Xié Bèi Chá

Xié Bèi Chá (斜背茶, xié bèi chá — “Tiyi wa Phiri Lopendekeka”) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wamphamvu wa ku Fujian wochokera kumudzi wa m’mapiri a Xiébèi (斜背村, 1248 m) m’chigawo cha Xīnluó m’tauni ya Lóngyán — ndi tiyi wokhawo wobiriwira wa ku Lóngyán amene adalembedwa m’buku la “Zhōngguó Chájīng” (中国茶经, “Malamulo a Tiyi ku China” — buku lamakono laupangiri lolemekezeka). Tiyi ameneyu ndi wapadera chifukwa cha khalidwe lake la “Zitatu za Chikasu-Chobiriwira Zowoneka” (三著黄绿, sān zhù huánglǜ): masamba owuma achikasu-chobiriwira; madzi otuluka achikasu-chobiriwira; ndi khungu la tiyi lomwe latsala nacho lili chikasu-chobiriwira — mkhalidwe umene umadza chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chlorophyll ndi kuchuluka kwa polyphenols pa mtunda wapamwamba kwambiri. Kununkha kwake kwakukulu ndi funko la chitsamba cha m’munda (艾香, àixiāng) — funko limene silimapezeka pa tiyi wina aliyense wodziwika wobiriwira ku China, ndipo kakomedwe kake kamafanana ndi zipatso za azitona zosapsa: chowawa poyamba, kenako chokhoma m’pakamwa (回甘似鲜橄榄, huígān sì xiān gǎnlǎn). Tiyiyu amapangidwa kuchokera ku zitsamba za tiyi za chibadwidwe za m’minda (菜茶, càichá) za zaka 100, potsata njira yapadera ya magulu asanu ndi anayi yochitidwa ndi manja, yomwe imatenga maola 3–4 — imodzi mwa njira zazitali ndi zolemetsa kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira.

1. Kusankhidwa ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (osaphika). Ndi wa gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá). Maonekedwe ake ndi mizere yolimba yowongoka ya mtundu wa imvi-wobiriwira wokhala ndi kachikasu (紧实条形，灰绿带黄).

• Gulu: Ndi malonda a chizindikiro cha malo osungidwa ndi boma ku China (中国国家农产品地理标志产品, 2018). M’zaka za m’ma 1970, anali m’gulu la “Tiyi Wapadera Khumi wa ku Fujian” (福建十大名茶). Ndi tiyi wokhawo wobiriwira ku Lóngyán wolembedwa mu “Zhōngguó Chájīng” — buku lolemekezeka la “Kalembera wa Tiyi Wapadera wa Kumalekezero” (地产名茶名录). Mphotho ya golide ya mpikisano wa “Minda Yofiira” (红古田杯, 2023). Mitengo 16 ya tiyi yakale ya zaka zana ili pansi pa chitetezo cha boma.

• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fújiàn (福建, Fújiàn), tauni ya Lóngyán (龙岩市, Lóngyán Shì), chigawo cha Xīnluó (新罗区, Xīnluó Qū), mzinda wa Jiāngshān (江山乡, Jiāngshān Xiāng). Pamwamba penipeni pa malo awa ndi mudzi wa Lǎozhài (老寨村, Lǎozhài Cūn) (kutalika kwa 1248 m — nsonga yapamwamba), midzi ya Xīnzhài (新寨村), Bèiyáng (背洋村), Méixī (梅溪村) ndi Shāntóu (山头村) — minda ya tiyi yokwana pafupifupi 700 mu (47 ha), yomwe imapereka 90% ya zokolora.

• Ma coordinates a geographic: Pafupifupi 25°17′ kumpoto kwa latitudi, 117°05′ kummawa kwa longitudi.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Zokolora za tiyi m’mudzi wa Xiébèi zimayambira kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Ming (明末, zaka za m’ma 1600) — zaka zoposa 300 zapitazo. “Zolembedwa za Tauni ya Lóngyán” (龙岩市志, Lóngyán Shìzhì) zimatsimikizira: tiyi anayamba kulimidwa kumapeto kwa Ming, ndipo poyambirira kwa Qing anali atadziwika kale ngati tiyi wapadera wam’deralo.

