Pújiāng Què Shé

Pújiāng Què Shé (蒲江雀舌, Pújiāng què shé) ndi tii yobiriwira yodziŵika bwino ya ku Sichuan, mtundu wapadera wa gulu la “què shé” (雀舌, “lilime la mpheta”). Uwu ndi tii yoyamba komanso yokhayo ya ku Chengdu yomwe idalandira udindo wachitetezo cha malo (geographical indication). Imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusonkhanitsidwa koyambirira — imafika pamsika masiku 10–35 pamaso pa Lóng Jǐng — ndipo imadziŵika ndi makhalidwe anayi akuluakulu: “mtundu wobiriŵira ngati miyala ya emerode, fungo lapamwamba, kukoma koyera, maonekedwe okongola” (色翠、香高、味醇、形美, sè cuì, xiāng gāo, wèi chún, xíng měi).

1. Kugawika ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tii yobiriwira (yopanda kuvundikitsa, 绿茶, lǜchá). Kukonza tii yobiriwira kumachitika m’ngoma yowotchera.

• Gulu: Tii yodziŵika ya chigawo cha Sichuan; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo cha dziko (国家地理标志产品, guójiā dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn, kuyambira 2008); yophatikizidwa m’ndandanda wa zizindikiro za malo za mgwirizano woteteza mbali ziwiri pakati pa China ndi EU. Katatu walandira mphoto yoyamba mu mpikisano wa “Zhōng Chá Bēi” (中茶杯).

• Chiyambi: China; chigawo cha Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān); boma la Pújiāng (蒲江县, Pújiāng Xiàn) mu mzinda wa Chengdu (成都, Chéngdū). Dera lotetezedwa ndi boma lonse. Malo apakati a kupanga ndi tawuni ya Chéngjiā (成佳镇, Chéngjiā Zhèn, komwe kunayambira njira ya “kayendetsedwe ka minda ya tii”), Dàtáng (大塘镇, Dàtáng Zhèn, malo akale a gòngchá) ndi Xīlái (西来镇, Xīlái Zhèn); pafupifupi 80% ya tii yapamwamba kwambiri imachokera kumeneko.

• Ma coordinates a geography: ~30°12′ N, 103°30′ E (pakati pa boma la Pújiāng).

2. Mbiri ndi Kufunika kwa Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri:

Mbiri ya tii ku Pújiāng yapitirira zaka zoposa 1,500. Bomali linakhazikitsidwa mu 554, m’nthawi yakale linali m’chigawo cha Línqióng (临邛, Línqióng), ndipo kupanga tii kunalembedwa kale mu nthawi ya mafumu a Han ndi Jin.

Nyengo ya fumu ya Tang ndi imene inabweretsa dzina lake. Lù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ, 733–804) m’buku lake lotchedwa “The Classic of Tea” (《茶经》, Chájīng) analemba kuti: “M’maboma angapo a Línqióng amapanga tii: huǒ-qián, huǒ-hòu, nèn-lǜ, huáng-yá” (临邛数邑茶，有火前、火后、嫩绿、黄芽等号). “Huǒ-qián” (火前) ndi tii yotoleredwa chikondwerero cha Hánshí (寒食节, Hánshí Jié) chisanachitike, pamene kunali koletsedwa kuyatsa moto; masamba ang’onoang’ono ake ankafanana ndi lilime la mpheta — kotero dzina “què shé” linayamba. Wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu Liú Yǔxī (刘禹锡, Liú Yǔxī, 772–842), akuyenda mu Sichuan, anafotokoza kutentha tii “yooneka ngati mlomo wa kabawi” (形如鹰嘴) mu ndakatulo yake “Nyimbo Yoyesa Tii ku Malo a M’mapiri a Xīshān” (《西山兰若试茶歌》).

Mu nthawi ya Southern Song (南宋, Nán Sòng), katswiri wa nzeru zachikale Wèi Liǎowēng (魏了翁, Wèi Liǎowēng), mbadwa ya Pújiāng, anabweretsa tii yakomweko ku bwalo lachifumu, ndipo Pújiāng Què Shé analandira udindo wa gòngchá (贡茶, gòngchá, “tii yopereka”). Malo akuluakulu opangira anali nyumba ya amonke Báihè Sì (白鹤寺, Báihè Sì) ndi tawuni ya Dàtáng. Nkhani ya Wèi Liǎowēng “Zolemba za Tii Yoyambirira ya Qióngzhōu” (《邛州先茶记》, Qióngzhōu Xiānchá Jì) pambuyo pake inalowetsedwa mu buku laikulu la “The Classic of Tea of China” (《中国茶经》).

