Ulong

** ** Ulong, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti “Chimphanga Chakuda” (Black Dragon) kapena “Dark Dragon”,— ndi gulu lalikulu la tiyi yophika pang’ono (semi-fermented), yomwe ili pakati pa tiyi yobiriwira ndi yofiira (yomwe ku Ulaya amati yakuda) potengera mlingo wa okisijeni. Ma Ulong amadziwika ndi mphamvu yochuluka ya kakomedwe ndi fungo, kuyambira katsopano, maluwa, ndi udzu, mpaka kokoma, zonunkhira, zipatso, mtedza, ngakhalenso utsi. 1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi yophika pang’ono. Mlingo wa kufufumitsa (okisijeni) kwa ma Ulong ungakhale wosiyana kwambiri kuyambira 8-12% mpaka 80-85%, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana kwa kakomedwe kawo.

• Gulu: Limodzi mwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi akuluakulu a tiyi m’chigawo cha China (pamodzi ndi tiyi yobiriwira, yoyera, yachikasu, yofiira, ndi yakuda). Mwa kusiyana kwake, ma Ulong amagawidwa m’magulu ang’onoang’ono malinga ndi malo a chiyambi, mtundu wa chitsamba cha tiyi, mlingo wa kufufumitsidwa, ndi kuwotchedwa.

• Chiyambi: Kwachiyambi kwa ma Ulong amati ndi chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn) kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa China. M’chigawochi, m’mapiri a Wuyi (武夷山, Wǔyí Shān) ndi m’maboma a Anxi (安溪县, Ānxī Xiàn), ndiko kunayambika miyambo ya kupanga tiyi ya Ulong. Pambuyo pake, njira yopangira inafikira ku Taiwan (台湾, Táiwān), kumene anayambitsa mitundu yawoyomwe ndi kupanga njira zapadera zosakanizira, komanso ku chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng).

• Malo a geographical coordinates:

  • Fujian: 23° - 28° north latitude, 116° - 120° east longitude.
  • Taiwan: 22° - 25° north latitude, 120° - 122° east longitude.
  • Guangdong: 20° - 25° north latitude, 109° - 117° east longitude.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Mbiri ya ma Ulong ili ndi zaka mazana ambiri. Pali nkhani zambiri ndi nthano zofotokoza chiyambi cha tiyi imeneyi. Malinga ndi imodzi, ma Ulong anayamba m’nthawi ya Mzera wa Ming (1368-1644) m’mapiri a Wuyi. Malinga ndi ina, anayamba kupangidwa m’chigawo cha Anxi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800. Komabe, pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1800, ma Ulong anali odziwika kale kwambiri ndi amtengo wapatali ku China ndi kunja kwake.

• Dzina:

  • “Ulong” (乌龙) - “Chimphanga chakuda”, “Chimphanga chobisika”, “Chimphanga chofiirira”. Pali malingaliro angapo okhudza chiyambi cha dzinali:
    • Maonekedwe a tsamba: Masamba a Ulong akuda, opindika, amafanana ndi chimphanga chakuda chopindanidwa.
    • Nthano ya woweta tiyi: Malinga ndi nthano ina, mlimi wa tiyi dzina lake Su Long (苏龙), amene dzina lake limamveka ngati “Wu Long”, anali wakuda ngati malasha.
    • Makhalidwe a tiyi: Mwina dzinali limasonyeza mphamvu, nyonga ndi kusinthasintha kwa tiyi yamtunduwu.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Ma Ulong ali ndi malo ofunika mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha China. Amayeŵekedwa chifukwa cha kakomedwe kake kolemera, fungo lake lambiri, kutha kuwiritsidwa mobwerezabwereza, ndi mphamvu yolinganiza. Ma Ulong amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu Gongfu Cha (功夫茶, Gōngfū Chá) - mwambo wachikhalidwe wa tiyi wa China, pomwe tsatanetsatane aliwonse ndi wofunika - kuyambira pa kusankha ziwiya mpaka njira yowiritsira.

