa gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá) wokhala ndi tsamba lathyathyathya (扁形绿茶, biǎnxíng lǜchá).

• Gulu: Ili pamwamba pa mndandanda wa “Tiyi khumi zodziwika za ku China” (中国十大名茶, Zhōngguó shí dà míngchá). Ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn). Mu 2008, luso lake lopanga linalowetsedwa mu Kaundula Wachiŵiri wa zinthu zosaoneka za chikhalidwe cha dziko la China pa mlingo wa dziko, ndipo mu 2022 — mu Mndandanda wa zinthu zosaoneka za chikhalidwe cha anthu a UNESCO monga mbali ya chisankho “Luso lachikhalidwe la ku China lopanga tiyi ndi miyambo yogwirizana nayo”.

• Chiyambi: China, dera la Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), madera ozungulira nyanja ya Xīhú (西湖, Xīhú) — “Nyanja ya Kumadzulo”. Malo opangira amaphatikiza madera a Xīhú, Xiāoshān, Yúháng ndi maboma ena 18 a mzinda wa Hangzhou, ogawidwa m’zigawo zitatu zazikulu: Xīhú (西湖), Qiántáng (钱塘) ndi Yuèzhōu (越州). Tiyi yochokera ku dera la Xīhú yokha ndiyo ili ndi ufulu wotchedwa “Xīhú Lóngjǐng” yokwanira.

• Makonzedwe a malo: Pafupifupi 30°15′ kumpoto, 120°10′ kummawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Kufunika kwa Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Mbiri ya Lóngjǐng ili ndi zaka zoposa 1200, ndipo imafotokozedwa molondola ndi chiganizo chakale: “Dzina linayambira ku Sòng, linadziwika ku Yuán, linatukuka ku Míng, linafika pachimake ku Qīng” (始于宋，闻于元，扬于明，盛于清). Umboni woyamba wolembedwa wa kulima tiyi m’derali ndi wa Lù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ): mu “Buku Loyera la Tiyi” (茶经, Chá Jīng), lolembedwa m’nthawi ya Táng (618–907), amatchula kuti tiyi inkapangidwa ku akachisi a Tiānzhú (天竺) ndi Língyǐn (灵隐) m’madera ozungulira Hangzhou. M’nthawi ya Northern Sòng (960–1127), tiyi wa m’derali “Xiānglín” (香林茶), “Báiyún” (白云茶) ndi “Bǎoyún” (宝云茶) ankatumizidwa kale ku nyumba yachifumu ngati “gòngchá” (贡茶, gòngchá — tiyi yopereka), ndipo wolemba ndakatulo Sū Dōngpō (苏东坡, Sū Dōngpō) anatamanda tiyi ya Hangzhou m’ndakatulo. Ndiko ku Northern Sòng komwe monki Biàncái (辩才, Biàncái) anakhazikitsa minda ya tiyi pa phiri la Shīfēng (狮峰) pafupi ndi mudzi wa Lóngjǐng, zomwe zimatengedwa ngati mbiri yakale kwambiri yolembedwa ya kulima ndi kupanga tiyi m’mudzimo.

  Kutchuka kwakukulu kwa Lóngjǐng kunachitika mu mzera wa Qīng (1644–1912). Mfumu Qiánlóng (乾隆, Qiánlóng) anapita ku Lóngjǐng kanayi, kulemba ndakatulo za tiyi ndi kupatsa zitsamba khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu za tiyi pafupi ndi kachisi wa Húgōngmiào (胡公庙) pa phiri la Shīfēng udindo wa “tiyi ya mfumu” (御茶, yùchá) — tiyi yochokera ku zitsambazi inkangoperekedwa ku nyumba ya mfumu yokha.

  M’nthawi yatsopano Lóngjǐng anapitiriza kutchuka: mu 1915 analandira mphotho ya golide pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse cha Panama-Pacific. Mu 2022, luso lopanga Xīhú Lóngjǐng monga mbali ya chisankho “Luso lachikhalidwe la ku China lopanga tiyi ndi miyambo yogwirizana nayo” (中国传统制茶技艺及其相关习俗) linalowetsedwa mu Mndandanda wa zinthu zosaoneka za chikhalidwe cha anthu a UNESCO.

