Wénshān Bāozhǒng · new.thetea.app

Wénshān Bāozhǒng ndi umodzi mwa ma oolong akale kwambiri ndi okongola a ku Taiwan, womwe uli ndi malo apadera pakati pa tiyi wobiriŵira ndi ma oolong a semifermented achikale. Chizindikiro chake chachikulu ndi kupindika kwake ngati mizere (osati mipira), kuthira kochepa kwa okosijeni, ndi fungo lake lamaluŵa lamphamvu kwambiri, lomwe lam’pangitsa kukhala tiyi aliyense wodziŵika chifukwa cha fungo lake lopanda malire. Mwambi waku Taiwan wakuti “Kumpoto kuli Bāozhǒng, kum’mwera kuli Ōolóng” (北包種，南烏龍, Běi Bāozhǒng, Nán Wūlóng) umatsimikizira udindo wake monga chimodzi mwa mizati iŵiri ya chikhalidwe cha tiyi pachilumbachi. Bāozhǒng amapezeka m’maonekedwe awiri akulu: osawotchedwa (清香型, qīngxiāng xíng) okhala ndi fungo la maluŵa oyera komanso owotchedwa (焙火, bèihuǒ), omwe amaonjezera ku fungo la maluŵa mwachirengedwe chofunda cha mtedza ndi cha caramel. Mitundu yonse iŵiri ndi umboni wamoyo wa kulondolana kwa mbiri ya tiyi pakati pa dera la Fujian ndi Taiwan, kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi ndi theka.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Oolong (青茶, qīngchá) — tiyi wopangidwa ndi theka-fermentation. Wénshān Bāozhǒng ndi wa gulu la ma oolong opangidwa ndi kupindika ngati mizere (條型烏龍, tiáo xíng wūlóng) okhala ndi fermentation yochepa. Masamba oyamba amathiridwa okosijeni pa 7–15 % (m’masitayilo amakono nthawi zambiri 8–12 %, kale anali 20–25 %). M’madongosolo a ku Taiwan, Bāozhǒng nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m’gulu lapadera, losiyana ndi ma oolong a mipira. Njira yopangirayi idakhalapo isanayambe kupindika kwa mipira ku Taiwan ndipo imachokera ku njira zakale za ku Fujian. M’mitundu yowotchedwa (焙火包種, bèihuǒ bāozhǒng), kuchuluka kwa fermentation kumatha kufika 35–40 %.
Gulu Lalikulu: Ma oolong a ku Taiwan; oolong a fermentation yopepuka a kumpoto kwa Taiwan. Ili m’ndandanda wovomerezeka wa “Tiyi Khumi Odziŵika Kwambiri a Taiwan” (臺灣十大名茶, Táiwān Shí Dà Míng Chá).
Chiyambi: Taiwan (臺灣, Táiwān), dera la Wénshān (文山, Wénshān) — dzina lakale lophatikiza madera olima tiyi ophatikiza: dera la Pínglín (坪林區, Pínglín Qū) m’chigawo cha Xīnbì (新北市, Xīnběi Shì) — likulu lalikulu la kupanga, lomwe limapanga 90% ya zotuluka zonse; madera a Shídìng (石碇區, Shídìng Qū), Shēnkēng (深坑區, Shēnkēng Qū), Xīndiàn (新店區, Xīndiàn Qū), Xízhǐ (汐止區, Xízhǐ Qū) ndi Píngxī (平溪區, Píngxī Qū) m’chigawo cha Xīnbì; madera a Wénshān (文山區, Wénshān Qū, kuphatikiza Mùzhà ndi Jǐngměi) ndi Nángǎng (南港區, Nángǎng Qū) m’malire a Taibei (臺北市, Táiběi Shì). Dera lonse la minda ya tiyi m’derali ndi pafupifupi mahekitala 2 300. Mbiri yakel inachokera ku Anxi (安溪, Ānxī) m’chigawo cha Fujian.
Malo a Gulu: Pafupifupi 24°56′ N, 121°42′ E (pakati pa dera la Pínglín).
Mayina Ena: Pouchong / Paochung — kumasulira m’Chingelezi; m’zolankhula za tsiku ndi tsiku ku Taiwan nthawi zina amatchedwa “Qīngchá” (tíyi woyera).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri: Muzu wa Bāozhǒng umachokera ku Fujian. Pafupifupi zaka 150 zapitazo, munthu wochokera ku Anxi (安溪縣, Ānxī Xiàn) m’chigawo cha Fujian dzina lake Wáng Yìchéng (王義程, Wáng Yìchéng) anapanga njira yapadera yopangira tiyi wakomweko, akutsanzira njira zopangira ma oolong a ku Wuyi (武夷茶, Wǔyí chá). Chizindikiro chosiyanitsa chinali kupindika ngati mizere — masamba sanapindidwe kukhala mipira, koma anali utali ngati malamba. Tiyi womaliza ankalongedza m’mapepala a muscavado ochokera ku Fujian, pa liang zinayi (兩, liǎng, pafupifupi 150 g) pa paketi; kuchokera pamenepo panabadwa dzina loti “mtundu wolongedza”.

Ku Taiwan, njira yake inabwera ndi wamalonda wa ku Fujian Wú Fúyuán (吳福源, wotchulidwanso ngati 吳福老) mu 1881 (光緒七年 — chaka chachisanu ndi chiŵiri cha nthawi ya mfumu Guangxu ya mzera wa Qing): iye anakhazikitsa ku Taibei malo opangira zida otchedwa “Yuánlóng Hào” (源隆號) — malo oyamba opangira Bāozhǒng ku Taiwan. M’chaka chomwecho, tiyi unatumizidwa kunja kwa chilumbachi koyamba.