3. Malongosoledwe a Botanical ndi Zipangizo:

• Mtundu: Popanga ma Ulong, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri ya chitsamba cha tiyi (Camellia sinensis). Chigawo chilichonse, nthawi zambiri, chimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yakeyake, yomwe imayenderana bwino ndi nyengo ya malowo. Ena mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi awa:
  • Tie Guanyin (铁观音, Tiě Guānyīn): “Chitsulo Chachifundo cha Mulungu Wamkazi” - umodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri, wochokera m’chigawo cha Anxi, chigawo cha Fujian.
  • Da Hong Pao (大红袍, Dà Hóng Páo): “Chovala Chachikulu Chofiira” - mtundu wodziwika bwino wochokera m’mapiri a Wuyi, chigawo cha Fujian.
  • Rou Gui (肉桂, Ròu Guì): “Mdalasini” - mtundu wochokera m’mapiri a Wuyi, wodziwika ndi fungo lake lonunkhira.
  • Shui Xian (水仙, Shuǐ Xiān): “Narcissus wa Madzi” - mtundu wofala m’mapiri a Wuyi ndi kum’mwera kwa Fujian.
  • Bai Ji Guan (白鸡冠, Bái Jīguān): “Chikopa Choyera cha Tambala” - mtundu wochepa wochokera m’mapiri a Wuyi.
  • Huang Jin Gui (黄金桂, Huángjīn Guì): “Mdalasini Wagolidi” - mtundu wochokera m’chigawo cha Anxi, wodziwika ndi fungo la maluwa.
  • Mao Xie (毛蟹, Máo Xiè): “Nkhanu Yatsitsi” - mtundu wina wodziwika wochokera m’chigawo cha Anxi.
  • Qi Lan (奇兰, Qí Lán): “Orchid Yosowa/Yodabwitsa” - mtundu wodziwika ndi fungo la maluwa.
  • Fo Shou (佛手, Fó Shǒu): “Dzanja la Buddha” - mtundu wotchedwa choncho chifukwa cha maonekedwe a masamba ngati zala.
  • Qing Xin Wulong (青心乌龙, Qīng Xīn Wūlóng): “Mtima Wobiriwira wa Ulong” - mtundu wofala ku Taiwan.
  • Jin Xuan (金萱, Jīn Xuān): “Maluwa a Golide” - mtundu wobadwira ku Taiwan, wodziwika ndi fungo lofewa la mkaka.
  • Si Ji Chun (四季春, Sì Jì Chūn): “Masika a Nyengo Zinayi” - mtundu wa ku Taiwan, wodziwika ndi kusafuna chisamaliro chochuluka.
• Kututa: Nthawi yotuta imadalira chigawo chenicheni ndi mtundu wa Ulong. Ulong wa m’chisanu ndi wofunika kwambiri, koma kututa kumachitikanso m’chilimwe, m’dzinja, ndi m’nyengo yozizira.
• Mulingo wotutira: Nthawi zambiri amatuta mphukila ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu apamwamba, koma kwa ma Ulong ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito masamba okhwima. Kwa ma Ulong apamwamba kwambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito masamba osalimba okha.
• Zofunikira pa zipangizo: Zapamwamba. Masamba ndi mphukila zomwe zili ndi thanzi ndi zosawonongeka zokha ndizo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

4. Malo (Terroir) ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Zipinda: Ma Ulong amalimidwa m’zipinda zitatu zazikulu:
  • Kumpoto kwa Fujian (闽北, Mǐn Běi): Mapiri a Wuyi - kwachiyambi kwa ma Ulong a mapiri amiyala (Yan Cha), monga Da Hong Pao, Rou Gui, Shui Xian. Mapiriwa amadziwika ndi malo a miyala, dothi lofiira, lochuluka mchere, ndi nyengo yachinyontho ndi nkhungu zambiri. Zinthu zimenezi ndizo zimapatsa ma Ulong a Wuyi khalidwe lawo losadabwitsa la “miyala” (“yan yun”).
  • Kum’mwera kwa Fujian (闽南, Mǐnnán): Chigawo cha Anxi - kwachiyambi kwa Tie Guanyin ndi mitundu ina yambiri. Kuno kuli mapiri, dothi lilinso ndi mchere wambiri. Nyengo ndi yamvula yambiri, yotentha.
  • Taiwan: Zipinda za mapiri, monga Alishan, Shan Lin Xi, Li Shan, Dong Ding, ndi zina. Ku Taiwan, amalima makamaka ma Ulong osafufumitsidwa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pamalo okwera (kupitirira 1000 metres). Ma Ulong a m’mapiri amtengo wapatali chifukwa cha fungo lawo losalimba, kakomedwe kotsekemera, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid.
  • Chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng): Mapiri a Fenghuang - kwachiyambi kwa Dan Cong. Kuno kuli mitengo yakale ya tiyi, ndipo tiyi imadziwika ndi fungo losiyanasiyana lapadera.
• Kutalika kwa malo: Kungasiyane kuyambira 200 mpaka 2600 metres pamwamba pa nyanja, malinga ndi chigawo. Ma Ulong am’mapiri okwera (kupitirira 1000 metres) amtengo wapatali kwambiri.
• Dothi: Losiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri lochuluka mchere, lotulukira madzi bwino. Ku Wuyi, dothi lofiira ndi miyala ya mchenga ndi lofala; ku Anxi, dothi lofiira ndi lachikasu.
• Nyengo: Yotentha ndi yamvula yambiri, ndi nyengo yozizira yotentha ndi yotentha kwambiri m’chilimwe. Kuli chinyontho chambiri, mvula yambiri, ndi nkhungu zambiri.

