Sanxia Bilochun

Sanxia Bilochun ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Taiwan, wopangidwa kuchokera ku cultivar yapadera ya Camellia sinensis yotchedwa Qing Xin Gan Zai (青心柑仔), yomwe imamera kokha m’dera la Sanxia. Uwu ndi tiyi wokhala ndi mbiri ya zaka 260 ya ulimi wa tiyi m’derali, lomwe linadutsa m’nthawi za ma oolong, tiyi wakuda wa Ufumu wa Britain, wa ku Japan wa “Nitto Kocha” (日東紅茶), ndipo linatsitsimutsidwa pambuyo pa nkhondo, ndipo linapeza chidziwitso chenicheni chake kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1900 kudzera mu tiyi wobiriwira wokhala ndi fungo lapadera la nyemba za mung.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (wosavunda, kutuluka kwa mpweya osapitirira 5%). Njira yochitira kuteteza ndi kuukitsa m’potuluka (炒菁, chǎoqīng).
• Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Taiwan. Ndi umodzi mwa “Ma Tiyi Khumi Odziwika a Ku Taiwan” (臺灣十大經典名茶).
• Chiyambi: Taiwan, mzinda wa New Taipei (新北市, Xīnběi Shì), dera la Sanxia (三峽區, Sānxiá Qū). Dzina lakale la malowa ndi Sanjiaoyong (三角湧, Sānjiǎoyǒng) – “Mitsinje itatu yobukuza”, kutengera mitsinje itatu (大漢溪 Dahan, 三峽溪 Sanxia ndi 橫溪 Heng) yomwe imakumana pamene derali lilili. Malo akuluakulu a tiyi ndi awa: kumwera chakumadzulo (弘道里, 五寮, 大埔, 金敏, 插角, 有木) ndi kumpoto chakum’mawa (礁溪, 白鷄, 溪南, 成福, 竹崙) – kumene kumatuluka masamba abwino kwambiri.
• Malo a Geographical Coordinates: Pafupifupi 24°55′ N, 121°22′ E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Sanxia ndi limodzi mwa madera akale kwambiri opangira tiyi ku Taiwan. Mbiri ya ulimi wa tiyi kuno imayambira mu 1763 (chaka cha 28 cha ulamuliro wa Emperor Qianlong, 乾隆), pamene munthu wochokera ku Anxi (安溪) dzina lake Lin Liwan (林理完) anayamba kulima tiyi kumalo a Xinan (溪南) kumwera kwa mtsinje wa Hengxi. Othawa kwawo ochokera ku zigawo za tiyi za Fujian – Anxi (安溪) ndi Yongchun (永春) – anabweretsa mbande ndi luso lawo, kukhazikitsa maziko a limodzi mwa madera oyamba a tiyi kumpoto kwa Taiwan.

  Mu 1868, wamalonda waku Britain John Dodd anakonza zotumiza “Formosa Oolong Tea” kuchokera ku Taiwan kupita ku New York, zomwe zinachititsa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi – ndipo mbali yaikulu ya masamba a tiyi oyamba kutumizidwa kunachokera kwenikweni ku Sanxia.

  M’nthawi ya ulamuliro wa atsamunda a ku Japan (1895–1945), kampani ya Mitsui Gomei Kaisha (三井合名会社, pambuyo pake – Taiwan Agricultural Corporation 台灣農林公司) inakhazikitsa mafakitale a Dabao (大豹) ndi Daliao (大寮, 1924) ku Sanxia, kusintha kupanga tiyi wakuda wochokera ku mitundu ya Assam pansi pa mtundu wa “Nitto Kocha” (日東紅茶), womwe unkatumizidwa kunja konsekonse. Fakitale ya Daliao inakhala imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu opangira tiyi ku East Asia.

  Pambuyo pa 1945, asilikali ndi akuluakulu ochokera ku mainland China, omwe anali atazolowera tiyi wobiriwira (longjing, bilochun, tiyi wa jasmini), anafika ku Taiwan, ndipo alimi a ku Sanxia anayamba kupanga tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga (炒菁綠茶). M’nthawi imeneyi, zipatso zazikulu zinali longjing, bilochun, xiangpian (香片, tiyi wa jasmini) ndi baozhong – tiyi anai akulu a ku Sanxia (三峽四大茶). Tiyi wobiriwira wa zaka zimenezo unadziwika ndi dzina losavuta la “Haishan Lü Cha” (海山綠茶) – “Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Haishan.”