Mu 1885, anthu ena aŵiri ochokera ku Ānxī — Wáng Shuǐjǐn (王水錦, Wáng Shuǐjǐn) ndi Wèi Jìngshí (魏靜時, Wèi Jìngshí) — anakhazikika m’dera la Nángǎng (Dàkēng, 南港大坑). Iwo anapitiriza kukonza njira za kulima ndi kupanga. Chothandizira chachikulu cha Wèi Jìngshí chinali kupanga “Njira ya Nángǎng” (南港式製茶法, Nángǎng shì zhìchá fǎ): njira yopangira Bāozhǒng wonunkhira mwachirengedwe, osati wonunkhira mwa kupanga, zomwe zinasintha kwambiri mkhalidwe wa tiyi. Bāozhǒng woyamba wa ku Taiwan ankapangidwa ndi fungo la maluŵa — monga tiyi wa jasmine; kusintha kwa njira yachirengedwe kunali nthawi yofunika kwambiri. Mu 1916, boma la atsamunda la Taiwan linagwiritsa ntchito Wèi Jìngshí mwa malamulo kufalitsa njira imeneyi, ndipo kuyambira 1920 anachititsa maphunziro awiri pachaka (masika ndi yophukira) kwa alimi a tiyi ochokera ku Taiwan konse, akuyala maziko a kupanga Bāozhǒng wamasiku ano. Boma la atsamunda a Japan (1895–1945) linathandizira kwambiri kupanga ndi kugulitsa kunja, ndikusandutsa dera lonse la mbiri yakale la Wénshān (文山郡, Wénshān Jùn) kukhala dera limodzi lodziŵika.

Pofika zaka za 1960-70, Wénshān Bāozhǒng wa ku Pínglín ndi Shídìng anadziŵika kudera lonse la Taiwan, ndipo analowa m’ndandanda wa “Tiyi Khumi Odziŵika Kwambiri a Taiwan”. M’zaka za 1980-90, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha mpikisano ndi zokonda za ogula, ma oolong a ku Taiwan onse anasunthira kukhala ndi maonekedwe “obiriŵira”, ndipo Bāozhǒng nayenso anasintha: kuthira okosijeni kunatsika kuchoka pa 15–25 % yakale kufika pa 8–15 % amasiku ano. Panthawi imodzimodzi, njira yakale yowotchedwa imasungidwabe, ikukondedwa ndi okonda kukoma kwakuya, kophatikizana.
Dzina: “Bāozhǒng” (包種)— mtundu wolongedza. Chizindikiro “包” (bāo) — “kulonga, kupakira”, “種” (zhǒng) — “mtundu, gulu”. Njira yodziŵika kwambiri ya chiyambi imagwirizanitsa “種” ndi dzina lachi Minnan la cultivar Qīng Xīn Wūlóng — “種仔” (Chǒng-á). Ogula ankati: “Ndipatseni Chǒng-á-chá wolongedwa.” — kuchokera pamenepo, “tiyi wa mtundu wa chong wolongedwa” unasanduka “baozhong”. Palinso mtundu wina wotanthauziridwa ndi anthu: “包中” (bāo zhōng) — “mudzapambana mayeso / mupeza mphoto”, zomwe zimapangitsa tiyi uyu kukhala mphatso yachikhalidwe isanachitike mayeso olowera. Chiyambi cha “Wénshān” (文山 — “Mapiri a Zolemba”, “mapiri a akatswiri”) chikuchokera ku dera la atsamunda a Japan Wénshān-gun (文山郡), lomwe linkayang’anira madera opangira tiyi mu nthawi ya atsamunda.
Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe: Mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha ku Taiwan, Bāozhǒng ali ndi malo a tiyi wapamwamba, “wosinkhasinkha” — kapangidwe kake kofewa, kopanda zikokolondindo zambiri kumathandiza kukhala ndi nthawi yayitali yogwiritsa ntchito njira ya gōngfūchá (功夫茶, gōngfuchá) popanda kutopa. Tiyi amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusangalatsa alendo komanso chikhalidwe cha kumpoto kwa Taiwan. Nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ngati mphatso yapaderatu ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamisonkhano ya mabanja ndi zokambirana zamalonda. Mpikisano wapachaka wa Wénshān Bāozhǒng (文山包種茶比賽) umatsimikizira mfundo za ubwino ndipo ndi umodzi mwa mpikisano akale kwambiri a tiyi pachilumbachi: bungwe la alimi la Pínglín limachita nawo kawiri pachaka (masika ndi yophukira), kulandira zitsanzo za tiyi mpaka 1 500 pa nthawi imodzi. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya tiyi ku Pínglín (坪林茶業博物館, Pínglín Cháyè Bówùguǎn) — imodzi mwa malo akuluakulu a tiyi padziko lonse — imatsimikizira kwambiri mbiri ndi kupanga kwa Bāozhǒng. N’chodabwitsa kuti Bāozhǒng amapanga zosakwana 2 % ya kupanga tiyi wonse wa Taiwan, zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala wosapezeka msanga ngakhale pamsika wam’deralo.