5. Njira Yopangira:

Njira yopangira ma Ulong ndi imodzi mwa njira zovuta kwambiri m’dziko la tiyi. Imaphatikizapo masitepe ambiri, ndipo aliyense amafuna katswiri wodziwa bwino ndi kusamalitsa tsatanetsatane. Mfundo zazikulu za njirayi ndi - kugwedeza mobwerezabwereza ndi “kupumula” kwa masamba, komanso kuwotcha.

• Kututa (采摘 - cǎi zhāi): Zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, zimachitika pamanja.
• Kufowotsa (萎凋 - wěidiāo): Masamba otutidwa amayalidwa panja (pakuwala kwa dzuwa kapena pamthunzi) kapena m’nyumba kwa maola angapo (nthawi zina mpaka tsiku limodzi kapena kupitirira). Cholinga ndi kuchotsa madzi ena m’masamba (30-50%), kuti akhale ofewa komanso osamalira, ndikuyambitsa njira ya kufufumitsa.
• Kugwedeza (摇青 - yáo qīng): Sitepe yofunika kwambiri ndi yovuta koposa popanga ma Ulong. Masamba amagwedezeka mosamala, kuwongowa, ndi kumwazidwa pa matayala apadera a nsungwi kapena m’makina apadera (masiku ano). Njirayi imalimbikitsa okisijeni (kufufumitsa) mosiyanasiyana pa tsamba lonse. M’mbali mwa tsamba mumafufumitsidwa kwambiri (ndipo kenako amakhala ofiira pang’ono), pomwe pakati pamafufumitsidwa pang’ono. Kugwedeza kumachitika kangapo (kuyambira 3-5 mpaka 10-12 kapena kupitirira) ndi nthawi yopuma ya masamba (静置 - jìngzhì). “Kupuma” kungathe kukhala kuyambira mphindi 30 mpaka maola angapo. Ndikobwerezabwereza kusinthana kwa kugwedeza ndi “kupuma” komwe kumathandiza wopanga tiyi kuwongolera bwino mlingo wa kufufumitsa ndi kupanga kakomedwe ndi fungo lofunikira la tiyi. Sitepe imeneyi imatha kutenga maola 8 mpaka 24 kapena kupitirira.
• Kufufumitsa (发酵 - fājiào): Njira ya okisijeni, yomwe imachitika panthawi yopumula ndi kugwedeza masamba. Mlingo wa kufufumitsa kwa ma Ulong ungasiyane kwambiri (kuyambira 8-12% mpaka 80-85%), zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana kwa kakomedwe kawo.
• “Kupha zobiriwira” (杀青 - shā qīng): Kuwotcha pa kutentha kwambiri (180-250°C) m’miphika, m’makina opindira apadera, kapena m’makina ena. Cholinga ndi kuletsa njira ya kufufumitsa, kutseka fungo, kuchotsa fungo la udzu, ndi kupanga masamba mawonekedwe.
• Kupindika (揉捻 - róuniǎn): Pambuyo “pakupha zobiriwira”, masamba amapindidwa, kuwapatsa mawonekedwe odziwika. Mawonekedwe a kupindika amadalira chigawo ndi mtundu weniweni wa Ulong:
  • Kwa theka lozungulira (ngati mpira): Ndiwodziwika kwa ma Ulong a ku Taiwan ndi ambiri ochokera ku Anxi (Tie Guanyin).
  • Kwa utali: Ndiwodziwika kwa ma Ulong a mapiri amiyala ochokera ku Wuyi ndi Dan Cong.
• Kuuma (烘干 - hōnggān): Tiyi amawumitsidwa kuchotsa chinyezi ndi kumupatsa kukhazikika pakusunga. Kuuma kungathe kuchitika m’magawo angapo.
• Kuwotcha (焙火 - bèihuǒ): Ma Ulong ambiri amawotchedwa komaliza (kuwotha). Mlingo wa kuwotcha ungakhale wosiyanasiyana:
  • Wopepuka (kutentha kochepa): Amasunga fungo latsopano, la maluwa.
  • Wapakati: Amapatsa tiyi kakomedwe kolemera ndi mtedza, ndi caramel.
  • Wamphamvu (kutentha kwakukulu): Ndiwodziwika kwa ma Ulong a mapiri amiyala, amapatsa tiyi kakomedwe ka “moto” ndi utsi, ndi chokoleti.
  • Kuwotha pamakala (Tan Pei): Njira yachikhalidwe yowotcha, yomwe imapatsa tiyi fungo lapadera, lozama.
• Kusanja (分级 - fēnjí): Tiyi wokonzeka amasanjidwa malinga ndi kukula ndi ubwino.
• Kupuma: Pambuyo powotcha, tiyi “amapumula” kwakanthawi, kuti kakomedwe ndi fungo zikhale zolinganiza.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva (Organoleptic):