  M’zaka za m’ma 1970, Xié Bèi Chá adalowa m’gulu la “Tiyi Wapadera Khumi wa ku Fujian” — chigawo chimene padziko lonse chimadziwika kwambiri ndi ma oolong (tiěguānyīn, dàhóngpáo) ndi tiyi woyera (báimǔdān, shòuméi). Tiyi wobiriwira ku Fujian ndi wosowa, ndipo kuti Xié Bèi Chá adalandiridwa kukhala mmodzi mwa opambana, ndi umboni wa kusowa kwake.

  Mu 2008, Xié Bèi Chá adalembedwa mu kalembera woyamba wa zinthu za tiyi zotetezedwa ku Fujian (福建省首批茶树种质资源保护名录). Boma linatchinga ndi kuteteza mitengo 16 ya tiyi ya zaka zana m’mudzi wa Bèiyáng — yaikulu kwambiri mwa iyo imafika 6,5 m kutalika. Mu 2018 — chitetezo cha GI. Mu 2023 — mphotho ya golide ya “Minda Yofiira”.

• Dzina:

  • “Xié” (斜) — “lopendekeka, lotsetsereka”: limafotokoza mawonekedwe a malo — lotsetsereka la phiri.
  • “Bèi” (背) — “msana, chitunda”: phompho la phiri.
  • “Chá” (茶) — “tiyi”.
  • “Xié Bèi Chá” — “Tiyi wa Phiri Lopendekeka”: dzina la mudzi umene uli paphompho lalitsetsereka pa kutalika kwa 1000–1248 m.

• Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe: Xié Bèi Chá ndi chizindikiro chamoyo cha ulimi wa tiyi ku Fujian “usanadze oolong”: m’chigawo momwe pafupifupi tiyi yense ndi wopangidwa pang’ono (oolong) kapena wopangidwa pang’ono (woyera), Xié Bèi Chá amaimira mwambo wakale wobiriwira umene unatsalira m’mudzi wapatulikidwa wapamwamba. “Zitsamba za tiyi za m’minda” zake (菜茶) — zoberekana, osati zolembera — ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi mitundu yakale ya tiyi kuposa kulima konse kwamakono.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

• Mtundu / Kulima: Xiébèi Càichá Yǒuxìng Qúntǐzhǒng (斜背菜茶有性群体种) — mtundu wa chibadwidwe wa m’munda wa Camellia sinensis woberekana. Ndi wa mtundu wa theka-mtengo (半乔木型, bànqiáomù xíng), kutalika — 1–2 m. Masamba ake ndi aakulu (utali 10–16 cm). Mphukira zachinyamata zimakhala zachikasu-chobiriwira, zonenepa, ndi mphambano zazitali. Polyphenols ndi zambiri. Pali mitundu isanu: yamphangwe yaikulu (大叶种, 80% ya mbeu, ndi funko lake la chitsamba), ya mbeu (瓜子叶种), ya nsungwi (竹叶种), yozungulira/yoyera (圆叶/白叶种), yofiira/yofiirira (红叶/紫芽种, yokhala ndi anthocyanins ochuluka ndi funko la zipatso).

  Mitengo 16 ya zaka zana m’mudzi wa Bèiyáng (kutalika 6,5 m) — ili pansi pa chitetezo cha boma.

  Mchitidwe wa kulima: zitsamba za tiyi zimabzalidwa pafupi ndi nyumba (房前屋后零星种植) — osati m’minda ikuluikulu, koma m’minda ya nyumba, ndipo ndicho chimene chinapatsa dzina “càichá” (“tiyi wa m’munda”). Pamwamba pake, malamulo acomplete amaletsa manyowa a mankhwala ndi mankhwala a tchire.