• Dzina:

  • “Xīhú” (西湖) — “Nyanja ya Kumadzulo”, likusonyeza chiyambi cha dera la tiyi.
  • “Lóngjǐng” (龙井) — “Chitsime cha Chinjoka”. Pali nthano zingapo zomwe zimafotokoza dzina ili:
    • Nthano ya chinjoka: Mu mudzi wa Lóngjǐng (龙井村, Lóngjǐng Cūn), womwe uli m’munsi mwa phiri la Shīfēng, kunali chitsime chakale chimene, malinga ndi nthano, munali chinjoka chokhoza kupereka mvula. Anthu a m’deralo ankapita ku chitsimecho kukapemphera chinyezi m’zaka za chilala.
    • Kuyenda kwa madzi: Malinga ndi nthano ina, dzinali limagwirizana ndi kuyenda kwachilendo kwa madzi m’chitsimecho: poweruza, padziko pankawoneka mawonekedwe opindika, ofanana ndi kuyenda kwa chinjoka.
    • Maonekedwe a tsamba: Palinso kutanthauzira komwe kumagwirizanitsa dzinali ndi maonekedwe okongola athyathyathya a tsamba la tiyi, lofanana ndi kupindika kwa thupi la chinjoka.

• Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe: Lóngjǐng ndi chizindikiro cha Hangzhou ndi dera lonse la Zhejiang, mbali yosasiyanitsidwa ya chikhalidwe cha mabuku, kukongola ndi filosofi ya ku China. Tiyi nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ngati mphatso ya boma kwa alendo akunja. Chaka chilichonse ku Hangzhou kumachitika chikondwerero choperekedwa kukolola Lóngjǐng, ndipo mzindawu umadziwika ndi dzina losavomerezeka la “likulu la tiyi” (茶都, chádū) la China.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zipangizo:

• Mitundu / Cultivar: Kupanga Xīhú Lóngjǐng kumagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya chitsamba cha tiyi Camellia sinensis var. sinensis:

  • Lóngjǐng Qúntǐzhǒng (龙井群体种, Lóngjǐng Qúntǐzhǒng) — mtundu wamba wakomweko (群体种 — wobzalidwa ndi mbewu). Umakhala wolimba kwambiri ku zovuta, umapereka fungo lovuta losanjikizana losiyanasiyana ndi maluwa ochuluka. Kukolola kumayamba pambuyo pa Qīngmíng (清明, Qīngmíng), kutanthauza kuti sikuyamba kumayambiriro kwa April. Amalemekezedwa ndi akatswiri chifukwa cha kuzama ndi kusakanikirana kwa kakomedwe. Tiyi ya masika yochokera ku mtundu umenewu imakhala ndi pafupifupi 3.7% ya maamino acid, 18.5% ya polyphenol, 12.1% ya catechin ndi 4.0% ya caffeine (malinga ndi muyezo wa “mphukira imodzi, masamba awiri”).
  • Lóngjǐng 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng 43) — mtundu wa kuchokera ku clove, wopangidwa ndi Chofufuzira cha Tiyi cha Academy ya Sayansi yaulimi ya China. Ndi wa oyambirira kwambiri (特早生, tè zǎoshēng): kukolola kumayamba kumapeto kwa March. Masamba amakhala ofanana ndi owongoka, fungo limakhala lomveka bwino, loyera, ndi mawu owala a nyemba zobiriwira (豆香, dòuxiāng). Panopa, ndiwo mtundu wofala kwambiri pakupanga Lóngjǐng.
  • Lóngjǐng Chángyè (龙井长叶, Lóngjǐng Chángyè) — “Tsamba lalitali la Lóngjǐng”, limasiyana ndi masamba ooneka motambala.
  • Jiūkēng Zhǒng (鸠坑种, Jiūkēng Zhǒng) — mtundu wakale wakomweko wochokera kudera la Jiūkēng, wosowa ndipo umalemekezedwa ndi otolera.

• Kukolola: Kukolola kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa masika. Chamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi tiyi yokololedwa pamaso pa chikondwerero cha Qīngmíng (清明, Qīngmíng; pafupifupi 5 April) — tiyi yotchedwa “míngqiánchá” (明前茶, Míngqián chá). Imakhala ndi mphukira zafulumira kwambiri — mphukira zokwanira kapena mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe langotuluka kumene, kumakhala ndi fungo losalala latsopano ndipo ndi la gulu lapamwamba kwambiri. Tiyi yokololedwa pamaso pa Gǔyǔ (谷雨, Gǔyǔ; pafupifupi 20 April) — “yǔqiánchá” (雨前茶, Yǔqián chá) — imakhala ndi mphukira imodzi ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri, imapereka kakomedwe kolemera ndi kolimba, ndipo panthawi yomweyo ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri.

• Muyezo wa kukolola: Mwachikhalidwe amakololedwa mphukira imodzi ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri apamwamba (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè kapena 一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè). Kwa mitundu yapamwamba — mphukira yokha ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe langokula pang’ono, kapena mphukira zokha.