3. Mafotokozedwe a Zomera ndi Zipangizo:

Mtundu / Cultivar: Cultivar yaikulu ndi Qīng Xīn Wūlóng (青心烏龍, Qīngxīn Wūlóng — “Oolong wa Mtima Wobiriŵira”), m’chikhalidwe cha kum’deralo amatchedwa “Zhǒng-zǐ” (種仔, Zhǒng-zǐ — “Mbewu” kapena “Mtundu Woyamba”). Ndi wa gulu la Camellia sinensis mtundu. sinensis, amachokera ku Jiàn’ōu (建甌, Jiàn’ōu), dera la Fujian. Ndi chitsamba chakale cha tiyi cha ku Taiwan, chomwe chafala kwambiri pachilumbachi, chokondedwa chifukwa cha fungo lake lachirengedwe lalikulu komanso kuthekera kotulutsa mawonekedwe apadera a terroir. Kuphatikiza pa mtundu waukulu, kumaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosakanizidwa ya Taiwan: Táichá nambala 12 (臺茶12號, “Jīn Xuān”, 金萱, Jīn Xuān) — imatulutsa tiyi wotsika mtengo koma wochuluka kwambiri — ndi Táichá nambala 13 (臺茶13號, “Cuì Yù”, 翠玉, Cuì Yù).
Zozindikiritsa za Qīng Xīn Wūlóng: Chitsamba chotalika pang’ono chokhala ndi matsinde osalimba. Masamba amatalikiratu-elliptical, utali 7–9 cm, m’lifupi 3–3.5 cm, m’mphepete mwake muli mano ndipo mitsempha ikuwoneka bwino. Pamwamba pa tsamba ndi ponyezimira pang’ono, mphukira zazing’ono zimakutidwa ndi utsi wa silvery (publish). Chitsambachi chimakonda kukula pang’onopang’ono m’malo a chinyezi chambiri ndi chifunga, zomwe zimathandizira kusonkhanitsa zinthu zopangira fungo. M’malo a mapiri otsika a kumpoto kwa Taiwan (300–800 m), tsamba limakhala lopyapyala komanso lofewa kuposa la mitundu ya m’mapiri ataliatali, zomwe zimatsimikizira kufewa ndi “kuwala” kwa Bāozhǒng.
Kukolola: Tiyi amakololedwa kanayi pachaka, koma opambana amatchuka kwambiri ndi okolola a masika (春茶, chūnchá, kumapeto kwa March – April) ndi a yophukira (冬茶, dōngchá, October – November). Mulingo wokoloza wa Bāozhǒng wapamwamba ndi “phukira limodzi ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu” (一心二葉 / 三葉, yī xīn èr/sān yè). Amakonda masamba okhwima, koma ofewabe (對口葉, duìkǒu yè): zopangira zokhwima kwambiri kapena zofewa kwambiri sizololedwa. Kutalika kwa mphukira — osapitirira 4–5 cm. Kukolola m’manja (手採, shǒu cǎi) kumachitika kwambiri; mapaketi amalonda nthawi zambiri amakololedwa ndi makina ochepa pang’ono.
Zofunikira za Zipangizo: Masamba ayenera kukhala osweka, opanda zowonongeka. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mafuta onunkhira kumapezeka pamene akololedwa m’maŵa utsi utakwanira. M’minda ya Pínglín, amalima chitsamba chotsika (msinkhu wa korona pansi pa bondo la munthu wamkulu), zomwe malinga ndi alimi am’deralo zimathandiza kukweza ubwino, ngakhale kuti zimachepetsa kwambiri zokolola ndi kufupikitsa moyo wa chitsambacho.

4. Terroir ndi Zozindikiritsa za Kulima:

Dera ndi maonekedwe a nthaka: Pakati pa kupanga ndi dera la mapiri la Pínglín (坪林區), lomwe lili ku mapiri otsika a Central Mountain Range ya Taiwan, pafupifupi makilomita 30 kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Taibei. Alimi am’deralo nthawi zambiri amatcha Pínglín “likulu la tiyi la Wénshān”. Pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa anayi a derali ndi mapiri ndi malo otsetsereka. Pínglín ili m’dera lotetezedwa la Fěicuì Reservoir (翡翠水庫, Fěicuì Shuǐkù) — gwero lalikulu la madzi akumwa a Taibei wa anthu 7 miliyoni, zomwe zimalepheretsa chitukuko cha mafakitale ndikusunga ukhondo wa minda ya tiyi. Oposa 80 % a anthu a Pínglín amagwira ntchito m’makampani a tiyi.
Msinkhu wa malo: 300–800 m pamwamba pa nyanja — dera laling’ono la mapiri, zomwe zimasiyanitsa Bāozhǒng ndi ma oolong a m’mapiri ataliatali (1 000+ m).
Nyengo: Chinyezi cha ku subtropiki: kutentha kwapachaka pafupifupi 18 °C, mvula ya pachaka pafupifupi 2 800 mm. Zazikulu ndi chifunga chochuluka, chinyezi chambiri ndi kuŵala kofalikira, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa mphukira ndikuthandizira kusonkhanitsa zinthu zopangira fungo ndi amino asidi. Kusintha kwa kutentha pakati pa usiku ndi usana ndi 5–10 °C. Mtsinje wa Běishì (北勢溪) ndi mitsinje yake imapanga chikhalidwe cha mlengalenga cha m’zigwa: chifunga cha m’maŵa chimakwera kuchokera pamadzi ndikuphimba minda, ndikupanga fyuluta yachirengedwe ya kuŵala kwa dzuŵa.
Nthaka: Makamaka nthaka yofiira ndi ya chikasu yokhala ndi asidi (pH 4.5–5.5), yolemetsedwa ndi zinthu zamoyo. Maonekedwe a nthaka amapanga kusefukira kwa madzi mwachirengedwe. Kukhala m’dera lotetezedwa la madzi kumalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mankhwala ndi mankhwala owononga tizilombo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda ngati za organic.
Zochita zaulimi: Ku Pínglín kuli njira zaukhondo: feteleza wa organic (compost wochokera ku masamba a mpunga, green manure), kuteteza ndi mankhwala pang’ono. Malo ambiri amakhala a mabanja, opatsirana kuchokera ku mbadwo wina kupita ku wina (mbadwo wachinayi kapena wachisanu wa alimi). Kupanga Bāozhǒng ku Pínglín kumachitika motsatira mfundo ya “kuchokera ku munda kupita ku zolongedza m’manja amodzi”: banja la alimi limachita yekha magawo onse — kuyambira kulima ndi kukolola mpaka kuumitsa, kukhazikitsa, kupindika, kuumitsanso ndi kulonjeza.