• Kusonkhanitsa: Chikhalidwe chapadera — kusonkhanitsa kumachitika pa Lìxià (立夏, “Kuyambirira kwa Chinansi”, ~5–7 May) — mochedwa kwambiri kuposa tiyi wambiri wobiriwira (nthaŵi zambiri pamaso pa Qīngmíng kapena Gǔyǔ). Mulingo ndi masamba 4–6 “otseguka kwambiri” (大开面新梢, dà kāimiàn xīnshāo) — mphukira zokhwima zomwe zatseguka mokwanira. Izi n’zosiyana kwambiri ndi mulingo wa tiyi wina wambiri wobiriwira (masamba osatsegula ofewa). Kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zokhwima sikuli kuperewera, koma ndi kusankha kwamaganizo: masamba okhwimawo ndiwo amapereka funko lake lapadera la chitsamba ndi kakomedwe ka azitona.

• Magrade: Maphunziro asanu ndi limodzi:

  • Tèjí (特级): Masamba 4–6 otseguka kwakukulu. Mizinga yolimba, imvi-wobiriwira. Funko lalikulu la chitsamba. Kakomedwe ka azitona koyambirira pang’ono kenako kokhoma. Udzindo wapamwamba kwambiri.
  • Yījí — Liùjí (一级至六级): Zopangira zowonjezeka pang’ono, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya funko, koma kusunga mphamvu yakuzizira.

4. Malo Amene Amalimidwako ndi Makhalidwe Apadera:

• Kutalika kwa kulimidwa: 1000–1248 mita — umodzi mwa midzi ya tiyi yapamwamba kwambiri ku Fujian. Mudzi wa Lǎozhài (1248 m) ndi “denga” la tiyi ku Lóngyán.

• Nyengo: Kutentha kwapakati pa chaka ndi 17°C, mvula ya pachaka ndi 1683 mm. Chiwerengero cha masiku a chifunga pa chaka ndi >200. Kutentha kusintha pakati pa usiku ndi usana ndi >10°C. Nthawi yokula ikutalika (chifukwa cha kutalika) imapangitsa kuti zinthu zakudya zidzikundikane bwino.

• Mthaka: Mthaka wachikasu ndi wofiirira-kawirikawiri (黄壤、灰棕壤) wokhala ndi miyala ya quartz (石英细砾) yomwe imalola mpweya kudutsa bwino. pH 4,5–6,5. Zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zambiri. Kudera la nkhalango ndi 78%. Kuwala kwakufalikira ndi 70%. Matenda ndi tizirombo ndi zochepa (chifukwa cha kutalika ndi kudzipatula).

• Kusiyana kwa “Zitatu Zachikasu-Chobiriwira”: Kumene kulimidwa kuli pamwamba kumapangitsa “kuchita chikasu” kwa mphukira (芽叶黄绿色变): chlorophyll imachepa, pamene polyphenols ndi zinthu zotuluka m’madzi zimachuluka. Izi zimapanga “zitatu zachikasu-chobiriwira” — chizindikiritso cha Xié Bèi Chá.

5. Njira Yopangira:

Xié Bèi Chá ndi tiyi wopangidwa ndi manja, wopangidwa ndi magulu asanu ndi anayi okaikira a tiyi wokazinga ndi dongosolo la “miphika iwiri” ndi kuzingulira kwa maola 3–4. Njira yake imaphatikiza kupeta kangapo ndi kubwereza kukazinga — iyi ndi imodzi mwa njira zovuta ndi zazitali kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira.

• Kusonkhanitsa (鲜叶采摘): Kusonkhanitsa ndi manja pa Lìxià, masamba 4–6 okhwima.

• Kukonza — “miphika iwiri” (双锅杀青 — shuāngguō shāqīng): Miphika iwiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kutentha kosiyana: yoyamba — 140–160°C, yachiwiri — 110–130°C. Masamba amasamutsidwa kuchokera m’mphika wotentha kupita ku wosatentha ndi kubwerera — njira imeneyi imaonetsetsa kutentha kofanana kwa zopangira zazikulu zokhwima.