• Zofunikira pa zipangizo: Ndi zapamwamba kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito mphukira ndi masamba osalala, osawonongeka, ofanana kukula, opanda masamba okhwima, tsinde ndi zinthu zosakanizidwa. Zipangizo zokololedwa chatsopano ziyenera kukonzedwa tsiku lomwelo.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Nyengo: Hangzhou ili m’dera la nyengo ya monsoonal subtropiki. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 16°C, mvula yapachaka pafupifupi 1500 mm, chinyezi chamlengalenga chodutsa 78%. M’masika derali nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi nkhungu, kusintha kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku kumakhala 8–12°C, zomwe zimathandiza kudzikundikira kwa L-theanine (amino acid ya tiyi) m’masamba. Mwambi wakomweko umafotokoza kanyengo kameneka: “Pamene kuli koyera — m’mawa ndi madzulo nkhungu ponseponse, pamene kuli kwa mitambo — tsiku lonse mapiri ali m’mitambo” (晴时早晚遍地雾，阴雨成天满山云).

• Kutalika kwa malo: 100–800 mita pamwamba pa usambwe wa nyanja. Minda yambiri ya tiyi ili pa kutalika kwa 100–200 m pamapiri.

• Dothi: Dothi lofiira losavuta acid (红壤, hóng rǎng) lokhala ndi pH 4.5–6.0, lolemera ndi zinthu zambiri zamaorganic ndi mchere. Kukhala kwa acid ndi kamangidwe ka mchere m’nthaka zimagwira ntchito yofunikira pakupanga mawonekedwe a kakomedwe ka tiyi.

• Magawo opangira ndi madera ofunikira (核心产区):

  • Shīfēng Shān (狮峰山, Shīfēng Shān) — “Phiri la Mkango”: Amatengedwa ngati malo abwino kwambiri a Lóngjǐng. Tiyi ya m’dera limeneli imakhala ndi mtundu wofanana ndi mpunga wosapukutiwa (糙米色, cāomǐ sè) — mtundu wachikasu wobiriwira, kakomedwe kolemera ndi kozama ndi kawu ka orchid.
  • Lóngjǐng Cūn / Wēngjiāshān (龙井村/翁家山, Lóngjǐng Cūn / Wēngjiāshān): Malo akale a chiyambi cha tiyi. Tsamba limakhala lathyathyathya, losalala; kakomedwe katsopano, kotsekemera ndi kofewa.
  • Méijiāwù (梅家坞, Méijiāwù): Mudzi waukulu kwambiri wa tiyi. Tiyi imadziwika ndi mtundu wobiriwira ngati emerald, maonekedwe owongoka a tsamba komanso fungo lokhazikika loyera.
  • Yúnqī (云栖, Yúnqī): Tiyi yokhala ndi tsamba lofanana, lofanana ndi fungo la nyemba.
  • Hǔpǎo (虎跑, Hǔpǎo): Tiyi yokhala ndi madzi omwera owala, oyera ndi kakomedwe kotalika kotsekemera. Kuphatikiza ndi madzi a kasupe wa m’dera la Hǔpǎo kumapanga “ngale ziwiri za Hangzhou” (杭州双绝) zodziwika bwino.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Kupanga Xīhú Lóngjǐng ndi luso lenileni, lofuna zaka zambiri za chidziwitso ndi ukadaulo. Mosiyana ndi tiyi yambiri yobiriwira, yopindidwa ngati singano kapena zozungulira, Lóngjǐng amapangidwa kukhala tsamba lathyathyathya mwa kulikankhira ku makoma a mbiya yotentha kwambiri. Ntchito yonse imachitika ndi manja, kuyambira kukolola mpaka kuumitsa komaliza.

• Kukolola (采摘 — cǎi zhāi): Kukolola ndi manja kumachitika m’maola ammawa oyambirira. Amakolola mphukira ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri, kusankha mosamala zipangizo mofanana ndi kutsopano.

• Kuziziritsa / kutambasula (摊放 — tān fàng): Masamba okololedwa amawayalila mosanjikana mosalala pamthunzi m’chipinda chozizira kwa maola angapo (kawirikawiri maola 6–12) kuti achotse chinyezi chochuluka ndi kuyamba kutulutsa fungo. Pa nthawi imeneyi madzi m’masamba amachepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 15–20%.