5. Njira Zopangira:

Njira ya Wénshān Bāozhǒng imayang’ana kwambiri kufikira kuthira kochepa kwa okosijeni pamene akusunga fungo lamphamvu lamaluŵa — mfundo zomwe zimafuna luso lapadera. Kwa mitundu yowotchedwa, siteji yowotcha (焙火, bèihuǒ) imawonjezedwa pa ndondomeko yoyamba.

Kukolola / 採摘 — cǎizhāi: Kukolola m’manja kapena mwa makina kwa mphukira zofewa.
Kufota padzuŵa / 日光萎凋 — rìguāng wěidiāo: Masamba atsopano amayalidwa m’magawo ochepa (~2–3 cm) pa mathireyi a nsungwi pomwe kuli dzuŵa lolunjika kwa mphindi 30–60 kuti atulutse 15–20 % ya chinyezi. M’nthawi yamvula, umitsa ndi mpweya wotentha amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutalika kumayang’aniridwa mosamala — kufota kopitirira muyeso kumayambitsa okosijeni wochuluka.
Kufota m’nyumba ndi kugwedeza / 室內萎凋及攪拌 — shìnèi wěidiāo jí jiǎobàn: Masamba amasamutsidwa kuchipinda chokhala ndi kutentha 22–25 °C ndi chinyezi 70–75 %. Pakapita nthawi yofanana, amagwedezeka mofatsa kapena kutembenuzidwa ndi manja (輕搖, qīng yáo). Bāozhǒng amadziŵika ndi njira ya “kugwedeza mofewa” — yochepetsa kwambiri kusiyana ndi ma oolong a mipira. Kuvulaza pang’ono m’mphepete mwa tsamba ndi makina kumayambitsa okosijeni woyendetsedwa mpaka 7–15 %, womwe umayang’aniridwa ndikusintha kwa mtundu wa m’mphepete kuchokera ku wobiriŵira kupita ku amber.
Kukhazikitsa / 殺青 — shāqīng: Kutentha kwakanthawi kwa masamba pa 260–300 °C m’ng’anjo ya drum kulepheretsa ma enzymes (polyphenol oxidase ndi peroxidase) ndi kuyimitsa okosijeni.
Kupindika / 揉捻 — róuniǎn: Kupindika pang’ono molunjika, kumapangitsa masamba kukhala ndi maonekedwe a mizere yayitali (條型, tiáo xíng). Ichi ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Bāozhǒng ndi ma oolong a mtundu wa “mpira” (球型, qiú xíng): masamba samapanikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu (布揉, bù róu), koma amangopindika pang’ono, kusunga umphumphu. Mawonekedwe otseguka amapereka kutulutsa fungo mwachangu komanso kwathunthu panthawi yothira madzi.
Kumasula maphiri / 解塊 — jiě kuài: Masamba omangika amalekanitsidwa mosamala kuti aume bwino.
Kuuma / 乾燥 — gānzào: Kuchotsa chinyezi m’zipinda zoumitsira pa ~100–110 °C kufikira chinyezi cha pafupifupi 5–6 %. Kwa mtundu wosawotchedwa (清香型), kuwotcha sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kumachitika mwapang’ono kwambiri ndi mpweya wotentha — cholinga ndi kusunga kwambiri fungo lachilengedwe la maluŵa.
Kuwotcha / 焙火 — bèihuǒ (pa mitundu yowotchedwa): Kumachitidwa pa makala a nkhuni (木炭, mùtàn) kapena m’makabati a magetsi m’magawo awiri. Gawo loyamba pa 75–85 °C kwa mphindi 40–50 — kuyambitsa Maillard reaction, kupangitsa fungo la mtedza ndi mkate. Gawo lachiŵiri pa 100–115 °C kwa mphindi 15–25 — caramelization ya shuga, kulimbikitsa mawonekedwe ofunda. Pakati pa magawo, tiyi amasiyidwa kuti “apumule” (退火, tuìhuǒ) kuti kutentha kumagawidwenso bwino. Pambuyo powotcha, tikulimbikitsidwa kudikira osachepera masiku 60–90 kuti kukoma kugwirizane.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Mtundu wosawotchedwa (清香型):

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Mizere yayitali, yopindika pang’ono ya mtundu wobiriŵira wakuda, nthawi zina yokhala ndi mitsempha ya silvery. Masamba amakhala osweka, osathyoka, akusunga mawonekedwe awo achirengedwe — chizindikiro chachikulu cha Bāozhǒng, chomwe chimawasiyanitsa nthawi yomweyo ndi ma oolong a mipira.
Fungo la tsamba louma: Lamphamvu, lamphamvu, makamaka lamaluŵa. Mafuta a gardenia (梔子花, zhīzi huā), orchid ndi jasmine amalamulira, ndikuperekedwa ndi kuswa kwa masamba obiriŵira, nsungwi wachinyamata komanso mafuta onunkhira a mkaka pang’ono.
Fungo la choyamba: Phwando la maluŵa lamphamvu, lothandizidwa ndi maluŵa atsopano ndi mawonekedwe a zipatso — vwende, peyala, apulo lobiriŵira. Ndi kuthira kowonjezera, mawonekedwe a uchi ndi amondi amawonekera.
Kukoma: Kofewa, kosalala, kokhala ndi mawonekedwe amafuta oonekera. Nektara wa maluŵa, kutsekemera kwa udzu watsopano, kufewa kwa mkaka pang’ono, kuwawa kochepa kotsitsimula kwa apulo lobiriŵira ndi mawonekedwe a mineral odekha. Kuwawa ndi kukalipa pafupifupi kulibe. Pambuyo-kulawa (回甘, huígān) — kwautali, kotsekemera, ndi mapeto a maluŵa.
Mtundu wa choyamba: Wowonekera, wachikasu wowala ndi mawonekedwe obiriŵira kapena a golide — mmodzi wa mitundu yowala kwambiri pakati pa ma oolong.
Tsamba lotsiriza: Masamba omveka, osalimba a mtundu wobiriŵira wowala. Mphepete ndi yofiira pang’ono (chizindikiro cha okosijeni wochepa), pakati ndi wobiriŵira kwambiri.