Mu nthawi ya Qing (清, Qīng), gazeti ya “Pújiāng Jiùzhì” (《蒲江旧志》, 1736–1796) inati: “Ku Pújiāng m’nyengo ya masika amatola masamba ofanana ndi lilime la mpheta.” Mbiri ya boma ya nthawi ya Guāngxù (光绪, Guāngxù) inatamanda: “Kukoma ndi kotsekemera ndi kununkhira bwino; ikatenthedwa m’madzi imakhala ngati mkaka wa miyala ya yade” (味甘芳，煎如碧乳). Mu nthawi ya Republic, ku Pújiāng kunkagwira ntchito mafakitale 34 a tii: 17 ku Chéngjiā, 13 ku Dàtáng, 3 ku Shòu’ān ndi 1 ku Xīlái.

Mbiri yaposachedwa yadziŵika ndi ulemu wochuluka. Mu 2008, Pújiāng Què Shé analandira udindo wa chinthu chotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha malo — tii yoyamba ndi yokhayo ya Chengdu. Mu 2009, inalowa mu “Mapulogalamu 100 Abwino Kwambiri a Zogulitsa zaulimi ku China”. Mu 2010, inalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malonda a chizindikiro cha malo, ndipo mu 2011, mtengo wa chizindikiro unayesedwa kukhala 912 miliyoni ya yuan. Pofika 2024, malo a minda ya tii adafika 200,000 mu (≈13,333 mahektala), kuchuluka kwapachaka kunali matani 15,000, ndipo mtengo wonse wa zogulitsa unadutsa 1 biliyoni ya yuan. Panthawi yomweyo, Pújiāng Què Shé adakhala tii yoyamba ya mtundu wa què shé ku China yolandira satifiketi ya kusalowerera ndale kwa carbon (碳中和, tàn zhōnghé) kuchokera ku Sichuan United Ecological Exchange.

• Dzina: 蒲江 (Pújiāng) ndi dzina la boma; 雀 (què) ndi “mpheta”; 舌 (shé) ndi “lilime”. Tanthauzo lonse: “lilime la mpheta la ku Pújiāng” — malinga ndi maonekedwe a masamba a m’nyengo yoyambirira ya masika ofanana ndi lilime laling’ono la mbalame. Chifanizirochi chimaonedwanso m’mayina a tii zambiri zotchuka (Bā Shān Què Shé, Níngqiáng Què Shé, Jīntán Què Shé), koma Pújiāng ndi amene ali ndi “surname” — “què shé wokhazikika ku Pújiāng”.

• Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe: Pújiāng Què Shé ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha tii ku Chengdu ndi chizindikiro cha mafakitale a tii kumadzulo kwa Sichuan. Madera akutukula kwambiri ntchito zokopa alendo okhudza tii: Chikondwerero chapachaka cha Kusonkhanitsa Tii ku China (中国采茶节, Zhōngguó Cǎichá Jié) ku Chéngjiā chimakopa alendo okwana 10,000 patsiku. Tii imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chithunzi cha “masika oyambirira” — chifukwa cha nyengo yabwino ku Pújiāng, kusonkhanitsa kumayamba mwezi wa February, masabata angapo kumene malo otchuka a tii ku Zhejiang ndi Jiangsu, zomwe zidamupatsa dzina lolemekezeka la “Tii Yoyamba ya Masika Oyambirira” (早春第一茶).

3. Kufotokozera za Zomera ndi Zipangizo:

• Mtundu / kultivara: Mitundu yaiŵiri yomwe imalimidwa kwambiri ndi mitundu yobzalidwa yamagulu apakati ndi ang’onoang’ono a masamba a Camellia sinensis var. sinensis: Fúxuǎn 9 (福选9号, Fúxuǎn 9 Hào) ndi Míngshān Bái Háo 131 (名山白毫131, Míngshān Bái Háo 131). Zonsezi zimadziŵika ndi kudzuka koyambirira kwa masamba, kulimba ndi kuzizira, masamba obiriŵira odzaza, onenepa okhala ndi tsitsi loyera loonekera. Mbiri ya biochemical: polyphenols ≥25%, amino acids ≥3.5%, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kupanga tii yobiriwira ya fungo lapamwamba komanso yokhoza kumwa madzi ambiri popanda kutaya kukoma.

• Kusonkhanitsa: Kusonkhanitsidwa kwa masika kuyambira February mpaka April. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa masika oyambirira ku Pújiāng, dera limapambana malo a tii a Zhejiang ndi Jiangsu ndi masiku 10–35.

• Muyezo wa kusonkhanitsa: Pa tii yapamwamba kwambiri (特级, tèjí) — masamba amodzi okha (单芽, dān yá) kutalika ≤2.5 cm; pa tii ya gulu loyamba — masamba ndi tsamba limodzi lotseguka pang’ono (一芽一叶初展, yī yá yī yè chū zhǎn); pa laiwiri — masamba ndi masamba aŵiri. Pa 500 g wa tii yomalizidwa ya gulu lapamwamba amafunika masamba 50,000 mpaka 80,000.