• “Kupha zobiriwira” ndi kupanga maonekedwe — Qīngguō (青锅 — qīngguō): Gawo lalikulu, limaphatikiza kukhazikitsa zobiriwira (杀青, shāqīng) ndi kupanga maonekedwe oyambirira (整形, zhěngxíng). Masamba amakazinga m’mabiyola otentha a chitsulo cha anthu pa kutentha kwa 70–80°C. Mmisiri mwa manja amakankhira masamba pansi ndi kumakoma a mbiyayo, kuwapangitsa kukhala ndi maonekedwe athyathyathya ake. Pa gawoli, kusintha kwa ma enzyme kumayimitsidwa ndipo fungo latsopano limakhazikika.

• Kubweza chinyezi — Huícháo (回潮 — huícháo): Pambuyo pa kukazinga koyamba, zopangidwa pang’ono zimasonkhanitsidwa m’milu ndi kusiyidwa kwakanthawi. Chinyezi kuchokera ku matsinde chimagawidwanso pamwamba pa tsamba, kusamaliza chinyezi chonse ndi kupanga tsamba kukhala lofewa kuti likonzedwenso.

• Kukazinga komaliza ndi kutulutsa fungo — Huīguō (辉锅 — huīguō): Kukazinga komaliza pa kutentha kochepa — pansi pa 60°C. Pa gawoli, kakomedwe ndi fungo komaliza zimaumbidwa: tsamba limakhala losalala, lowala ndi lolimba. Apa ndi pomwe mmisiri amawonetsa luso lapamwamba kwambiri, kuwongolera njira khumi zovomerezeka za manja (十大手法, shí dà shǒufǎ): “kugwedeza” (抖, dǒu), “kuyika pamwamba” (搭, dā), “kukankhira” (捺, nà), “kugwedera” (甩, shuǎi), “kukankha” (推, tuī), “kutseka” (扣, kòu), “kufalitsa” (拓, tuò), “kupondereza” (压, yā), “kusisita” (磨, mó), “kufinya” (搓, cuō). Ntchito yonse imafuna kuti pasakhale kupsereza — fungo laling’ono chabe la kupsa limatengedwa ngati chilema.

• Kusefa (分筛 — fēn shāi): Tiyi yokonzeka amayisefa, kugawa malinga ndi kukula ndi kuchotsa zinyalala.

• Kusamaliza ndi kukonza (挺长头 — tǐng chángtóu): Tizigawo tambiri timabwezeretsanso ku mbiya kuti tikonzedwenso.

• Kuphatikiza magulu (归堆 — guīduī): Tizigawo tofanana amasakaniza kuti apeze mphamvu yokhazikika ya gulu lamalonda.

• “Kulandira phulusa” — kusungidwa ndi laimu yosazimitsidwa (收灰 — shōuhuī): Gawo lomaliza — tiyi yokonzeka amaikidwa m’mitsuko yadongo ndi laimu yosazimitsidwa (生石灰) ndikumusiya kwa pafupifupi sabata. Laimu imachotsa chinyezi chotsalira ndi “kakomedwe kamoto” (火气, huǒqì), kulola fungo kukhala loyera komanso losalala. Iyi ndi njira yachikhalidwe, yapadera kwa Lóngjǐng.

6. Makhalidwe a Ziwalo:

• Maonekedwe akunja a tsamba louma: Masamba athyathyathya, osalala, ofanana, osongoka, ofanana ndi “malilime a mpheta” (雀舌, quèshé) kapena “tsamba la lupanga”. Kukula kumakhala kofanana, tsamba lowongoka ndi lakuthwa (挺直尖削). Mtundu — kuchokera ku wobiriwira wofewa ndi lowala (嫩绿光润) mpaka ku mtundu wachikasu wobiriwira wa “mpunga wosapukutiwa” (糙米色, cāomǐ sè) — womalizawu ndi wodziwika kwambiri pa tiyi yochokera ku phiri la Shīfēng. Pamwamba pa tsamba n’losalala, pangakhale ndi kuwala pang’ono ngati mafuta.

• Fungo la tsamba louma: Latsopano, loyera, ndi kawu kodziwika ka maluwa a nyemba zobiriwira (豆花香, dòuhuā xiāng) — limawakumbukira makoko atsopano a nandolo kapena nyemba zobiriwira. Kwa mitundu yapamwamba ya tiyi ya masika — kawu kosalala ka mabokosi (嫩栗香, nèn lì xiāng). Pangakhale kawu kakang’ono ka maluwa, kofanana ndi orchid (pa tiyi yochokera ku phiri la Shīfēng). Luso lachikhalidwe sililola fungo lowonekera la “moto”.