Makhalidwe a kumva kwa ma Ulong ndi dongosolo lovuta la zinthu zolumikizana, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri. Sitepe iliyonse ya kupanga imasiya chizindikiro pa mawonekedwe omaliza a tiyi.

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Maonekedwe a ma Ulong amasiyana kuchokera pamagulu olimba a theka lozungulira (lomwe limadziwika ndi Tie Guanyin ndi ma Ulong aku Taiwan) mpaka mizere yopindika motalika (yodziwika ndi tiyi za mapiri amiyala). Mitundu imayambira pakati pa zobiriwira zonyezimira ndi chikwapu cha siliva kwa mitundu yosafufumitsidwa pang’ono, mpaka kufiirira kwambiri ndi utoto wa bronze kwa omwe awotchedwa kwambiri. Ma Ulong abwino amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhazikika kwa tsamba, kusapezeka kwa ziboda ndi dothi, komanso kufanana kwa kupindika. Mukayang’anitsitsa, mutha kuona “mphuno yofiira” (红边, hóng biān) - chotsatira cha okisijeni m’mbali mwa tsamba panthawi yogwedeza.

Mbiri ya fungo: Fungo la ma Ulong ndi losanjikizana komanso losintha. Pouma, ma Ulong osafufumitsidwa pang’ono amatulutsa fungo latsopano la maluwa - orchid, jasmine, osmanthus, nthawi zina ndi utoto wa zobiriwira zatsopano ndi utoto wa mkaka. Omwe ali pakati pamafufumitsidwe amawonetsa mtundu wa zipatso - pichesi, apurikoti, lychee, ndi utoto wa uchi. Omwe afufumitsidwa kwambiri komanso owotchedwa amawonekera ndi matabwa, zonunkhira, ndi caramel, ndi utoto wa zipatso zowotchedwa, mtedza, nthawi zina - koko ndi fodya. Akawiritsidwa, mitundu ya fungo imakhala yovuta kwambiri, ndipo mapangidwe atsopano amawonekera. Chofunika kwambiri ndi “hui gan” (回甘, huí gān) - kutsekemera kobwerera, komwe kumamveka m’khosi pambuyo pa kumeza.

Makhalidwe a kukoma: Kakomedwe ka ma Ulong ndi kokwanira, kofewa ngati mafuta, komanso koledzera. Mitundu yosafufumitsidwa pang’ono imawonetsa kutsekemera kotsitsimula ndi kuphwanya pang’ono, ndi utoto wa maluwa ndi udzu. Mlingo wa kufufumitsidwa ukachuluka, utoto wa zipatso, uchi umawonekera, ndipo kakomedwe kamakhala kokoma komanso kozungulira. Ma Ulong ofufumitsidwa kwambiri amakhala ndi kakomedwe kozama, kosiyanasiyana, ndi utoto wa mchere, matabwa, ndi zonunkhira. Kuwotcha kumawonjezera utoto wa caramel, mtedza, ndipo nthawi zina wa utsi. Khalidwe lofunika ndi “yan yun” (岩韵, yán yùn) - kakomedwe kamchere kapadera ka tiyi za mapiri amiyala, ndi “yin yun” (音韵, yīn yùn) - kakomedwe kamapeto odziwika a Tie Guanyin.