Mtundu wowotchedwa (焙火型):

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Mizere yayitali (4–6 cm), yopindika molimba ya mtundu wobiriŵira wakuda ndi mawonekedwe a chitsulo pang’ono kapena a maolivi. Poyerekeza ndi mtundu wosawotchedwa, masamba ndiakuda kwambiri ndipo amawoneka bwino.
Fungo la tsamba louma: Lofunda, la magawo ambiri: pamunsi pake pali maziko a maluŵa (orchid, gardenia), pamwamba pake pali mafuta onunkhira odziŵika a njere zowotchedwa, mtedza wa greek ndi caramel pang’ono. Pamene poto ikuwotha, fungo la uchi limawonjezedwa.
Fungo la choyamba: Mafuta onunkhira ofunda a vanila ndi mtedza wotentha; m’kapu, maziko a maluŵa amabwerera ndi mawonekedwe a uchi ndi pichesi yakupsa. Amadziŵika ndi pambuyo-kulawa kwautali, kumazimirira mofewa.
Kukoma: Silky, kopanda kuwawa. Kumwa koyamba — ma toni a maluŵa ndi uchi; pakati pa kukoma — mafuta pang’ono; mapeto — amondi wamkaka, wotsekemera. Kuwotcha kumawonjezera mawonekedwe a caramel ndi mtedza, osaphimba, koma kutsamira m’maluŵa achirengedwe.
Mtundu wa choyamba: Wowonekera, wachikasu cha amber wopepuka kapena wachikasu cha golide (蜜黃色, mì huáng sè). Ndi kuwotcha kwakukulu, kutha kusanduka amber yozama kwambiri.
Tsamba lotsiriza: Masamba amatsegukana mofanana, akusanduka mtundu wachikasu-wobiriŵira ndi m’mphepete mwa bulauni. Msamba ndi wofewa, wosweka.

7. Mapangidwe a Mankhwala:

Polyphenols: Mlingo wapakatikati — pafupifupi 16–20 mg/g, wochepa kuposa tiyi wobiriŵira. Catechins makamaka ndi EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate, ~12 % ya chiŵerengero cha polyphenols), EGC, EC ndi ECG. Kuthira kochepa kwa okosijeni kumasunga gawo lalikulu la catechins, zomwe zimapangitsa Bāozhǒng kukhala pafupi ndi tiyi wobiriŵira pankhani ya antioxidant. Pamene wotchedwa, gawo la catechins limasintha kukhala theaflavins (~0.8 mg/g) ndi thearubigins, kupanga mtundu wa golide ndi mawonekedwe a velvet; nthawi yomweyo, zipangizo zatsopano za antioxidant zimapangidwa — zotuluka mu Maillard reaction.
Amino asidi: Chikhalidwe chapadera cha Bāozhǒng ndi kuchuluka kwa amino asidi aulere, makamaka L-theanine (茶氨酸, cháānsuān): muzipangizo zapamwamba kuchokera ku Pínglín kumafika 2–3 % ya kulemera kotsalira kwa tsamba. L-theanine imatsimikizira kutsekemera kwa choyamba ndipo imagwira ntchito limodzi ndi caffeine kuti ipereke mphamvu yofewa. Chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha L-theanine/mafuta chimapangitsa kukhudza mofanana, kosalimbikitsa.
Alkaloids: Caffeine — pafupifupi 15–25 mg pa kapu (150 ml) pofulira moyenera, zomwe n’zochepa poyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiriŵira ndi wakuda. Pali zotsalira zazing’ono za theobromine ndi theophylline.
Zipangizo zonunkhira: Mbiri yabwino kwambiri ya zinthu zosakhalitsa ndi chuma chachikulu cha Bāozhǒng. Mawonekedwe a maluŵa amapangidwa ndi linalool ndi ma oxide ake, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, nerolidol, cis-3-hexenol (masamba atsopano), benzyl acetate (jasmine) ndi indole (maluŵa m’mitsempha yochepa). M’mitundu yowotchedwa, maziko a maluŵa achirengedwe akuwonjezeredwa ndi pyrazines (2-ethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine) ndi ma compound a furan, omwe amapanga mawonekedwe ofunda a mtedza ndi mkate.
Mavitamini: Vitamini C, B₁, B₂, B₆, PP (nicotinic acid); pang’ono wa vitamini E.
Mchere: Potaziyamu, magneziamu, manganese, fluoride, zinki, calcium. Mapangidwe a mchere amatsimikizidwa ndi nthaka za m’mapiri a kumpoto kwa Taiwan ndipo amapereka mawonekedwe a mchere ku choyamba.
Polysaccharides: Amapereka kuchapira ndi kutsekemera kwa choyamba.

