Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng

Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng (松阳银猴, Sōngyáng yín hóu — “Mbalame ya siliva ya ku Sōngyáng”) ndi tii wobiriwira wapadera wochokera ku County ya Sōngyáng, m’chigawo cha Zhèjiāng (浙江), womwe umatchedwa “mwala wamtengo wapatali pakati pa tiyi” (茶中瑰宝, chá zhōng guībǎo) chifukwa cha maonekedwe ake apadera: mphukira zokhotakhota zokhazikika, zokutidwa ndi tsitsi lasiliva, zopindidwa ngati mbedza, zomwe zimafanana ndi zikhadabo za nyani. Kuphatikiza kwa “siliva” watsitsi ndi kupindika ngati “nyani” kunabweretsa dzina limodzi losangalatsa kwambiri m’dziko la tiyi waku China. Mu 2023, Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng inalandira mphoto ya golidi pa Chikondwerero cha Tiyi cha Padziko Lonse cha Shanghai ndipo inaikidwa pa mndandanda wa tiyi woperekera pamisonkhano ya Khonsolo ya Boma la People’s Republic of China (国务院会议指定用茶).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tii wobiriwira (wosafufutsidwa). Mwa maonekedwe — wopindika “wokhala ngati mbedza” (卷曲多毫, juǎnqū duōháo), wokhala ndi kupindika kodziwika ngati “chikhadabo cha nyani” (弯钩状, wāngōu zhuàng).

• Gulu: Zogulitsa za chizindikiritso cha dziko la malo (国家地理标志产品, 2008). Tii wodziwika cha Zhejiang (浙江省名茶, 1984). Mphoto ya golidi ya Chikondwerero cha Tiyi cha Padziko Lonse cha Shanghai (2023). Tii wa misonkhano ya Khonsolo ya Boma la PRC (国务院会议指定用茶).

• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Líshuǐ (丽水市, Líshuǐ Shì), county ya Sōngyáng (松阳县, Sōngyáng Xiàn). Countyyo ili kumtunda kwa mtsinje wa Ōujiāng (瓯江), yozunguliridwa ndi mapiri a Máoshān (卯山), Wànshòu Shān (万寿山) ndi ena, ndipo imadutsa m’mitsinje yamapiri. Kuchuluka kwa nkhalango ndi 93%.

• Malangizo a malo: Pafupifupi 28°27′ kumpoto kwa latitude, 119°29′ kum’mawa kwa longitude.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Ulimi wa tiyi ku Sōngyáng unayamba m’nthawi ya Tang, pomwe tiyi wakomweko anali wodziwika kale. M’nthawi ya Song, wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu Sū Dōngpō (苏东坡, Sū Dōngpō) adaimba tiyi wa m’derali mu ndakatulo zake: “Dziko lapansi siliona maluwa a mkaka a Tiāntái, kodi madzi a miyala yamtengo wapatali a Yuchuan ali kuti lero?” (天台乳花世不见，玉川风液今何有) — kutsimikizira udindo wapatali wa tiyi wakomweko pakadutsa zaka chikwi.

  Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng yamakono inapangidwa mu 1981 ndi Dipatimenti ya Ulimi ya County ya Sōngyáng (松阳县农业局), yomwe potengera luso lamakedzana ndi mitundu yakomweko, inapanga njira yoyambirira yopangira kupindika kwa “mbedza” ndi tsitsi lochuluka. Mu 1984, tiyi analandira udindo wa “Tii Wodziwika wa Zhejiang”. Mu 2003 — “Chizindikiro Chodziwika cha Zhejiang”. Mu 2008 — chitetezo cha chizindikiritso cha dziko la malo.

• Dzina:

  • “Sōngyáng” (松阳) — “Dzuwa la paini”: dzina la county, losonyeza kuchuluka kwa nkhalango za paini ndi kusongoka kwakumwera kwa mapiri.
  • “Yín” (银) — “siliva”: kufotokoza tsitsi lakuda lasiliva lomwe limakhola mphukira.
  • “Hóu” (猴) — “nyani”: kufotokoza maonekedwe opindika, okhala ngati chikhadabo cha nyani. Ili ndi limodzi mwa maina osangalatsa ndi osaiwalika pakati pa tiyi waku China.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Sōngyáng ndi “county ya tiyi” yokhala ndi mizu yakuya: oposa 40% ya anthu amalumikizana ndi makampani a tiyi mwanjira ina. Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng ndi imodzi mwa tiyi ochepa omwe apatsidwa udindo wa “tiyi wa Khonsolo ya Boma” (国务院会议指定用茶) — tiyi woperekera pamisonkhano ya bungwe lapamwamba la boma la PRC.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Gulu lakuthengo la Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Mphukira — zolimba, zokutidwa ndi tsitsi. Zitsamba zimasinthidwa kukhalira ndi chinyezi cha m’mapiri cha Sōngyáng.