  M’zaka za m’ma 1980, makampani a tiyi ku Taiwan anakumana ndi mavuto: mtengo wokwera wa kupanga, kutha kwa katundu wotumizidwa kunja, komanso kukula kwa ntchito zomanga zinachititsa kuti alimi ambiri asiye tiyi. Malo a minda ya tiyi ku Sanxia anachepa kuchoka pa mahekitala opitirira 1,000 kufika pafupifupi 100. Alimi ambiri anasinthira ku mbewu ya betel yomwe inali ndi phindu lalikulu.

  Kutsitsimuka kunabwera m’zaka za m’ma 1990, pamene tiyi wobiriwira unayamba kutchuka monga “chakumwa chathanzi.” Munthu wofunika kwambiri pa nkhaniyi anali Wang Qingsong (王清松), mkulu wa dipatimenti yopititsa patsogolo ya bungwe la alimi la Sanxia, amene anaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira baozhong popanga bilochun. Mu 1998, kunachitikira mpikisano woyamba wa kulawa tiyi wa “Sanxia Youliang Cha – Bilochun” (三峽優良茶碧螺春比賽), zomwe zinayambitsa kulimbikitsa tiyi wobiriwira wakomweko pansi pa mtundu wa “Sanxia Bilochun” m’malo mwa mbiri yakale ya “Haishan Lü Cha.” M’zaka khumi, mtengo wa masamba a tiyi unakwera kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi, ndipo alimi achichepere anayamba kubwerera ku ntchitoyi.

  Pofika m’chaka cha 2018, malo a minda ya tiyi ku Sanxia anabwereranso kufika pafupifupi mahekitala 200; zokolola za tiyi za derali zimapanga pafupifupi 8% ya zokolola zonse za ku Taiwan.

• Dzina:

  • “Sanxia” (三峽) – dzina la dera, lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi akuluakulu a ku Japan mu 1920 potengera kufanana kwa mawu ndi dzina lakale la Chitayiwani “Sanjiaoyong” (三角湧). Mwachindunji limatanthauza “Mitsinje itatu.”
  • “Bilochun” (碧螺春) – “Mapiri obiriwira a masika.” Dzinali linatengedwa kuchokera ku tiyi wodziwika bwino wa ku China wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha Jiangsu, umene Emperor Kangxi (康熙) anawupatsa dzinali cha m’ma 1678, atasangalatsidwa ndi fungo lake (kale tiyiyo inkatchedwa “Xia Sha Ren Xiang” – 嚇煞人香, “Fungo lakupha”). Mtundu wa ku Taiwan unalandira dzinali chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ofanana (mapiri obiriwira okhwima okhala ndi tsitsi loyera) ndi kuthwanima kwa fungo, koma makomedwe ake n’osiyana.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Sanxia Bilochun ndi chizindikiro cha kutsitsimuka ndi kukhalitsa kwa ulimi wa tiyi ku Taiwan. Tiyiyu akuwonetsa momveka bwino mmene dera, lomwe linadutsa m’masinthidwe akuluakulu angapo a mapangidwe a tiyi (oolong → tiyi wakuda → tiyi wobiriwira → kugwa → kutsitsimuka), linapezera chidziwitso chake chapadera kudzera mu kuphatikiza kwa cultivar yapadera komanso luso losinthidwa. Sanxia ndilo dera lokhalo la Taiwan lomwe limatsatira mfundo ya “jian ya jiu cai” (見芽就採) – “ukaona mphukira, tenga” – zomwe zimatsindika kutsika kwa masamba a m’derali. Tiyiyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’zakudya za Sanxia: makeke okhala ndi tiyi, mipukutu ya tiyi, ndi zakumwa zozizira zasanduka zokumbukira za derali.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Cultivar yaikulu ndi Qing Xin Gan Zai (青心柑仔, Qīngxīn Gānzǎi), yomwe imadziwikanso mophweka kuti “Ganzai” (柑仔). Uwu ndi mtundu wa masamba ang’onoang’ono, wocala msanga (早生種, zǎoshēngzhǒng), wopezeka m’dera la Sanxia lokha – sumalimidwa kulikonse ku Taiwan kapena kunja kwake. Chiyambi cha cultivar imeneyi ndi chodabwitsa: ngakhale akuluakulu a m’derali kapena ofufuza a mbiri yakale sangathe kudziwa kuti inabwera liti komanso kuchokera kuti; zolembedwa zilipo. Chitsamba chimakhala chapakati kapena chachikulu, chokhala ndi nthambi zochepa, chokhala ndi maonekedwe oimilira pang’ono. Masamba ndi aakulu, ofanana ndi masamba a zipatso za citrus (柑葉, gānyè) – chifukwa chake dzinali. Chikhalidwe chapadera – m’mphepete mwa tsamba amapindika mmwamba. Mphukira zachichepere ndi zobiriwira, zokhala ndi tsitsi loyera lambiri (白毫, báiháo). Maluŵa ake ali ndi masamba ambiri mwanjira yachilendo. Cultivar imeneyi ndi yabwino kwambiri popanga tiyi wobiriwira (makamaka longjing ndi bilochun); imapangidwanso tiyi wakuda (蜜香紅茶, mixiang hongcha) wokhala ndi fungo la uchi ndi zipatso za citrus. M’zaka zaposachedwa, ku Sanxia anayambanso kubzala Jinxuan (金萱, Tai Cha №12), zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwa okonda tiyi – kufalikira kwa ma cultivar atsopano kungapangitse kutayika kwa fungo lapadera la “wobiriwira-nyemba” lomwe limapezeka kokha mu Qing Xin Gan Zai.
• Kututa: Nyengo zazikulu zotuta ndi masika (春茶, chūnchá, March – koyambirira kwa April, ndiye masamba abwino kwambiri) ndi dzinja (冬茶, dōngchá). Masamba a chilimwe (miyezi 5–8) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tiyi wakuda (蜜香紅茶), masamba akalumidwa ndi kachilomboka ka Jacobiasca formosana. Kututa ndi pamanja, potsata mfundo ya “jian ya jiu cai” (見芽就採) – amatuta mphukira zikangoyamba kuonekera, osadikira kuti zonse zituluke.
• Muyezo wa kututa: Pa mitundu yapamwamba – mphukira imodzi ndi masamba amodzi kapena aŵiri achichepere (一心一葉, yī xīn yī yè; 一心二葉, yī xīn èr yè). Mphukira ziyenera kukhala zokutidwa ndi tsitsi loyera lambiri.
• Zofunikira pa masamba: Mphukira zachichepere zosalimba, zosawonongeka. Pa magulu apamwamba, pamakhala “muyezo wa tsiku limodzi”: kuyambira kututa mpaka kuyanika komaliza kumatha pa tsiku limodzi.

4. Malo a Tiyi ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Dera: Dera la Sanxia lili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Taiwan, pamalo a zitunda pomwe mitsinje itatu imakumana, lozunguliridwa ndi mapiri. Minda ya tiyi imapezeka m’mabala osaweruka ndi m’zigwa za mitsinje.
• Msinkhu womera: 200–400 mita pamwamba pa nyanja. Malo ena kumwera chakumadzulo amafika 500 m.
• Dothi: Makamaka dothi lofiira la acidic (pH 4.5–5.5), lopangidwa ndi kukokoloka kwa miyala ya mchenga, lokhala ndi chitsulo chochuluka komanso zipangizo zina. Mitsinje imathandiza kuti madzi asamayime m’dothi.
• Nyengo: Sub-tropical monsoon, yokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri (chapakati pachaka >80%), mvula yambiri (pafupifupi 2000–2500 mm pachaka), nyengo yozizira mosalala (kutentha kwa Januwale +15°C) ndipo chilimwe kutentha. Mame a m’mawa ndi madzulo amathandiza kuchepetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kuteteza masamba ku kuwala kwa ultraviolet.
• Makhalidwe: Alimi amabzala tiyi pamodzi ndi mitengo ya zipatso (ma peach, ma khaki), yomwe imathandiza kuteteza ku mphepo ndipo, malinga ndi alimi, ingathandize kupititsa patsogolo fungo la tiyi ndi fungo la zipatso. Minda ina yasintha kulima mwachilengedwe (opanda mankhwala, feteleza wochepa), ndipo bungwe la alimi limachirikiza. Pofika 2018, ntchitoyi inali itayamba kulimbikitsa kulima tiyi mwachilengedwe.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Luso la kupanga Sanxia Bilochun limakhazikika pa njira yokazinga (炒菁, chǎoqīng), koma limaphatikizanso chinthu china chofunika cha m’derali – kufowotsa kwakanthawi, komwe si kofala popanga tiyi wobiriwira wamba, zomwe zimapangitsa tiyiyo kukhala wotsekemera komanso wofewa poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya ku China.