8. Mapindu Athanzi:

Kupereka mphamvu mofewa popanda kukangana: Kuphatikiza kwa L-theanine ndi caffeine m’mlingo womwe uli mu Bāozhǒng kumapereka bata la malingaliro ndi kuganizira popanda nkhawa — zomwe zimatchedwa “kugona kwa mtendere”. L-theanine imathandizira kutulutsa mafunde a alpha mu ubongo, ndikuthandizira kukhazikika mwamtendere.
Chitetezo cha antioxidant: Polyphenols (catechins, theaflavins) amalepheretsa ma free radicals. Pomwera Bāozhǒng wosawotchedwa pali catechins omwe amakhala pafupi ndi tiyi wobiriŵira kusiyana ndi ma oolong apakatikati. Mlingo woyezedwa wa mphamvu ya antioxidant ndi pafupifupi 3 500 µmol TE/g (njira ya ORAC). M’mitundu yowotchedwa, zotuluka mu Maillard reaction zimawonjezeranso mphamvu ya antioxidant.
Thandizo la dongosolo la mtima: Zotsatira za kafukufuku zambiri zimasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa kumwa ma oolong pafupipafupi ndi kuchepa kwa cholesterol ya LDL komanso kukhazikika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi.
Kusintha kwa mlingo wa glucose: Polyphenols a ma oolong amatha kuonjezera kukhudzidwa kwa minyewa ndi insulin ndi kuchepetsa mlingo wa glucose pambuyo pa chakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa Bāozhǒng kukhala wothandiza kwa metabolic syndrome.
Kuteteza matumbo: Mlingo wapakatikati wa catechins ndi kusakwera kwa acidity kwa choyamba zimapereka mphamvu yochepa yowononga mabakiteriya, osakhumudwitsa mucosa ya m’mimba.
Thanzi la mano: Fluoride ndi catechins amalepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa mabakiteriya amene amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa mano.
Chisamaliro cha khungu: Ma antioxidants amachedwetsa kukalamba kwa khungu chifukwa cha dzuŵa, akumalepheretsa ma free radicals oyambitsidwa ndi ma radiation a UV.
Chikoka chotsitsimula: L-theanine imachepetsa mlingo wa cortisol ndipo imathandizira kutsitsimuka kwa tulo ikamwedwa kumoyamba kwa tsiku.

9. Kuthira Madzi:

Bāozhǒng wosawotchedwa (清香型):

Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90 °C. Madzi otentha kwambiri n’kosayenera — amawononga mafuta onunkhira a maluŵa ndipo amalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa catechins owawa.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5–7 g pa 150–200 ml.
Poto: Gàiŵǎn (蓋碗, gàiwǎn) ya porcelain — chosankha chabwino: siyamba fungo, imathandiza kusangalala kwathunthu ndi fungo lofewa. Chidebe cha galasi chimagwiranso ntchito. Yixing clay savomerezeka — mawonekedwe ake a porous amayamwa gawo la fungo lofewa.
Kachitidwe:
1. Tenthetsa poto ndi madzi otentha, tsanulani.
2. Ikani tiyi.
3. Kuthira koyamba — “kudzutsa” — tsanulani.
4. Kuthira koyamba — 30–60 masekondi.
5. Kuthira kotsatira — kuwonjezera 10–20 masekondi.
6. Kuthira 4–6 (chifukwa cha kupindika kotseguka, tsamba limatulutsa mofulumira kuposa ma oolong a mipira).

Bāozhǒng wowotchedwa (焙火型):

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C. Amavomereza madzi atsopano, ofewa okhala ndi pH yapakati.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5–6 g pa 150 ml.
Poto: Gàiŵǎn ya porcelain kapena chidebe cha porcelain. Chidebe cha Yixing cha clay chimagwiranso ntchito — makamaka mitundu ya hóngní (紅泥, hóng ní) ndi zhūní (朱泥, zhū ní). Chida chamwambo cha ku Taiwan chikuphatikiza kapu yonunkhira (聞香杯, wén xiāng bēi) ndi kapu yomwera (品茗杯, pǐn míng bēi).
Kachitidwe:
1. Tenthetsa poto ndi madzi otentha.
2. Ikani 5–6 g ya tsamba. Punthirani “fungo lowuma lotentha” (熱香, rè xiāng).
3. Kutsuka: tsanulani madzi, nthawi yomweyo tsanulani (3–5 masekondi).
4. Kuthira koyamba — 45–60 masekondi. Tsakanikizani kupyolera mu kapu yonunkhira; fungani kapu yonunkhira ikazizira.
5. Kuthira kwachiŵiri — 30–40 masekondi (nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi fungo lamphamvu kwambiri).
6. Kuthira kwachitatu — 50–60 masekondi (ma toni a caramel amawonjezeka).
7. Kuthira kotsatira — kuwonjezera 20–30 masekondi. Kuthira 5–7.

Mitundu yonse iŵiri ndiyabwino kwambiri kuthira madzi ozizira: 5 g pa 500 ml, maola 8–10 m’firiji amapereka chakumwa chotsitsimula cha maluŵa.