• Kufinyira (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kupanga mawonekedwe a mizere.

• Kukazinga koyamba (初炒 — chūchǎo): Pa 90–100°C / 70–90°C — “kuwumitsa” kwapakatikati.

• Kuzimitsa (摊凉 — tānliáng): Kugawiranso chinyezi.

• Kukazinga kachiwiri (复炒 — fùchǎo): Kuonjezera kukonza.

• Kupeta ndi kuzimitsa (过筛摊凉 — guòshāi tānliáng): Kulekanitsa magulu osiyana.

• Kukazinga kachitatu (再复炒 — zài fùchǎo): “Kuotcha” komaliza.

• Kupetanso ndi kuyanika komaliza (再过筛摊凉→足干 — zài guòshāi → zúgān): Chinyezi ≤6,5%.

• Zapadera:

  • Dongosolo la “miphika iwiri” — ndi lapadera kwa tiyi wobiriwira: miphika iwiri yokhala ndi kutentha kosiyana imagwira ntchito mosinthana.
  • Kukazinga kangapo ndi kupeta (全程3-4小时) — ndi njira yautali kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wokaikira.
  • Kuwonongeka kosafunikira kwa enzymes (非酶性氧化, fēi méixìng yǎnghuà) — pakati pantchito yautali, pachitika kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala (osati kwa enzymes) kwa polyphenols komwe kumabweretsa kakomedwe ka azitona (橄榄味, gǎnlǎn wèi). Izi zimasiyanitsa kwambiri Xié Bèi Chá ndi tiyi wina waving standard, kumene kuwonongeka kumachedwetsa.
  • Kuletsa makina (禁用机械) — kuti masamba aakulu asawonongeke.

6. Makhalidwe Onunkha ndi Kakomedwe:

“Zitatu Zachikasu-Chobiriwira Zowoneka” (三著黄绿): masamba achikasu-chobiriwira, madzi achikasu-chobiriwira, pansi pa khungu lachikasu-chobiriwira — chizindikiritso.

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mizati yolimba, yopingasa (紧实条形), ya mtundu wa imvi-wobiriwira yokhala ndi kachikasu (灰绿带黄). Masamba ake ndi aakulu kwambiri kusiyana ndi tiyi wina wambiri wobiriwira — zotsatira za kuchedwa kusonkhanitsa zopangira zokhwima.

• Funko la masamba owuma: Funko la chitsamba cha m’munda (艾香, àixiāng) — ndi lokoma lalikulu ndi lapadera, lomwe silimapezeka pa tiyi wina aliyense wodziwika wobiriwira. Kununkha kwatsopano kwa masamba ndi zitsamba (草木清香, cǎomù qīngxiāng). Akasungika, funko la uchi limatuluka (陈化后显蜜香, chénhuà hòu xiǎn mìxiāng).

• Funko la madzi: Funko la chitsamba, loyera, lalitali.

• Kakomedwe: Kolimba ndi kodzaza (浓厚, nónghòu) — zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa polyphenols. Kokhoma kwakubwerera konga azitona zosapsa (回甘持久，似鲜橄榄) — ndi chofunikira: chowawa choyambirira chimasintha mwamsanga kukhala kokhoma kosatha, “kwamafuta” monga akutafuna azitona zosapsa. Kutuluka kwa malovu kumakula (生津强, shēngjīn qiáng). Fomula yake: “微苦转甘” — “chowawa pang’ono, kusintha kukhala kokhoma”.

• Mtundu wa madzi: Wachikasu-chobiriwira, woyera ndi wooneka bwino (黄绿清澈).

• Zochitika zowoneka: Mukatsanulira mu kapu ya galasi, masamba amaima molunjika (芽叶竖立杯中).

• Pansi pa khungu: Lofewa, lachikasu-chobiriwira, lonyezimira (嫩黄绿亮).

• Kulintha kwa kuphika: Kupitirira 5–7 — kwambiri kuposa tiyi wamba wobiriwira, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zokhwima.