• Kututa (採摘, cǎi zhāi): Kututa pamanja kwa mphukira zachichepere m’mawa kwambiri, utauma mame.

• Kuyala / Kufowotsa (萎凋, wěidiāo): Kufowotsa kwakanthawi kwa masamba atangotutidwa m’nyumba. Gawo ili ndi chizindikiro cha luso la ku Taiwan: masamba amakhudzana ndi mpweya, chinyezi chimayamba kutuluka pang’onopang’ono, ndipo kusintha kwa fungo kumayamba. Kufowotsa uku kumapangitsa Sanxia Bilochun kukhala wofewa komanso wotsekemera kuposa tiyi wobiriwira wa ku China.

• Kukhazikitsa / ‘Kupha masamba obiriwira’ (殺菁, shāqīng): Kukazinga pa kutentha kwakukulu (~180°C) m’chiwiya chozungulira cha chitsulo. Ma enzyme amasiya kugwira ntchito, kutuluka kwa mpweya kumaimitsidwa, ndipo fungo la kukazinga limayamba. Chifukwa cha zipangizo zomwezo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga baozhong (包種茶), mafakitale a ku Sanxia ali ndi maziko abwino a luso.

• Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Masamba amakulungidwa kukhala mapepala okhwima pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera olimbitsa. Njirayi imatsanzira kukulunga pamanja, koma imapangitsa kuti maonekedwe akhale ofanana. Tsitsi loyera la pa mphukira limasungidwa.

• Kuyanika (乾燥, gānzào): Kuyanika komaliza pa kutentha kochepa kuti chinyezi chitsike mpaka pamlingo wokhazikika (<5%), kutsimikizira mawonekedwe ake ndi fungo.

• Kusankha (分級, fēnjí): Kusankha pamanja ndi makina malinga ndi kukula kwa mapiri, kusawonongeka kwa masamba, ndi kuchuluka kwa mphukira.

6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira ndi Kulawa:

• Mawonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mapiri ang’onoang’ono, okulungidwa mwamphamvu a mtundu wa emerald wobiriwira (碧綠, bìlǜ), okutidwa ndi tsitsi loyera loonekera (白毫). Masamba amawoneka aakulu pang’ono komanso okhwima kuposa a ku China otchedwa Dongting Bilochun.
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Lathu, lapamwamba, lokhala ndi fungo la nyemba zobiriwira za mung (綠豆仁香, lǜdòurén xiāng) – fungo lalikulu la Sanxia Bilochun. Ma fungo ena: nori / ndere za m’nyanja (海苔, hǎitái), ma chestnut (栗子, lìzi), nzimbe (甘蔗, gānzhè), udzu wa m’munda (牧草, mùcǎo), licorice (甘草, gāncǎo). Fungo limafotokozedwa kuti ndi la “gawo la udzu” (草本調, cǎoběn diào).
• Fungo la masamba ophika: Limasunga fungo la “wobiriwira-nyemba”, lowonjezeredwa ndi ma fungo aang’ono a maluwa ndi okoma. Fungo ndi lapamwamba, loyera, losalephera.
• Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kwakukhalitsa (鮮爽, xiānshuǎng), ndi kutsekemera kwachilengedwe (甘醇, gānchún) ndi thupi lokhuthala (質厚, zhìhòu). Chimodzi ndi chizindikiro cha cultivar Qing Xin Gan Zai – kumva kwakanthawi kwa katsekemera pang’ono, komwe kumasintha kukhala kutsekemera kwautali komwe kumangokhalira m’kamwa, ndi fungo la zipatso za citrus. Poyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa ku China ndi Japan, Sanxia Bilochun amakhala wokhuthala, wolemera, komanso wokhoza kumwa m’madyerero angapo.
• Mtundu wa masamba ophika: Woyera, wobiriwira mopepuka kapena wobiriwira-chikasu (淡綠, dànlǜ), wowala. Umakhalabe woyera m’madyerero angapo.
• Masamba ophikidwa: Masamba achichepere, osasweka komanso mphukira zobiriwira, zomwe zimatseguka kwathunthu pambuyo pa kutsanulira kangapo. Kufanana kwa masamba kumatsimikizira ubwino wake.