10. Kusunga:

Bāozhǒng wosawotchedwa (清香型): Oolong wovuta kwambiri kusunga. Sungani m’malo a vacuum kapena m’zolongedza zotseka bwino zosawonekera. Kutentha kwabwino — malo ozizira (mpaka 15 °C) kapena m’firiji (5–10 °C). Musanatsegule phukusi limene linali m’firiji, lisiyeni pa kutentha kwa m’chipinda kwa mphindi 20–30 kuti musapeze madzi. Chinyezi — osapitirira 50 %. Nthawi yosungira m’zolongedza za vacuum zotsekedwa — mpaka miyezi 18–24; ikatsegulidwa — idyeni pasanathe miyezi 2–3. Bāozhǒng wamakono wopanda kuwotcha kwambiri sali woti apirire nthawi yayitali.
Bāozhǒng wotchedwa (焙火型): Wosasunthika kwambiri kuposa wosawotchedwa. Chidebe chabwino ndi chidebe chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zolongedza za vacuum zokhala ndi chinsalu cha aluminium foil mkati, kapena chitini cha malata chotsekedwa bwino. Sungani pamalo ouma, ozizira (14 ± 2 °C), amdima; chinyezi chochepera 50 %. Nthawi yosungira — mpaka miyezi 18–24. M’miyezi 1–3 yoyamba mutawotcha, fungo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu a “moto” (火味, huǒ wèi); mutapuma, limakhazikika, likutsegula fungo lamaluŵa-mtedza losalala. Ena mwa okonda Bāozhǒng amasungira Bāozhǒng wotchedwa kwa masiku 90+ asanatsegule koyamba.
Adani a tiyi: Chinyezi, kutentha kwakukulu, fungo lachilendo ndi kuŵala kolunjika. Osasunga pafupi ndi khofi, zonunkhira ndi tiyi wonunkhira.
Zizindikiro za kuwonongeka: Fungo la nthovu, la nkhungu; chuma choyera pa masamba; kutaya fungo pakatenthetsa poto.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Gawo la mtengo: Mtengo umatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo (masika — mtengo wapatali), cultivar (Qīng Xīn Wūlóng — mtengo wapatali, kuposa Táichá nambala 12 ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu mpaka theka), msinkhu wa munda, njira yokololera ndi giredi. Mitengo yongoyerekeza (mu madola a Taiwan pa jin ya Taiwan / 600 g): tiyi wachilimwe — 300–1 000 TWD; wautumwi — 600–1 200 TWD; wa masika ndi wophukira — 800–2 000 TWD; magulu ampikisano (比賽茶, bǐsài chá) — kuwirikiza kasanu kapena khumi kuposa wamba. M’malonda apadziko lonse: mapaketi wamba — 80–150 USD/kg; Qīng Xīn wa masika wapamwamba — 250–600 USD/kg; magulu ampikisano — mpaka zikwi zingapo za USD/kg.
Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Gulani kwa ogulitsa odalirika okhala ndi ziphaso za chiyambi. Kupezeka kwa hologramu kapena chiphaso cha Taiwan Tea Association (台灣茶葉協會) ndi chizindikiro chowonjezera cha kutsimikizika.
- Yang’anani maonekedwe: Bāozhǒng weniweni ndi mizere yayitali, yosweka, yosathyoka ya mtundu wobiriŵira wakuda ndi mapindikidwe ake odziŵika. Masamba akuda kwambiri, owala kwambiri kapena opindika m’mipata akuyenera kukudziwitsani.
- Yang’anani fungo: Bāozhǒng weniweni amakhala ndi fungo loyera, lamaluŵa lowala popanda fungo lachilendo la “mankhwala onunkhira”.
- Yang’anani choyamba: kuonekera bwino ndi mtundu wodziŵika wa golide-wachikasu kapena uchi-wobiriŵira ndi zizindikiro za ubwino. Choyamba chosawonekera bwino kapena chopanda kukoma chimasonyeza kutsika kwa ubwino.
- Chenjerani ndi mitengo yotsika kwambiri: chinyengo chofala kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa ku Vietnam kapena ku China pansi pa dzina la “Wénshān Bāozhǒng”, komanso kusintha cultivar ya Qīng Xīn ndi mitundu yotsika mtengo (Sì Jì Chūn, 四季春 kapena Jīn Xuān).

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

Chizoloŵezi chakale cha kukulunga tiyi m’mapepala chinapatsa Bāozhǒng dzina lake, ngakhale kuti lero amasungidwa m’zolongedza za vacuum. Amisiri ena amasungabe njira yachikhalidwe ya zokutira za pepala pamene akuumitsa komaliza.
Ku Taiwan, Bāozhǒng amaperekedwa pamisonkhano yamalonda ndi zokambirana monga chizindikiro chokonzeka kukambirana: kukoma kwake kofewa, kosakaniza kumaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kuyanjananso ndi kumvetsetsana. Njira yodziŵika ya “包中” (bāo zhōng, “mudzapambana mayeso”) imapangitsa tiyi kukhala mphatso yodziŵika isanachitike mayeso olowera.
Mafuta onunkhira a Bāozhǒng, omwe ali olemera ndi linalool ndi geraniol, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafuta onunkhira apamwamba: mawonekedwe a maluŵa-mtedza amakhala gwero la kudzoza kwa mawu a “tiyi” m’mafuta onunkhira apadera.
Ku Taiwan, Bāozhǒng wotchedwa nthawi zina amapanikizidwa mu mawonekedwe a nkhata yolemera 357 g — kukula komwe kuli kwachikhalidwe kwa puerh. Makalata oterewa amaperekedwa pa Chaka Chatsopano cha Mwezi monga chizindikiro cha moyo wautali ndi kutukuka.
Bāozhǒng wosungidwa kwanthawi yayitali (陳年包種, chénnián Bāozhǒng) ndi gulu lapadera la anthu osonkhanitsa. M’mbiri, Bāozhǒng yemwe anali ndi okosijeni wochuluka komanso wotchedwa ankasungidwa bwino kwa zaka makumi ambiri; pali zitsanzo zodziŵika za ku Nángǎng za m’ma 1950-1960. Bāozhǒng wamakono wopanda kuwotcha kwambiri, mosiyana nawo, sasungidwa bwino — chimenechi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe njira yachikhalidwe yowotchedwa imakhalabe ndi omutsatira.

13. Mitundu ya Wénshān Bāozhǒng:

Kugawa kwakukulu kumatengera mlingo wa kuwotcha komaliza (焙火程度, bèihuǒ chéngdù) ndi nyengo ya kukolola.

Malinga ndi mlingo wa kuwotcha:

Wosawotchedwa — Qīng Xiāng (清香型, qīngxiāng xíng — “mtundu wa fungo loyera”). Mtundu wapachiyambi wokhala ndi kuthira kochepa kwa kutentha pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa. Umasunga mawonekedwe atsopano a udzu-maluŵa (lily, orchid, masamba atsopano). Okosijeni 7–15 %. Ndi wotchuka kwambiri ku Taiwan wamakono, makamaka kukolola kwa masika.
Wowotchedwa mopepuka (輕焙火, qīng bèihuǒ). Kuwotcha kochepa (50–70 °C, osakwana mphindi 30) kumachepetsa pang’ono “kubiriŵira” ndikuwonjezera kufunda kosawoneka bwino, popanda kusintha khalidwe la maluŵa.
Wowotchedwa mwapakatikati (中焙火, zhōng bèihuǒ). Kuwotcha kwachikhalidwe (~80–115 °C, mphindi 60–70 m’magawo awiri): mfundo za maluŵa ndi mtedza bwino; okosijeni yomaliza 35–40 %. Akulimbikitsidwa kudikira masiku 60–90 mutawotcha.
Wowotchedwa mwamphamvu (重焙火, zhòng bèihuǒ). Kuwotcha kwautali kwakukulu (>115 °C, mphindi 40+): kumalamulira mawonekedwe a caramel, shuga wowotchedwa ndi zipatso zowotchedwa. Zikukumbukira mawonekedwe a Dòngdǐng Wūlóng, koma ndi maziko opepuka.