• Kututa: Kumayambiriro kwa masika. Kwa kalasi yapamwamba ya gulu loyamba (特一级) — masamba athunthu kapena kasamba kamodzi ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe likutseguka pang’ono (≥90%). Tsitsi — lalikulu, likukutira ≥90% ya pamwamba. Kwa gulu lapamwamba lachiwiri (特二级) — kasamba kamodzi ndi tsamba limodzi (≥80%). Kwa loyamba — kasamba kamodzi ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri. Kwa lachiwiri — kasamba kamodzi ndi masamba awiri.

• Zofunikira pa zopangira: Mphukira zofewa, zolimba, zofanana. Kukonza — tsiku lomwezo mutatuta.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Nyengo: Mvula ya subtropiki ya mphepo. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka — 17.7°C, mvula yapachaka — 1511 mm. Chiwerengero cha masiku a chifunga pachaka — ≥200. Chinyezi chachibale — ≥80%. Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kofalikira.

• Msinkhu wa kumera: Minda ikuluikulu — kumadera a mapiri oti 300+ m, m’zigwa za mitsinje, zotetezedwa ndi mapiri ku mphepo.

• Dothi: Lofiira la dongo lachikasu (黄泥土, huángní tǔ) ndi “dongo lofiira la paini” (红松泥, hóng sōng ní), pH 4.5–6.5. Kuzama kwa mbiri — ≥0.5 m. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe — ≥1.0%.

• Chilengedwe: Kuchuluka kwa nkhalango — 93% — chimodzi mwazipambano zazikulu pakati pa ma county a ulimi wa tiyi ku China ndi padziko lonse. Mtsinje wa Ōujiāng ndi mathithi ake amadutsa m’derali, kumanga nyengo ya chinyezi chokwera.

5. Njira Yopangira:

Njira yopangira Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng ndi yamanja, yokhala ndi njira yawoyawo yopangira kupindika kwa “mbedza”. Mfundo ya luso: “kuwotcha pang’onopang’ono, kukakamizidwa mopepuka, kuumba ndi kuwotcha nthawi imodzi” (慢速轻炒，边炒边整).

• Kuyala (摊放 — tānfàng): Mwosanjikiza mopyapyala (1.5–2 cm) kuti zifota.

• Kutseka (杀青 — shāqīng): Pa 150–200°C, kusinthanitsa “kutulutsa” ndi “kuwotchera” (抛闷结合, pāo mèn jiéhé).

• Kupindika (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Magawo atatu — “kupepuka → kwamphamvu → kupepuka” (轻-重-轻).

• Kuumba “chikhadabo cha nyani” (造型 — zàoxíng): Pa ~80°C, katswiri pogwiritsa ntchito zoyenda zapadera za “kukupira, kukanikizira, kuwongola” (抖捺理, dǒu nà lǐ) amapanga kupindika kwa “mbedza” kodambidwa. Ili ndiye sitepe yayikulu komanso yaukadaulo yomwe imatsimikizira maonekedwe apadera a yín hóu.

• Kuumitsa (烘干 — hōnggān): Magawo awiri: koyamba pa 75°C, komaliza pa 50°C — mwanjira yofewa, yosunga tsitsi lasiliva komanso fungo la mtedza wa chestnut.

6. Zokhudza Maganizo:

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mphukira zopindika zodziwika bwino, zolimba zokhala ndi kupindika kwa “mbedza” (卷曲多毫，弯钩状). Zolimba ndi zofanana (肥壮匀整). Zokutidwa ndi tsitsi lasiliva lalikulu — ndiye “siliva” wa tsitsi ndi maonekedwe a “nyani” omwe adapatsa tiyiyo dzina.

• Fungo la masamba owuma: La mtedza wa chestnut (栗香, lì xiāng) — nyanja yayikulu, yomangika komanso yolimba. Kuyeretsa kwaubwino kwatsopano (清香持久). “Fungo lozizira” (冷香, lěngxiāng) — nyanja yapadera, yomwe imadziwika ndi tiyi wa m’mapiri a zachilengedwe.

• Fungo la madzi: La mtedza wa chestnut, lolimba, ndi kachipumiro “kozizira”.

• Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kotontha (鲜爽), kotsekemera mofewa (甘醇, gānchún), kotsikizika kwatsopano (浓鲜, nóngxiān) — nyanja ya amino acid imamvekera bwino kwambiri. Kutsekemera kwobwerera — kulimba mwamsanga (回甘迅猛, huígān xùnměng) — chimodzi mwazinthu zothamanga kwambiri komanso zamphamvu za “huígān” pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira.

• Mtundu wa madzi: Zobiriwira zofewa, zowala, zoyera komanso zowala bwino (嫩绿清澈明亮).

• Pansi pa tiyi: Mphukira zofewa, zolimba, zomwe zikuyikidwa m’“masamba” (嫩绿成朵、匀齐肥嫩). Tsamba — lothina, lamoyo.

7. Ma Chemical Compounds:

• Polyphenols (catechins): Kuchuluka kwakukulu — kumapereka mphamvu ya antioxidant. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mphamvu yosokoneza ma free radicals imakhala yoposa 18 kuposa ya vitamini E.

• Amino acids (kuphatikizapo L-theanine): Kuchuluka kwakukulu — zotsatira za masiku opitilira 200 a chifunga, kuchuluka kwa kuwala kofalikira ndi dothi lolemera la organic. Amino acidizo ndizo zomwe zimapereka “huígān wothamanga” — kutsekemera kwobwerera mwamsanga.

• Alkaloids: Caffeine — kuchuluka kwake ndi 20% koposa tiyi wobiriwira wamba (malinga ndi kafukufuku). Amapereka mphamvu yotsitsimutsa yowonekera.

• Vitamins: Vitamini C, vitamini za gulu B.

• Minerals: Potaziyamu, magnesiamu, zinc, manganese.

8. Zothandiza:

• Mphamvu yotsitsimutsa (提神醒脑): Kuchuluka kwa caffeine (+20% kuposa pafupifupi) kumapereka mphamvu yowonekera. L-theanine imachepetsa ndikutalikitsa zotsatira.

• Zotsatira za antioxidant: Polyphenols — mphamvu yowonjezeredwa 18 kuposa vitamini E.

• Zotsatira zoziziritsa (清热解暑): Tiyiyu ndi wa “kuzizira pang’ono” (性微寒, xìng wēi hán) — amachotsa “kutentha kwamkati”.

• Kuthandizira kugaya: Catechins.

• Kulimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi: Gulu la vitamini ndi minerals.

• Chofunika: zinthu zomwe zatchulidwazi zachokera ku zidziwitso zapagulu ndipo sizili malangizo achipatala.

9. Kuphika:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90°C.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml ya madzi (chiyerekezo 1:50).

• Chombo: Kapu ya galasi — kuti muwone “nyani za siliva” zikuzungulira m’madzi.

• Njira (“njira ya kutsanulira katatu” / 三投法):

  1. Tenthetsani kapu, tsitsani madzi.
  2. Tsanulirani madzi pa 1/3 ya volemuyo.
  3. Onjezani tiyi, gwedezani kapu — “tsekulani fungo” (摇香, yáoxiāng, masekondi 30).
  4. Wonjezani madzi kufikira 7/10 ya volemuyo.
  5. Mphukira yoyamba — 1 miniti.
  6. Yachiwiri–yachinayi — onjezani masekondi 15. Tiyiyu amatha kuphika 4–6.

• Zindikirani: tiyi watsopano wogulidwa amalangizidwa kuti asungidwe kwa masiku 15 kuti “achotse kununkhiza kwa moto”. Osatsanulira madzi opipirira — izi zimawononga chlorophyll ndikupangitsa kukhala kwachikasu.

10. Kusunga:

• Sungirani m’chidebe chothina, pamalo amdima ndi ozizira.
• Bwino — m’firiji pa 0–5°C.
• Nthawi yosungira — mpaka miyezi 12–18.
• Akatsegulidwa — mugwiritse ntchito mkati mwa miyezi 1–2.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng ndi tiyi wokhala ndi dongosolo la magulu: magawo anayi (特一级, 特二级, 一级, 二级). Wapamwamba kwambiri — kuyambira 800 yuan pa jin (500 g).