Mtundu ndi kuonekera bwino kwa madzi: Mitundu ya madzi a Ulong ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Omwe safufumitsidwa pang’ono amapereka madzi achikasu chotuwira, obiriwira-golide. Mlingo wa kufufumitsidwa ukachuluka, mtundu umakhazikika mpaka wa uchi, amber. Omwe afufumitsidwa kwambiri komanso owotchedwa amapereka madzi owala kwambiri achikuda chakuda, ofiira-bulauni. Ulong wabwino nthawi zonse amapereka madzi owonekera, owala popanda chithokomiro kapena zotsalira. Akazizira, mwina kuwala pang’ono kumawonekera - chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa mafuta onunkhira.

Kukhudza kumva: Ma Ulong amapangitsa kumva kwapadera mkamwa. Kumveka kofewa ngati mafuta, kotsekemera, komwe kumawonekera kwambiri pa mitundu yapamwamba. Kumveka kuphwanya kosangalatsa, komwe kumalimbikitsa kutuluka kwa malovu. Pambuyo pa kumeza, kumakhala kakomedwe kotalika, kosintha, ndi mphamvu yoziziritsa m’khosi.

Kusintha kwa zinthu pakuwiritsidwa mobwerezabwereza: Chimodzi mwazinthu zapadera za ma Ulong - ndi kutha kupirira zowiritsa zambiri, ndipo chirichonse chimawulula mbali zatsopano za kakomedwe ndi fungo. Zowiritsa zoyamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonunkhira kwambiri, ndi utoto wapamwamba kwambiri. Pofika pachitatu kapena chachinayi, thupi lalikulu la kakomedwe limawululika. Zowiritsa zotsatira zimasonyeza utoto wozama, woyambira. Ulong wabwino amatha kupirira zowiritsa 7-10 kapena kupitirira, kutambasuka pang’onopang’ono ndi kusintha.

7. Makhalidwe a kumva: Kakomedwe ndi fungo la ma Ulong ndi losiyana kwambiri ndipo zimadalira:

• Mtundu wa chitsamba cha tiyi.
• Chigawo cholimira (terroir).
• Mlingo wa kufufumitsidwa.
• Mlingo ndi njira yowotcha.
• Nyengo ya kututa.
• Luso la wopanga.

Makhalidwe ofanana:

• Maonekedwe: Masamba opindidwa, mawonekedwe amadalira chigawo (theka lozungulira kapena lalitali). Mtundu kuchokera wobiriwira mpaka kufiirira kwambiri, nthawi zina ndi utoto wofiira.
• Fungo: Lolemera, losanjikizana. Lingathe kusiyana kuchokera latsopano, lamaluwa, laziptso (kwa ma Ulong osafufumitsidwa pang’ono) mpaka lolemera, lonunkhira, lamtedza, la caramel, la chokoleti, la utsi (kwa ma Ulong ofufumitsidwa kwambiri ndi owotchedwa).
• Kakomedwe: Kokwanira, kolemera, kongati mafuta, ndi kuphwanya pang’ono ndi kutsekemera pambuyo pake. Mu kukoma kwake mungakhale maluwa, zipatso, uchi, mtedza, caramel, zonunkhira, matabwa, mchere.
• Mtundu wa madzi: Kuchokera kuchikasu chotuwira, golide (kwa osafufumitsidwa pang’ono) mpaka amber-lofiira, lofiira (kwa ofufumitsidwa kwambiri ndi owotchedwa).
• Pansi pa tiyi: Masamba athunthu, olimba, omwe atseguka pambuyo powiritsa. Mtundu kuchokera wobiriwira mpaka kufiirira, nthawi zambiri ndi “mphuno yofiira” m’mphepete (chotsatira cha okisijeni).

8. Mapangidwe a Makemikolo:

Ma Ulong ali ndi zinthu zambiri monga:

• Polyphenols: Catechin, theaflavins, thearubigins - ma antioxidant amphamvu.
• Amino acids: Makamaka L-theanine, yomwe imapangitsa kutsekemera ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu yotonthoza.
• Alkaloids: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline.
• Mafuta onunkhira: Amapangitsa fungo lolemera ndi losanjikizana la ma Ulong. Mapangidwe a mafuta onunkhira amadalira kwambiri mtundu, terroir, ndi njira yopangira.
• Mavitamini: C, gulu B, E, K.
• Mchere: Potaziyamu, fulorayidi, magineziyamu, manganese, chitsulo, selenium.