7. Zomwe Tili ndi Mafuta Ake:

• Ma Polyphenol (catechin): Ochuluka, kuphatikiza EGCG – antioxidant yaikulu ya tiyi wobiriwira.
• Ma Amino acid: L-theanine yochuluka chifukwa cha kututa kwachisanu ndi chinyezi chambiri. L-theanine imapereka kutsekemera ndi mphamvu yofewetsa.
• Ma Alkaloid: Kafeini, theobromine, theophylline wocheperako.
• Chlorophyll: Wochuluka, kupereka mtundu wa emerald wobiriwira.
• Zitsekemera: Zochuluka, zomwe zimawonjezera kutsekemera kwachilengedwe – zotsatira za kututa kwamasika ndi makhalidwe a Qing Xin Gan Zai.
• Mchere: Chitsulo, potaziyamu, manganese, fluoride – zochokera ku dothi lofiira la acidic.
• Mavitamini: Vitamini C (mpaka 200–250 mg/100 g), ma vitamini a B, vitamini E.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

• Chitetezo cha antioxidant: Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma catechin kumapereka chitetezo champhamvu ku oxidative stress.
• Kuwongolera maganizo: L-theanine ndi kafeini pamodzi zimathandiza kuwongolera kukhala tcheru ndi kumveka bwino popanda mantha.
• Kuthandiza kuthandiza chakudya: Kafeini ndi ma catechin pamodzi zimathandizira kuthamanga kwa metabolism.
• Kukhazikika mtima: L-theanine imathandiza kuchepetsa nkhawa ndi kuwongolera malingaliro.
• **Kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi:** Vitamini C ndi mchere zimathandizira chitetezo cha mthupi.
• Tiyi wabwino kwambiri wopangira m`madzi ozizira: Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid ndi zitsekemera, Sanxia Bilochun amaphika bwino kwambiri mu madzi ozizira (冷泡, lěng pào), zomwe zimathandiza kuti musataye ma vitamini chifukwa cha kutentha.

9. Kuphika:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90°C. Sanxia Bilochun amapirira kutentha kwakukulu kuposa tiyi wina wobiriwira, koma madzi otentha kwambiri sakuvomerezeka.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5 g pa 200 ml ya madzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsanulira (功夫泡法); 1 g pa 100 ml ngati mukuphikira mu kapu; 1 g pa 130 ml ngati mukufuna kuphika mu madzi ozizira.
• Zida: Gaiwan ya ceramic (蓋碗) – ndi yabwino kwambiri; mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito teapot ya ceramic kapena botolo lagalasi. Ndondomeko: ceramic > dothi > galasi.
• Ndondomeko (njira yotsanulira):
  1. Tenthetsani zida ndi madzi otentha.
  2. Ikani tiyi wouma.
  3. Tsukani mwachangu (20 masekondi, 85°C) – zili bwino ndipo zikulimbikitsidwa.
  4. Kutsanulira koyamba ndi kwachiwiri – 20 masekondi pa 85°C.
  5. Kutsanulira kwachitatu – 20 masekondi pa 88°C.
  6. Kutsanulira kotsatira – onjezani nthawi pang’onopang’ono. Tiyiyu amatha kutsanulidwa 5–7 mokwanira.
• Kuphika m’madzi ozizira (冷泡, lěng pào): 3 g ya tiyi pa 400 ml ya madzi ozizira, siyani mu furiji kwa maola 4–8. Njirayi imaonetsa kupsya ndi kutsekemera kwapadera kwa Sanxia Bilochun, ndipo ndi njira yotchuka m’derali.