Malinga ndi nyengo ya kukolola:

Wa masika (春茶, chūnchá) — kumapeto kwa March – April. Wofunika kwambiri: fungo lochuluka, kuchuluka kwa L-theanine, kukoma kofewa.
Wachilimwe (夏茶, xiàchá) — June – July. Kuchuluka kwa caffeine, fungo losaoneka bwino; nthawi zambiri amasakanizidwa. Mtengo wotsika mtengo kwambiri.
Wa autumn (秋茶, qiūchá) — September – October. Wapakatikati; mapaketi ena amakondedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a uchi-kukhwima.
Wa yophukira (冬茶, dōngchá) — October – November. Wopambana kwambiri pambuyo pa wa masika; wodzaza kwambiri, ndi kutsekemera koonekera ndi pambuyo-kulawa kwautali.

Malinga ndi cultivar:

Qīng Xīn Wūlóng (青心烏龍) — wachikale, wapamwamba, wokhala ndi fungo lamaluŵa loonekera kwambiri.
Táichá nambala 12 / Jīn Xuān (金萱) — wochuluka kwambiri, wotsika mtengo ndi 30–50 %; mawonekedwe opepuka a mkaka.
Táichá nambala 13 / Cuì Yù (翠玉) — sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri; amapereka mawonekedwe owala pang’ono a udzu.

14. Kuyerekeza ndi ma oolong ena ofanana:

Dòngdǐng Wūlóng (凍頂烏龍, Dòngdǐng Wūlóng): Ndi “mzati” wachiŵiri wa chikhalidwe cha tiyi wa ku Taiwan, wochokera ku Phiri la Dòngdǐng m’chigawo cha Nántóu. Kupindika ngati mpira, okosijeni 25–40 %, kuwotcha kwachikhalidwe kwa makala. Kukoma ndi kolimba, ndi mawonekedwe a caramel ndi shuga wowotchedwa. Pambuyo-kulawa — “kuyankha kwa mmero” (喉韻, hóu yùn), kwautali kuposa kwa Bāozhǒng. Bāozhǒng ndi wotsutsana: mizere, okosijeni wochepa, waufulu.
Gāoshān Wūlóng (高山烏龍, Gāoshān Wūlóng): Ma oolong a m’mapiri ataliatali (Ālǐshān, Líshān, Shān Lín Xī) okhala ndi okosijeni 15–25 %. Mawonekedwe olimba kwambiri ndi kutsekemera koonekera; mawonekedwe a mkaka, a mkaka. Bāozhǒng — wopepuka, watsopano, wonunkhira kwambiri, koma wopanda mafuta kwambiri.
Bāozhǒng wa ku Fujian (福建包種): Ndi kholo la mbiri ya wa ku Taiwan. Bāozhǒng wa ku China kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi okosijeni wochuluka ndi wotchedwa; wa ku Taiwan wasintha kukhala wopepuka komanso wa maluŵa.
Tiě Guānyīn (鐵觀音, Tiě Guānyīn): Oolong wapakatikati-fermented (30–50 %) wokhala ngati mpira wa ku Fujian. Mawonekedwe — mtedza wowotchedwa, udzu wosweka, umami; choyamba cha amber. Ndi wolimba kwambiri ndipo amawawa kuposa Bāozhǒng.
Tiyi wobiriŵira (綠茶, lǜchá): Bāozhǒng amayandikira tiyi wobiriŵira pa mlingo wa okosijeni, koma siteji yakugwedeza (搖青, yáoqīng) imapanga kusiyana kwakukulu — okosijeni wotsogozedwa m’mphepete mwa tsamba umapanga kuzama kwa oolong ndi “thupi” komwe sikukupezeka mu tiyi wobiriŵira.

Pomaliza:

Wénshān Bāozhǒng ndi tiyi wosinthasintha, wokhoza kukhala wowoneka bwino ngati maluŵa m’mawonekedwe osawotchedwa, ndi oolong wodekha, wanzeru ndi kufunda kwa mtedza — m’mawonekedwe owotchedwa. Kupepuka kwa khalidwe lake komanso kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe ake kumamupangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino kwa omwe ali ndi chidwi chofufuza tiyi — kwa oyamba amene angoyamba kumvetsa dziko la oolong, komanso kwa okonda tiyi odziŵa bwino amene amayamikira kusalinganizika kofewa pakati pa chirengedwe cha tsamba ndi luso la kapangidwe.

Wobadwira m’mapiri achifunga a kumpoto kwa Taiwan — kumene Mtsinje wa Běishì umapereka madzi ku nkhokwe ya likulu, ndipo mabanja a alimi amapatsirana luso kuchokera ku mbadwo wina kupita ku wina — Bāozhǒng amakhalabe mmodzi mwa tiyi akulu osayamikiridwa padziko lonse. Ochepera awiri pa 100 a kupanga tiyi waku Taiwan, ochepera mahekitala 2 300 a minda — komabe fungo limene silingasokonezedwe ndi china chirichonse: loyera, lamaluŵa, losagwirizana ndi uchi. Zaka zana limodzi ndi theka za mbiri, zolembedwa mu mzere uliwonse wopindidwa wa tsamba lobiriŵira lakuda, zimatsegulidwa ndikumeza koyamba.