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:

  • Gulani kwa anthu odalirika omwe ali ndi chizindikiritso cha malo a county ya Sōngyáng.
  • Unikani mawonekedwe: kupindika kwa “mbedza” kodziwika, mphukira zolimba zokhala ndi tsitsi lalikulu la siliva. Masamba owongola kapena osakhazikika — si yín hóu.
  • Unikani fungo: nyanja yolimba ya mtedza wa chestnut yokhala ndi kamvekedwe “kozizira”. Kusowa kwa chestnut — kukayikira.
  • Fufuzani “huígān”: kutsekemera kwobwerera mwamsanga, kwamphamvu — chizindikiro cha umboni. Huígān wofooka kapena wopanda — chinyengo.
  • Yang’anani mtengo: wotsika mokayikitsa — chizindikiro cha chinyengo.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng ndi imodzi mwa tiyi ochepa omwe dzina lawo liri ndi chithunzi cha nyama: “nyani” (猴) — akutanthauza maonekedwe a mphukira yopindika, yofanana ndi chikhadabo chokhotakhota cha nyani. Pakati pa tiyi wa “zinyama” — alinso Tàipíng Hóu Kuí (太平猴魁, “Mfumu ya Nyani wa ku Tàipíng”), Bái Máo Hóu (白毛猴, “Nyani Watsitsi Loyera”).

• Udindo wa “tiyi wa Khonsolo ya Boma” (国务院会议指定用茶) ndi umodzi mwa maudindo andale apamwamba kwambiri m’dziko la tiyi waku China. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng amaperekedwa pamisonkhano ya bungwe lapamwamba la boma la PRC — Khonsolo ya Boma.

• Kuchuluka kwa nkhalango ku county ya Sōngyáng ndi 93% — pafupifupi mbiri yapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa ma county a ulimi wa tiyi. Minda ya tiyi imangokhalira “kumira m’nkhalango”.

• “Huígān wothamanga” (回甘迅猛) ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za kukoma: kutsekemera kwobwerera kumabwera mwamsanga komanso ndi mphamvu yachilendo, zomwe zimasiyanitsa yín hóu pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira ambiri, kumene huígān imafika pang’onopang’ono.

• Kuchuluka kwa caffeine kuli 20% koposa tiyi wobiriwira wamba — kumapangitsa Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng kukhala imodzi mwa tiyi wobiriwira “otsitsimutsa” kwambiri a Zhejiang.

13. Kuyerekezera ndi tiyi wina wa Zhejiang ndi tiyi wa “nyani”:

• Kāihuà Lóng Dǐng (开化龙顶): Kuchokera kumadzulo kwa Zhejiang. Wowongola, wonga singano, wa orchid. Lóng Dǐng — wam’biriwira kwambiri komanso wowoneka bwino; yín hóu — wopindika kwambiri ndi wa mtedza wa chestnut, wokhala ndi huígān wamphamvu.

• Tàipíng Hóu Kuí (太平猴魁): Kuchokera ku Ānhuī. Nayenso tiyi wa “nyani”, koma — tsamba lalikulu lathyathyathya lokhala ndi fungo lakuya la orchid. Hóu Kuí — ndi “wamkulu”; yín hóu — wophatikizika, wokhuthala, “wokhala ngati mbedza”.

• Huìmíng Chá (惠明茶): M’bale wochokera ku mzinda wa Líshuǐ. Masamba oyera ngati mkaka, fungo la orchid ndi zipatso. Huìmíng Chá — ndi “woyera” komanso wazipatso; yín hóu — ndi “wasiliva” komanso wa mtedza wa chestnut.

• Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng (西湖龙井): Wathyathyathya, wa nyemba ndi mtedza wa chestnut. Lóng Jǐng — ndi wosakanizika mwamphamvu; yín hóu — ndi wopindika mokakamiza. Malingaliro osiyana a maonekedwe, koma onse — ochokera ku Zhejiang.

Pomaliza:

Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng ndi tiyi wokhala ndi chikhalidwe chake. “Zikhadabo zake za nyani zasiliva”, kutsekemera kwobwerera mwamsanga, fungo la mtedza wa chestnut lokhala ndi nyanja “yozizira” ya m’mapiri, ndi udindo wa “tiyi wa Khonsolo ya Boma” — zonsezi zimapanga chithunzi cha tiyi yemwe samangokhalira kukhala wosamala komanso wachifundo: amagunda mfundo, mowala komanso mwamphamvu, ngati “nyani” yemwe adumpha kuchokera pa nthambi. Komanso — nkhalango 93% mozungulira, masiku opitilira 200 a chifunga pachaka, ndi chikhalidwe cha zaka chikwi, choyimiridwa ndi Sū Dōngpō. Kwa iwo omwe akufuna tiyi wobiriwira wokhala ndi zotsatira “zofulumira” — kutsitsimuka, kutsekemera, mphamvu pompano — Nyani ya Siliva ya Sōngyáng analengedwa ndendende chifukwa cha ichi.