• Fungo la madzi omwera: Loyera, lokhazikika, latsopano. Mawu omwewa amalamulira — fungo la maluwa a nyemba, kutsekemera kofewa kobiriwira, kawu kopepuka ka bokosi. Kwa tiyi ya m’dera la Shīfēng — kawu kowonekera ka orchid. Fungo limatulukira pang’onopang’ono ndi kutsanulira kulikonse.

• Kakomedwe: Kolemera, koma kosalala. Kutsopano kumamveka (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — kawu kodziwika ka “umami”, kobwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid. Kakomedwe kotsekemera pambuyo ndi kutsekemera kofewa, kokutira (甘醇, gānchún — “kufewa kotsekemera”). Thupi lapakati, loyenera (醇厚, chúnhòu — “kufewa kolimba”), popanda kuwawa kowonekera. Kakomedwe pambuyo n’kotalika, kotsitsimula, ndi kutsekemera kobwerera (回甘, huígān). M’guluma limodzi amamveka mawu a mabokosi okazinga, zobiriwira zatsopano, orchid.

• Mtundu wa madzi omwera: Wobiriwira wopepuka, woyera ndi wowala, ndi mtundu wofewa wachikasu wobiriwira (嫩绿明亮). Kwa tiyi ya mitundu yapamwamba — yowala ngati galasi, “yamoyo”.

• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lowiritsidwa): Masamba ndi mphukira zofanana, zathunthu, zotanuka za mtundu wobiriwira wopepuka, zosunga maonekedwe a “mphukira imodzi — tsamba limodzi”. Tsamba n’losalala, lofanana, lopanda kuwonongeka.

7. Kamangidwe ka Zinthu Zomanga:

Xīhú Lóngjǐng imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu za chilengedwe. Malingaliro a zinthu zomanga amadalira cultivar, nyengo ya kukolola ndi luso la kukonza, komabe tingapereke ziwerengero zomwe zikuwonekera:

• Polyphenol (catechin): Kuchuluka kwa ma polyphenol a tiyi kumakhala pafupifupi 13–20% ya kulemera kouma. Chigawo chachikulu ndi epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), chomwe chimapereka mphamvu zamphamvu zakuteteza ku kuwonongeka. Kuchuluka kwa catechin mu mtundu wa Qúntǐzhǒng kumakhala pafupifupi 12.1%. Chifukwa cha kukolola koyambirira kwa masika ndi luso losavuta, chiwerengero cha polyphenol ndi amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ) chimakhala chochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsekemera kofewa kopanda kuwawa kowonekera.

• Amino acid: Kuchuluka kwakukulu — mpaka 4.46% (malinga ndi kafukufuku wa tiyi 20 zodziwika zobiriwira za ku China — chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa zitsanzo zomwe zaphunziridwa). Chachikulu ndi L-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānjīsuān), yomwe imapanga zoposa 50% ya amino acid. Ndiyo L-theanine yomwe imapangitsa kumva kutsopano, “umami” ndi mphamvu yofewetsa yampumulo.

• Alkaloid: Kuchuluka kwa caffeine kumakhala pafupifupi 4.0–4.8% ya kulemera kouma (malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwa m’magazini a sayansi — mpaka 4.81%, chiwerengero china chapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa tiyi zobiriwira za ku China). Palinso theobromine ndi theophylline pamlingo wocheperako.

• Mavitamini: Vitamin C — 100–300 mg pa 100 g ya tiyi youma (mu tsamba latsopano la muyezo wa “mphukira imodzi — tsamba limodzi” — zoposa 1%). Mavitamini a gulu B: B₁ (thiamine) — pafupifupi 0.5 mg/100 g, B₂ (riboflavin) — pafupifupi 1.5 mg/100 g, B₃ (pantothenic acid) — pafupifupi 1.8 mg/100 g, PP (nicotinic acid) — pafupifupi 6.5 mg/100 g. Palinso vitamin A, vitamin E, folic acid.

• Mchere: Fluoride (imathandiza kuteteza enamel ya mano), potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, selenium.

• Mafuta ofunikira ndi zigawo zina: Zigawo zonunkhira zosaoneka bwino zimaphatikiza linalool, geraniol ndi terpenoids zina, zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a maluwa ndi nyemba. Palinso shuga wosungunuka m’madzi ndi pectin, zomwe zimapatsa madzi omwera “thupi” lofewa.

• Zindikirani: ziwerengero zimatengera kwambiri cultivar, nyengo ya kukolola, kutalika kwa munda ndi luso la kukonza. Tiyi ya masika kuchokera ku Qúntǐzhǒng, monga lamulo, imakhala ndi mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa amino acid ndi mawonekedwe oyenera kwambiri.