9. Ubwino Wathanzi:

• Kulimbikitsa: Amalimbitsa thupi, amawongolera kuganiza, amachotsa kutopa.
• Kuteteza ma cell (antioxidant): Amateteza ma cell ku ma free radical, amachedwetsa ukalamba, amathandizira kupewa matenda a khansa ndi a mtima.
• Kuwongolera chakudya: Amalimbikitsa chakudya, amawongolera kagayidwe ka chakudya, amathandizira kugaya chakudya.
• Kutenthetsa/Kuziziritsa: Malinga ndi mlingo wa kufufumitsidwa ndi kuwotchedwa, ma Ulong amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yotenthetsa (ma Ulong akuda) kapena kuziziritsa (ma Ulong opepuka).
• Dongosolo la mtima ndi mitsempha: Amachepetsa mlingo wa “cholesterol yoyipa”, kulimbitsa makoma a mitsempha, kuyanjanitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi.
• Kuchepetsa kunenepa: Amathamangitsa kagayidwe ka chakudya, amathandizira kugwetsa mafuta.
• Kuchotsa poizoni: Amachotsa poizoni m’thupi.
• Kutonthoza: Chifukwa cha L-theanine, ma Ulong amathandiza kuchotsa nkhawa, kuwongolera maganizo, komanso kupumula.
• Kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi: Amawonjezera mphamvu ya thupi yolimbana ndi matenda.
• Ubwino wamkamwa: Kuchuluka kwa fulorayidi kumathandizira kulimbitsa mano ndi kupewa kuwola kwa mano.

10. Kuwiritsa:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: Kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mlingo wa kufufumitsidwa ndi kuwotcha kwa Ulong:

  • Ma Ulong osafufumitsidwa pang’ono (obiriwira): 80-90°C.
  • Ma Ulong ofufumitsidwa pakati: 85-95°C.
  • Ma Ulong ofufumitsidwa kwambiri ndi owotchedwa: 90-95°C (nthawi zina mpaka 98°C).

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5-7 gramu pa madzi 150-200 ml (pafupifupi 1-1.5 supuni ya tiyi).

• Ziwiya: Gaiwan (chikho chachikhalidwe cha China chokhala ndi chivindikiro) ndi teapoti yadothi ya ku Yixing ndi zoyenera. Dothi la Yixing limaonedwa kuti ndi labwino kwambiri kwa ma Ulong, chifukwa limatuluka mpweya ndipo limalola tiyi “kupuma”, komanso “kukumbukira” fungo la tiyi, zomwe popita nthawi zimawongolera kakomedwe ka madzi. Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zafainali.

• Njira:

  1. Kutenthetsa ziwiya: Thirani gaiwan kapena teapoti ndi madzi otentha.
  2. Kutsuka tiyi (kuthamangitsa mwachangu): Ikani tiyi mu gaiwan, thirani madzi ochepa otentha ndipo tsanulani nthawi yomweyo. Sitepe imeneyi imathandiza kuchotsa dothi pamasamba, komanso “kudzutsa” tiyi, kumukonzekeretsa kutambasuka.
  3. Kuwiritsa koyamba: Thirani tiyi ndi madzi otentha (kutentha kumadalira mtundu wa Ulong) ndi kumusiya kwa masekondi angapo mpaka mphindi 1-3. Nthawi imadalira mtundu weniweni wa Ulong, ubwino wa zipangizo, ndi zomwe mumakonda. Kwa ma Ulong osafufumitsidwa pang’ono, kuthamangitsa koyamba nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa (masekondi 15-30), kwa ofufumitsidwa kwambiri ndi owotchedwa - kutalika.
  4. Gawani madzi m’makapu: Tsanulani madzi onse ochokera mu gaiwan kapena teapoti mu chaha (chotengera chowiritsira), kenako wagawireni m’makapu.
  5. Kuwiritsa mobwerezabwereza: Ma Ulong amatha kuwiritsidwa kangapo (nthawi 5-7, nthawi zina kupitirira), kumawonjezera nthawi yakusiya pomira ndi masekondi 15-30 ndi kuthamangitsa kulikonse kwatsopano. Pakuthamangitsa kulikonse, kakomedwe ndi fungo la tiyi zimasintha, kuwulula mbali zatsopano.