7. Zomwe Zili m’Tiyi:

• Polyphenols (catechins): Zambiri kuposa pafupifupi — zotsatira za kutalika ndi zopangira zokhwima. Zimapangitsa kuti mapuloteni a mabakiteriya asanduke, ndipo mphamvu yake ndi 30% yoposa tiyi wamba wobiriwira — ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya.
• Zinthu zotuluka m’madzi: Zambiri — zimapangitsa kuti tiyi akhale wolimba ndi wosatha.
• Alkaloid: Caffeine ndi yochuluka. Pamodzi ndi polyphenols imathandiza kugaya mafuta.
• Fluoride: Yaoipitsa — imapanga chitetezo cha “fluoroapatite” pameno, kukulitsa kukaniza asidi ndi 40%.
• Vitamini: Vitamini C, carotenoids.
• Minerals: Mthaka wa quartz umapereka mapulofayili apadera a minerals.

8. Phindu la Thanzi:

• Mphamvu yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya (强效抗菌): Ma polyphenols ochuluka amapangitsa mapuloteni a mabakiteriya kukhala osalimba ndi mphamvu ya 30% yoposa — kulepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a m’mimba.

• Kuwongolera mafuta m’thupi (降脂活性): Caffeine + polyphenols zimagaya mafuta ndi kuwongolera cholesterol — mphamvu yake ndi 25% yoposa tiyi wofiira.

• Chitetezo cha mano (防龋护齿): Fluoride — kukaniza kwa enamel ku asidi +40%.

• Mphamvu yolimbana ndi ma radicals a m’thupi: Polyphenols.

• Chofunikira: izi siziri malo a upangiri wa zamankhwala.

9. Kuphika:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90°C — kwambiri kuposa tiyi wina wambiri wobiriwira (zopangira zokhwima zimatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu). Madzi a m’phiri ndi abwino kwambiri.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml (1:50).

• Chotengera: Kapu ya galasi (kuwona masamba akuimirira molunjika) kapena gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain.

• Ndondomeko:

  1. Tenthetsani chotengera, ikani tiyi.
  2. Kutira madzi koyamba — masekondi 60 (kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa masiku onse — masamba okhwima amatseguka pang’onopang’ono).
  3. Kutira kotsatira — kuwonjezera masekondi 20. Tiyi amatha kupirira kuphika 5–7.

10. Kusunga:

• M’chikwama chotseka, pamalo a mdima, mufiriji 0–5°C.
• Nthawi yake ndi miyezi 12. Akatsegula — miyezi 3.
• Akasungika (陈化) funko la uchi limatuluka — Xíe Bèi Chá ndi mmodzi mwa tiyi ochepa wobiriwira amene amapindula ndi kusungika pang’ono.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Magulu asanu ndi limodzi (特级 — 六级). Kuchuluka kwake ndi kochepa (700 mu, ndalama za pachaka pafupifupi 8 miliyoni ya yuan). Gula ndi chizindikiro cha GI cha dera la Xīnluó; onani funko la chitsamba ndi kokhoma konga azitona; fufuzani “zitatu zachikasu-chobiriwira”.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Funko la chitsamba cha m’munda (艾香) — ndi funko lapadera lomwe silimapezeka pa tiyi wina aliyense wodziwika wobiriwira ku China. Chitsambacho (艾, ài) ndi mankhwala amtengo wapatali m’mankhwala a chikhalidwe cha ku China, ndipo funko lake m’tiyi limamupatsa Xié Bèi Chá mawonekedwe “a mankhwala”.

• Kakomedwe ka azitona zosapsa (回甘似鲜橄榄) — ndicho chofunikira: chowawa choyambirira chimasintha mwamsanga kukhala kokhoma kwamafuta, monga akutafuna azitona zobiriwira. Mphamvu imeneyi ndi zotsatira za kuwonongeka kosafunikira kwa enzymes (非酶性氧化) panthawi ya ntchito ya maola 3–4.