8. Ubwino wa Thanzi:

• Mphamvu yamphamvu ya antioxidant: Catechin, makamaka EGCG, imalepheretsa kwambiri ma free radicals, kuchedwetsa kupsyinjika kwa okosijeni ndi ukalamba wa maselo.

• Kulimbitsa thupi ndi kukonza maganizo: Caffeine imalimbikitsa dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha, kukweza chidwi, kugwira ntchito ndi liwiro la kuchitapo kanthu. Panthawi yomweyo, L-theanine imachepetsa mphamvu ya caffeine, kupereka mphamvu yofewa, yokhazikika popanda kukwera kwadzidzidzi ndi kugwa.

• Kulimbitsa dongosolo la mtima ndi mitsempha: Polyphenol ndi vitamin C zimathandiza kuchepetsa mlingo wa “cholesterol yoipa” (LDL), kulimbitsa makoma a mitsempha ndi kukhazikitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi.

• Kukonza chakudya: Imalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa ma enzyme a chakudya, imathandiza kugawa mapuloteni ndi mafuta, imathandiza pa kulemera pambuyo pa kudya.

• Mphamvu yoletsa mabakiteriya: Polyphenol ya tiyi ndi zinthu zopangira mphamvu zimaletsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda, zimatsitsimutsa mpweya (zimachotsa fungo loipa m’kamwa).

• Kuthandizira kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kuwongolera kulemera: Caffeine ndi catechin zimafulumizitsa kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kuthandiza kugawa mafuta.

• Mphamvu yolowetsa mkodzo: Theobromine ndi theophylline zimapereka mphamvu yofewa yolowetsa mkodzo, kuthandiza kutulutsa madzi ochuluka.

• Kuteteza mano: Fluoride yomwe ilipo imalimbitsa enamel ya mano ndi kukweza kukana ku dzino.

• Chofunikira: ubwino womwe watchulidwa umachokera ku zomwe zilipo zonse za kamangidwe ka tiyi wobiriwira ndipo si upangiri wamankhwala.

9. Kuwiritsa:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–90°C (malangizo a mitundu yapamwamba — 85°C; gwiritsani ntchito madzi oziziritsidwa pambuyo pa kuwira kwa mphindi ~2). Madzi sayenera kukhala owira kwambiri — kutentha kwambiri kumawononga fungo losalala ndi kukulitsa kuwawa.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml ya madzi.

• Chombo: Galasi lowonekera (玻璃杯, bōli bēi) — njira yabwino kwambiri kuti muwone “kuvina” kwa masamba m’madzi. Komanso gàiwǎn ya porcelain yoyera (白瓷盖碗, bái cí gàiwǎn) ya 150 ml — imathandiza kuwongolera nthawi ya kuphika mosamala komanso kuyamikira fungo bwino.

• Ndondomeko:

  1. Tenthetsani chombo ndi madzi otentha, tsanulani.
  2. Thirani 3 g ya tiyi mu galasi kapena gàiwǎn.
  3. Thirani madzi pa 1/3 ya kuchuluka — gwedeza chombo, “kunyowetsa” tiyi (润茶摇香, rùnchá yáoxiāng) ndi kutsegula mawu oyamba a fungo.
  4. Onjezani madzi mpaka 7/10 ya kuchuluka.
  5. Kuphika koyamba — mphindi 1–2.
  6. Kutsanulira kotsatira — onjezani nthawi ndi masekondi 30. Tiyi imatha kuwiritsidwa 3 kokwanira.

• Zindikirani: tiyi yatsopano (ya m’chaka chatsopano) imalimbikitsidwa kusungidwa masabata 1–2 isanamwedwe, kuti “kakomedwe kamoto” (火气) kuchokera ku kukazinga kutha — izi zimachepetsa kupsyinjika kwa m’mimba. Sikulimbikitsidwa kumwa Lóngjǐng wamphamvu pamimba yopanda kanthu. Kusachedwa kwa madzi omwera atazizira (茶乳凝, chá rǔ níng — “mathithi amkaka a tiyi”) ndi chinthu chachilengedwe, chosasokoneza khalidwe.