10. Kasungidwe:

Sanxia Bilochun ndi tiyi wobiriwira, wofunika kusungidwa mosamala. Tikulimbikitsa kusungidwa mosamala, mwamphamvu ndi mopanda kuwala (maphukusi a vacuum foil, mabotolo achitsulo kapena adothi) pamalo ozizira, owuma, kutali ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi fungo lamphamvu. Kuti musunge kupsya kwambiri – ikani mu furiji pa 0–5°C m’phukusi lotsekedwa mwamphamvu. Nthawi yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito ndi miyezi 6–12 mutatuta; pakatha chaka, fungo ndi kupsya zimachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa yosungira, bungwe la alimi la Sanxia linayesanso kupanga tiyi woyera kuchokera ku masamba a m’dzinja ndi m’chilimwe a Qing Xin Gan Zai – tiyi woyera ukhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Sanxia Bilochun ndi tiyi wa mtengo wapatali. Mtengo wake umachokera ku malo ochepa a minda (~200 ha), kututa pamanja, nyengo yochepa yokolola, komanso kukhala kwapadera kwa cultivar. Mumsika wa ku Taiwan, tiyi wabwino wa masika wa Sanxia Bilochun amagulidwa pamtengo wa 700 mpaka 2,000 ya New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) pa 150 g. Mumsika wapadziko lonse – 25 mpaka 50 USD pa 100 g.

• Mmene mungapewere zonyenga:
  • Gulani kwa ogulitsa odziwika a ku Taiwan. Chizindikiro chodalirika ndi tiyi amene wavomerezedwa pa mpikisano wapachaka wa “Sanxia Youliang Cha Bilochun” (三峽優良茶碧螺春比賽) (wochitidwa ndi bungwe la alimi la Sanxia).
  • Yang’anani mawonekedwe: Sanxia Bilochun weniweni ali ndi mapiri obiriwira a emerald okhuthala okhala ndi tsitsi loyera loonekera. Masamba ang’onoang’ono kwambiri, ofanana, obiriwira kwambiri opanda tsitsi – mwina wabedwa ndi tiyi wa kumwera kwa China.
  • Fufuzani fungo lalikulu: “綠豆仁香” – fungo la nyemba za mung – ndi chizindikiro cha cultivar Qing Xin Gan Zai. Ngati mulibe fungo limeneli, ndiye pali chifukwa chokayikira.
  • Yesani kukhalitsa kwake: Sanxia Bilochun weniweni ndi wokhuthala komanso wokhoza kumwa m’madyerero angapo kuposa tiyi wina wobiriwira wa ku China; satha pambuyo pa 2–3 kutsanulira.
  • Chenjerani ndi mitengo yotsika mokayikitsa: kupanga pang’ono ndi ntchito yamanja zimapangitsa kuti “Sanxia Bilochun” wotsika mtengo akhale wosatheka.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Cultivar Qing Xin Gan Zai (青心柑仔) ndi chinsinsi cha zomera ku Taiwan: sichipezeka m’dera lina lililonse la tiyi pachilumbachi, ndipo chiyambi chake sichingadziwike. Ofufuza ena amaganiza kuti inabweretsedwa kuchokera ku Fujian m’zaka za m’ma 1700–1800 kudzera pa doko la Danshui (淡水), koma umboni wolembedwa palibe.
• Sanxia ndilo dera lokhalo la Taiwan lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya “見芽就採” – “ukaona mphukira, tenga.” M’madera ena a tiyi ku Taiwan, kututa kumadalira nthawi yotseguka kwa masamba, osati kuonekera kwa mphukira.
• Kuchokera pa cultivar imodzimodzi ya Qing Xin Gan Zai ku Sanxia amapanga osati bilochun yekha, komanso longjing ya ku Taiwan (龍井), komanso “mixiang hongcha” (蜜香紅茶) – tiyi wakuda wa uchi wochokera ku masamba olumidwa ndi kachilomboka ka Jacobiasca formosana. Choncho, cultivar imodzi imapereka mitundu itatu yosiyana ya tiyi.
• Fakitale ya Daliao (大寮製茶場), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1924, inali imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu opangira tiyi ku East Asia. Pafupi nayo pali nyumba ya mkulu wa fakitale (1944) yopangidwa mwaluso la ku Japan la nthawi ya Showa, yomwe tsopano ndi Nyumba yosungiramo Tiyi ya Daliao (大寮茶文館), yotsegulidwa kwa anthu kuyambira 2015.
• Kukazinga m’madzi ozizira (冷泡) ndi njira yotchuka yopangira Sanxia Bilochun: m’nyengo yotentha ya ku Taiwan, mabotolo okhala ndi tiyi wozizira anakhala chizindikiro cha dera, chimodzimodzi ndi tiyi wotentha.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wobiriwira:

• Dongting Bilochun (洞庭碧螺春, Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn): Tiyi wa “dzina limodzi” ku China kuchokera ku chigawo cha Jiangsu. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku cultivar ya masamba ang’onoang’ono Dongtingshan Xiao Ye (洞庭山小葉). Fungo lake ndi la zipatso ndi maluwa, ndi fungo la ma peach ndi ma apricot; kukoma kwake kumakhala kopepuka, kwaubwino, ndi kutsekemera pang’ono. Sanxia wa ku Taiwan amakhala wokhuthala, ndi fungo la nyemba-udzu, kutsekemera kochuluka komanso amakhala ndi mphamvu yochuluka yokhoza kumwa m’madyerero.
• Longjing ya ku Taiwan (三峽龍井, Sānxiá Lóngjǐng): Amapangidwa kuchokera ku cultivar yomweyi ya Qing Xin Gan Zai, koma m’mawonekedwe a lathyathyathya. Longjing ya ku Sanxia imadziwika ndi ndondomeko ya “色綠、香郁、味甘、形美” – “mtundu wobiriwira, fungo lolemera, kukoma kotsekemera, mawonekedwe okongola.” Imasiyana ndi Bilochun chifukwa cha mawonekedwe (lathyathyathya motsutsana ndi mapiri) ndi kukoma kwake kopitirira pang’ono kotsekemera kumene kumatsatiridwa ndi kutsekemera (先苦後甘).
• Xi Hu Longjing (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Tiyi wobiriwira wathyathyathya wotchuka ku China wokhala ndi fungo la ma chestnut ndi mtedza. Mosiyana ndi Bilochun wa ku Taiwan, Longjing ndi wouma, wa mchere wambiri, wopanda fungo lalikulu la nyemba.
• Sencha ya ku Japan (煎茶, Sencha): Tiyi wobiriwira wophikidwa ndi nthunzi (蒸製, zhēngzhì) wokhala ndi fungo la nyanja, la ndere. Sanxia Bilochun ndi wokazinga (炒製), wokhala ndi makhalidwe a udzu-nyemba; amakhala ndi fungo la “nyanja” locheperapo komanso la “nthaka” yambiri, komanso amakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali m’madyerero.

Pomaliza:

Sanxia Bilochun simutengera kapena kutsanzira “dzina limodzi” lotchuka la ku China, koma tiyi wobiriwira wapadera wa ku Taiwan wokhala ndi chikhalidwe chake chenicheni, chomwe chinabadwa kuchokera ku cultivar yodabwitsa yapadera komanso mbiri ya zaka 260 ya ulimi wa tiyi m’derali. Fungo lake lalikulu la nyemba za mung, kutsitsimuka kwake, kutsekemera kokhuthala, ndi kukhoza kwake kumwa m’madyerero ambiri zimamupangitsa kukhala wapadera pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Asia. Kwa iwo amene akufuna tiyi wobiriwira wokhala ndi chikhalidwe – wolemera, wosaiwalika, wokhoza kuonekera bwino mu madzi otentha kapena ozizira m’masiku a dzuwa – Sanxia Bilochun adzakhala chidziwitso chatsopano.