Mfundo zofunika:

• Osathira nthawi yayitali: Kuthira nthawi yayitali kwambiri kungayambitse kuwawa ndi kuphwanya, makamaka kwa ma Ulong osafufumitsidwa pang’ono.
• Mverani tiyi: Tsatirani momwe mukumvera, mtundu ndi fungo la madzi, sinthani nthawi yowiritsira.
• Onani tiyi: Yang’anani momwe masamba amatambasukira, momwe mtundu wa madzi ukusinthira. Izi zidzakuthandizani kumvetsa bwino khalidwe la tiyi.
• Yesani kuyesa: Musachite mantha kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zowiritsira, kutentha kwa madzi, nthawi yowiritsira, kuti mupeze njira yanu yabwino.

11. Kusunga:

Ma Ulong, makamaka omwe safufumitsidwa pang’ono, amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe amasungidwira. Ayenera kusungidwa:

• M’malo owuma, ozizira, ndi amdima: Pewani kuwala kwa dzuwa, kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi. Ma Ulong ena (makamaka osafufumitsidwa pang’ono) amalimbikitsidwa kusungidwa mufiriji.
• M’chidebe chotsekedwa bwino: Mitsuko ya fainali, ceramic, kapena malata okhala ndi zivindikiro zotseka mwamphamvu ndi abwino. Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apadera a zipper, mutachotsapo mpweya.
• Kutali ndi fungo lachilendo: Tiyi amatha kutenga fungo mosavuta, choncho sayenera kusungidwa pafupi ndi zakudya zonunkhira kwambiri (zonunkhira, kofi, nsomba, ndi zina).

12. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Mtengo wa ma Ulong ungasiyane kwambiri malinga ndi:

• Chigawo cholimira: Ma Ulong ochokera m’madera otchuka (Wuyi, Anxi, Taiwan) ndi okwera mtengo.
• Mtundu wa chitsamba cha tiyi: Mitundu yosowa komanso yofunika ndi yokwera mtengo.
• Zaka za chitsamba: Zipangizo kuchokera m’mitsamba yakale (“Lao Cong”) ndi zamtengo wapatali.
• Kutalika kwa malo: Ma Ulong am’mapiri okwera ndi okwera mtengo.
• Nyengo ya kututa: Tiyi ya m’chisanu, nthawi zambiri, ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri.
• Ubwino wa zipangizo: Kaya amagwiritsa ntchito mphukira zosankhidwa ndi masamba achichepere kapena zipangizo zokhwima.
• Njira yopangira: Ntchito ya pamanja ndi yamtengo wapatali kuposa ya makina. Kuvuta ndi kuchuluka kwa njira (mwachitsanzo, kuwotcha kangapo pamakala) kumawonjezera mtengo.
• Mbiri ya wopanga: Amisiri odziwika ndi ma brand ndi okwera mtengo.
• Kufunika: Kufunika kwakukulu kwa mitundu ina ya ma Ulong kumakhudza mtengo.

Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwambiri ndi kufunika kwa ma Ulong ena, tsoka ilo, pamsika pamapezeka zonyenga ndi zotsanzira. Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:

• Gulani kwa ogulitsa odalirika okha: Fufuzani masitolo apadera a tiyi okhala ndi mbiri yabwino, omwe amasamalira makasitomala awo ndipo amatha kupereka chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza chiyambi cha tiyi.
• Chenjerani ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri: Mtengo wochepetsetsa wokayikitsa - nthawi zambiri ndi chizindikiro chenicheni cha chonyenga, makamaka kwa ma Ulong otchuka (Da Hong Pao, Tie Guanyin, ma Ulong aku Taiwan a m’mapiri okwera).
• Yang’anani mwatcheru maonekedwe: Yang’anani mawonekedwe, mtundu, kukhazikika kwa masamba. Ayenera kugwirizana ndi malongosoledwe a mtundu weniweniwo. Kupezeka kwa masamba ambiri osweka, dothi, zosakaniza zina - ndi chizindikiro cha ubwino wochepa kapena chonyenga.
• Yesezani fungo: Tiyi wouma ayenera kukhala ndi fungo lolemera, lovuta, lodziwika ndi mtundu wa Ulong umenewo. Pewani tiyi ndi fungo lofooka, losamveka bwino, lotsekemera, kapena lachilendo.
• Fufuzani madzi ndi pansi pa tiyi: Mtundu wa madzi, kakomedwe ndi fungo ziyenera kugwirizana ndi malongosoledwe a Ulong weniweni. Pansi pa tiyi payenera kukhala masamba athunthu, olimba.
• Khalani osamala kwambiri mukamagula ma Ulong omwe amasonyeza malo enieni osankhidwa (mwachitsanzo, “Zheng Yan” kwa ma Ulong a Wuyi) kapena zaka za chitsamba (“Lao Cong”): Chidziwitso chotero ndi chovuta kutsimikizira, choncho khulupirirani magwero odalirika okha.
• Gulani kachulukidwe kakang’ono koyesa: Musanagule mulu waukulu wa tiyi yokwera mtengo, tengani kochepa kachiyeso, kuti muyese ubwino wake.