10. Kusunga:

• Sungirani m’chidebe chovindikiritsidwa — cha porcelain, chagalasi kapena chachitsulo — pamalo ouma, ozizira ndi amdima, kutali ndi fungo lachilendo.
• Kutentha koyenera kosungira ndi 0–5°C (firiji), m’chipinda chosiyana, kupewa kukhudzana ndi zakudya zokhala ndi fungo lamphamvu. Kutentha kochepa n’kofunikira kwambiri kuti tiyi yobiriwira ya masika ikhale yatsopano.
• Pewani kuwala, chinyezi ndi kutentha — “adani” akulu a tiyi wobiriwira.
• Njira yachikhalidwe: kusungidwa m’mitsuko yadongo ndi laimu yosazimitsidwa (kapena silica gel) kuti chiwongolero cha chinyezi. Laimu iyenera kusinthidwa miyezi 1–2 iliyonse; silica gel — pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mtundu (imatha kuumitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwanso ntchito).
• Nthawi yosungira ikasungidwa moyenera imatha kufika miyezi 18, komabe kuti mukondwe kwambiri amalimbikitsidwa kumwa mkati mwa miyezi 6–8 pambuyo pa kukolola.

11. Mtengo ndi Zofanizira Zabodza:

Xīhú Lóngjǐng ndi imodzi mwa tiyi zodula kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mtengo umatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zingapo zazikulu: dera lopangira (tiyi ya m’dera lapakati la Xīhú ndi yokwera mtengo ndi 30% kapena kuposa kusiyana ndi madera a Qiántáng ndi Yuèzhōu), nthawi ya kukolola (míngqiánchá ndi yokwera mtengo kuposa yǔqiánchá kuwirikiza), cultivar (Qúntǐzhǒng amalemekezedwa kwambiri kuposa Lóngjǐng 43), kukonza ndi manja kapena makina, komanso kalasi ya khalidwe. Dera la minda ya tiyi m’dera la Xīhú ndi pafupifupi mahekitala 1524 okha, zomwe zimaletsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kupanga Xīhú Lóngjǐng yeniyeni.

• Momwe mungapewere zofanizira zabodza:

  • Gulani kwa ogulitsa odalirika, omwe amadziwa bwino tiyi zabwino za ku China, ndipo onani ngati pali hologram ya chizindikiro cha dera ndi nambala yapadera (imafufutidwa kuti itsimikizire kuti ndi yoyenera).
  • Yang’anani maonekedwe akunja: Lóngjǐng yeniyeni ya khalidwe lapamwamba imakhala ndi maonekedwe athyathyathya ofanana, tsamba lathunthu, popanda zinyalala zambiri. Mtundu wobiriwira kwambiri wopanda mitundu yachikasu ungasonyeze tiyi yosachokera ku dera la Xīhú kapena kupanga ndi makina.
  • Yang’anani fungo: Lóngjǐng yeniyeni imanunkhira zobiriwira zatsopano ndi nyemba, popanda mawu achilendo amphamvu ndi fungo la “chemical”.
  • Yang’anani madzi omwera: oyera, owala, wobiriwira wopepuka. Madzi omwera osawoneka bwino kapena oduwa ndi chifukwa chokayikira.
  • Samalani mtengo: mtengo wotsika wokayikitsa ndi chizindikiro chotsimikizika cha chofanizira. Ngati “Xīhú Lóngjǐng” ikuperekedwa pa mtengo wa tiyi wamba — ndiye kuti ndi tiyi ya m’madera akunja kapena kochokera kudera lina.
  • Nthawi yobwera pamsika: Xīhú Lóngjǐng yeniyeni ya m’dera lapakati imabwera pamsika kuyambira pa 20 March. “Kukolola koyamba” kumayambiriro kwa March kolembedwa kuti “Xīhú” — pafupifupi ndi tiyi ya m’madera a Qiántáng kapena Yuèzhōu.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Zitsamba khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu za “mfumu” za tiyi, zoperekedwa ndi Qiánlóng, zidakali kumera pa Phiri la Mkango (Shīfēng) pafupi ndi kachisi wa Húgōngmiào ndipo zazingidwa ndi mpanda wa miyala. Tiyi yochokera mmenemo siigulitsidwa — imakhalabe ngati chizindikiro ndi chokopa alendo.

• “Njira khumi za manja” zachikhalidwe za kukazinga Lóngjǐng zimaperekedwa kuchokera kwa mmisiri kupita kwa wophunzira kwa mibadwomibadwo. Amisiri abwino kwambiri amatha kukazinga pafupifupi 250 g ya tiyi yokonzeka pamene akugwira (pafupifupi mphindi 40–50 za ntchito yosalekeza ya manja pa mbiya yotentha). Patsiku limodzi, mmisiri wodziwa bwino amatha kukonza osaposa 2–2.5 kg ya tiyi yokonzeka.

• Ku Hangzhou kuli National Tea Museum ya China (中国茶叶博物馆, Zhōngguó Cháyè Bówùguǎn) — malo okhawo m’dzikolo a boma operekedwa ku chikhalidwe cha tiyi, ndi makampasi awiri: Shuāngfēng ndi Lóngjǐng.