• Mitengo 16 ya tiyi ya zaka zana m’mudzi wa Bèiyáng — ili pansi pa chitetezo cha boma. Yaikulu kwambiri ndi 6,5 m kutalika. Awa ndi ena mwa mitengo yayikulu kwambiri (m’lingaliro lenileni) ya tiyi ku Fujian.

• Xié Bèi Chá ndi tiyi yekhayo wobiriwira wa ku Lóngyán wolembedwa mu “Zhōngguó Chájīng” — buku lolemekezeka la tiyi la ku China. M’chigawo momwe pali tiyi wofulumira (oolong) ndi woyera, uku ndi kuvomerezedwa kwapadera.

• Kusonkhanitsa pa Lìxià (立夏, kuyambirira kwa chinansi) — ndi masabata 3–5 mochedwa kuposa tiyi winawake wobiriwira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zokhwima (masamba 4–6) — n’zosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo yoti “chofewa ndi chabwino” yomwe imalamulira m’dziko la tiyi wobiriwira.

• “Zitsamba za tiyi za m’minda” (菜茶) — zoberekana, zomera pafupi ndi nyumba — ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi mitundu yakale ya tiyi kuposa mitundu yolembera. Chitsamba chilichonse ndi chapadera mwachikhalidwe.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina Wobiriwira:

• Lǜbǎoshí Chá (绿宝石茶): Ochokera ku Guìzhōu. Nayenso amachokera ku zopangira zokhwima (kamphukira kamodzi + masamba awiri kapena atatu). Lǜbǎoshí ndi wa minyewa, funko la chestnut; Xié Bèi Chá ndi wa mizere, funko la chitsamba ndi azitona. Onse amatsutsa mfundo yakuti “chofewa = mtengo wapatali”.

• Tiyi wina aliyense wobiriwira wamba: Xié Bèi Chá ndi wosiyana: wa malemu (Lìxià vs. Qīngmíng), wokhwima (masamba 4–6 vs. kamphukira kamodzi), wachikasu-chobiriwira (vs. wobiriwira wobiriwira), wa funko la chitsamba ndi azitona (vs. chestnut-orchid). Ndi “tiyi wobiriwira wosagwirizana ndi tiyi wobiriwira” — ndipo apa ndiye kusiyanitsa kwake.

• Yīngdé Lǜchá (英德绿茶): Nayenso amachokera ku masamba aakulu, nayenso ali ndi polyphenols ochuluka. Yīngdé amachokera ku mtundu wa Yúnnán, ndi “微苦无涩”; Xié Bèi Chá amachokera ku mtundu wakale wa Fujian “càichá”, ndi “微苦转甘似橄榄”.

Pomaliza:

Xié Bèi Chá ndi tiyi wosadziwika, tiyi wopanduka. M’chigawo chimene oolong ndi tiyi woyera amalamulira, iye amalimbikira kukhala wobiriwira. M’dziko limene limayamikira masamba osatsegula ofewa, iye mwachidwi amasonkhanitsa masamba okhwima kumayambiriro kwa chinansi. Pomwe ena onse amayesetsa kukhala ndi “zobiriwira zitatu zonyezimira”, iye amanyamula zake “zitatu zachikasu-chobiriwira”. Funko lake la chitsamba silifanana ndi china chilichonse, ndipo kakomedwe ka azitona zosapsa — chowawa chomwe chimasintha mwamsanga kukhala kokhoma kwamafuta — sitingathe kusokoneza ndi tiyi wina aliyense. Mitengo khumi ndi isanu ndi iwiri ya zaka zana, yotetezedwa ndi boma, njira yamanja ya magawo asanu ndi anayi yokhala ndi miphika iwiri, ndi mbiri ya zaka 300 m’mudzi wapamwamba wopatulika — zonsezi zimapangitsa Xié Bèi Chá kukhala mmodzi mwa tiyi osowa kwambiri, osadziwika, ndi “akeake” a tiyi wobiriwira ku China: tiyi wa iwo amene amayamikira khalidwe koposa kutsatira gulu.