13. Magulu akuluakulu a ma Ulong:

Ma Ulong akhoza kugawidwa m’magulu angapo akuluakulu malinga ndi chigawo chopangira:

• Ma Ulong a Wuyi (Yan Cha - 岩茶): Amapangidwa m’mapiri a Wuyi a chigawo cha Fujian. Amadziwika ndi khalidwe lawo la “miyala” (“yan yun”), mlingo wapamwamba wa kufufumitsidwa ndi kuwotchedwa. Oimira odziwika: Da Hong Pao, Rou Gui, Shui Xian, Tie Luohan.
• Ma Ulong a kum’mwera kwa Fujian: Amapangidwa kum’mwera kwa chigawo cha Fujian, pafupi ndi chigawo cha Anxi. Oimira wodziwika kwambiri - Tie Guanyin. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wowala wa madzi ndi utoto wamaluwa owonekera poyerekeza ndi ma Ulong a Wuyi.
• Ma Ulong a ku Taiwan: Amapangidwa pachilumba cha Taiwan. Nthawi zambiri amalimidwa pamalo okwera (kupitirira 1000 metres). Amasiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi njira zopangira. Oimira odziwika: Alishan, Dong Ding, Li Shan, Dong Fang Mei Ren.
• Ma Ulong a ku Guangdong: Amapangidwa m’chigawo cha Guangdong. Gulu lodziwika kwambiri - Dan Cong ochokera m’mapiri a Fenghuang, osiyana ndi fungo lapadera.

14. Ma Ulong ndi thanzi:

Kumwa ma Ulong kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi ubwino wathanzi wosiyanasiyana, komabe ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti tiyi si mankhwala, koma ndi mbali yokha ya moyo wathanzi. 15. Chikhalidwe cha kumwa:

• Gongfu Cha: Ma Ulong ndi oyenera kuwiritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Gongfu Cha - mwambo wachikhalidwe wa tiyi wa China. Njirayi imathandiza kuti kakomedwe ndi fungo la tiyi ziwululidwe mokwanira, komanso kusangalala ndi njirayo.
• Ziwiya: Popangira, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito gaiwan kapena teapoti yaying’ono ya dothi la ku Yixing.
• Kugwirizanitsa ndi chakudya: Ma Ulong ali ndi kakomedwe kolemera, choncho ndi bwino kuwamwa osati ndi chakudya.
• Nthawi ya tsiku: Ma Ulong akhoza kumwedwa nthawi ina iliyonse yatsiku, koma muyenera kuganizira za mlingo wa kufufumitsidwa ndi kuwotchedwa. Ma Ulong osafufumitsidwa pang’ono ndi oyenera kumwa m’mawa ndi masana, pamene ofufumitsidwa kwambiri ndi owotchedwa - madzulo.

Pomaliza:

Ma Ulong - ndi dziko lodabwitsa ndi losiyanasiyana la tiyi, lomwe limatha kukwaniritsa zokonda ndi zofuna zosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira katsopano ndi kamaluwa mpaka kolemera, konunkhira ndi koutsi, ma Ulong amapereka mitundu yambiri ya kakomedwe ndi fungo. Kuphunzira za ma Ulong ndi ulendo wosangalatsa, womwe umakupatsani mwayi osati wosangalala ndi kakomedwe kabwino ndi fungo la tiyi, komanso kulumikizana ndi chikhalidwe chakale cha tiyi ku China ndi Taiwan, kudziwana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, malo (terroirs) ndi njira zopangira. Ulong aliyense ndi nkhani yakeyake, dziko lakeyake, lomwe likuyenera kutsegulidwa.