• Kuphatikiza kwa Lóngjǐng ndi madzi a kasupe a Hǔpǎo (虎跑泉, Hǔpǎo Quán) kumatchedwa “ngale ziwiri za Hangzhou” (杭州双绝) — chimenechi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha ku China.

• Malinga ndi dongosolo la magiredi la muyezo wa GB/T 18650-2008, Lóngjǐng amagawa m’magulu asanu ndi limodzi a khalidwe: kuyambira “Wapamwamba” (特级, tèjí) mpaka “Wachisanu” (五级). Kwa Xīhú Lóngjǐng, malinga ndi muyezo wa mafakitale wa GH/T 1115-2015, awonjezedwa gulu la “Jīngpǐn” (精品, jīngpǐn) — “chidutswa chabwino”, choposa kalasi Wapamwamba, kuchokera ku mphukira zoyambirira ndi zosavuta zedi.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi zina zodziwika zobiriwira za ku China:

• Bìluó Chūn (碧螺春, Bìluó Chūn): Kuchokera ku Jiangsu. Mosiyana ndi Lóngjǐng wathyathyathya, amapindidwa mozungulira mozama ndi tsitsi lambiri. Fungo limakhala la maluwa ndi zipatso kwambiri, kakomedwe — kotsekemera ndi kofewa, ndi mawu owonekera a zipatso. Lóngjǐng ndi “wokhazikika” kwambiri, ndi kuphika kwa bokosi.

• Huángshān Máo Fēng (黄山毛峰, Huángshān Máo Fēng): Kuchokera ku Anhui. Tsamba limapindidwa ngati “malilime a mbalame” ndi tsitsi loyera lambiri. Fungo limakhala lofewa ndi lamaluwa kwambiri, kakomedwe — kosalala ndi kofatsa, mocheperapo kusiyana ndi Lóngjǐng. Lóngjǐng amasiyanitsidwa ndi kawu kowonekera ka “umami” ndi kakomedwe ka bokosi pambuyo.

• Liù’ān Guā Piàn (六安瓜片, Liù’ān Guā Piàn): Kuchokera ku Anhui. Ndi wodabwitsa chifukwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba okha, popanda mphukira ndi matsinde. Maonekedwe — athyathyathya “nga njere za dzungu”. Fungo n’lokhuthala, la udzu; kakomedwe kolemera ndi kolimba, ndi mawu a njere zokazinga. Lóngjǐng — ndi wolemekezeka komanso watsopano kwambiri.

• Tàipíng Hóu Kuí (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóu Kuí): Kuchokera ku Anhui. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi masamba akulu athyathyathya (aikulu kwambiri pakati pa tiyi zobiriwira zodziwika). Kakomedwe — fungo lowonekera la orchid ndi kakomedwe kozama, pang’ono ka udzu. Lóngjǐng — ndi wopapatiza kwambiri komanso wa “nyemba” mu fungo.

• Ānjí Bái Chá (安吉白茶, Ānjí Bái Chá): Kuchokera ku Zhejiang. Ngakhale pali liwu “loyera” m’dzina, ndi wa tiyi zobiriwira. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mphukira za albino ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa amino acid (6–7%). Kakomedwe — kotsekemera kwambiri, ndi “umami” wowonekera. Lóngjǐng ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta a bokosi ndi nyemba, pomwe Ānjí Bái Chá ndi “kutsopano kotsekemera” kodziwikiratu.

Pomaliza:

Xīhú Lóngjǐng si chakumwa chabe, koma cholowa chamoyo cha chikhalidwe, chovomerezedwa pa mlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mu tsamba lake lathyathyathya la jade muli zaka mazana za luso la amisiri a tiyi a ku Hangzhou, kanyumba kake ka nyengo ya Nyanja ya Kumadzulo ndi filosofi ya mgwirizano wa chilengedwe ndi munthu. Fungo latsopano la nyemba ndi bokosi, kakomedwe kotsekemera kosalala ndi kakomedwe kotalika kobwerera, ndi madzi omwera owala ngati galasi obiriwira — zonsezi zimapangitsa Lóngjǐng kukhala chisankho chabwino kwa iwo omwe akufuna chiyero ndi ulemu mu kapu ya tiyi wobiriwira. Wiritani ndi madzi ofewa, musatenthetse kwambiri ndipo musafulumire — ndipo tiyi iyi idzakuonetsani kukongola kochepa kumene, komwe kwazaka mazana akatswiri a ndakatulo ndi mafumu a ku China ankakondwera nako.