• Zofunikira pa zipangizo: Pali lamulo lokhwima la “Zoletsa Zisanu ndi Zinayi” (九不采, jiǔ bù cǎi): osasankha mvula ikagwa, osatenga masamba ochepa kwambiri, amodzi (opanda masamba oyandikana), owonongeka ndi mphepo, owonongeka ndi tizirombo, otseguka, opanda kanthu, odwala, atali kwambiri kapena afupikitsa kwambiri. Zipangizo zosonkhanitsidwa zimatumizidwa ku fakitale tsiku lomwelo; poyendetsa, mpweya wokwanira umakhazikitsidwa ndipo kutentha kumapewedwa.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe Apadera a Kulimidwa:

Boma la Pújiāng lili kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa chigwa cha Chengdu, pamalire a mizinda ya Chengdu, Méishān (眉山) ndi Yǎ’ān (雅安). Malo ake ndi mapiri otsetsereka ndi mapiri apansi (浅丘低山), omwe ali ngati mapiri a kumadzulo kwa chigwa cha Sichuan.

• Kutalika kwa malo: 550–630 m pamwamba pa nyanja (dera lotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha malo).

• Nyengo: Kutentha kwapachaka 16.4 °C; nthawi yopanda chisanu 302 masiku; mvula yambiri — 1280 mm pachaka. Kutentha kwa masika kumakhala kokwera kuposa malo a tii a Zhejiang ndi Jiangsu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zomera ziyambe msanga. Kuwala kosalala (mtambo ndi nkhungu) kumakhala >70% — zinthu zabwino zomwe zimathandiza kupangika kwa ma amino acid ndi zomwe zimapangitsa fungo.

• Nthaka: Mothandizidwa ndi nthaka ya njere ya chikasu ndi yofiirira (黄紫壤, huáng zǐ rǎng) yokhala ndi pH 4.5–6.5, zinthu zakale za organic ≥15 g/kg m’dera lapamwamba ndi makulidwe a nthaka yachonde mpaka 15 cm. Nthaka imakhala ndi zinc ndi magnesium ochuluka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti masamba akhale ofewa komanso kupangika kwa zomwe zimapangitsa fungo.

• Zachilengedwe: Malo a nkhalango m’boma ndi 49.16%. Minda ya tii imasakanizidwa ndi mitengo ya Masson pine (马尾松, mǎwěi sōng), zomwe zimapanga zotchinga zachilengedwe zotchedwa “mabotolo achilengedwe” (生态阻隔) polimbana ndi kufalikira kwa tizirombo. Mpweya umakhala wa muyezo wadziko wa Gulu II, madzi apamwamba amakhala a Gulu III. Minda ili kutali ndi nyumba za m’mizinda, zomwe zimapewa kuipitsidwa ndi mafakitale.

• Ulimi: Mbewu zimabzalidwa mwachilengedwe (kudula). Kubzala kumakhala kwa mizere iŵiri, ≤7000 mphukira pa mu (667 m²). Kutentha kumakhala kopangidwa ndi zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe: manyowa oyamba ≥300 kg/mu/chaka, kuthirira mankhwala osachepera katatu pachaka (≥100 kg/mu). Minda yatsopano imadutsa magawo atatu a kukonza, ikuluikulu imatha kukonzedwa pang’ono kapena mozama chaka chilichonse kuti mizu ikule bwino.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga:

Pújiāng Què Shé amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikiza, momwe magawo a makina amaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri za manja zomwe zimatengera chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha dera. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa mtengo pomwe amasunga maonekedwe ndi fungo lapadera.

• Kutumiza / kuyala (摊放 — tān fàng): Masamba obiriŵira omwe angotoleredwa kumene amayalidwa mosanjikiza m’chipinda chotsegula kwa maola 4–8. Panthawi imeneyi, gawo lina la chinyezi limachotsedwa (mpaka 15–20%), ma enzyme amatsegulidwa, ndipo mapangidwe a zomwe zidzakhala fungo amayamba.

• Kukonza tii yobiriwira (杀青 — shāqīng): Kuwotcha m’ngoma (滚筒杀青, gǔntǒng shāqīng) pa 100–120 °C. Kutentha kwakukulu kumalepheretsa okosijeni ndikusunga mtundu wobiriwira wa masamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina pa siteji iyi kumatsimikizira kutentha koyenera.

• Kuziziritsa (摊凉 — tān liáng): Masamba otenthedwa amayalidwa mofulumira kuti azizire, kupewa kutentha kwambiri ndi kukhala achikaso.

• Kupangira mawonekedwe ndi kuwongola (理条造形 — lǐ tiáo zào xíng): Pa 90–110 °C, masamba a tii amadutsa mu makina opangira mawonekedwe, omwe amawapangitsa kukhala athyathyathya ndi owongoka ngati “lilime la mpheta”. Siteji iyi imathandizidwanso ndi makina.

• Kukonza pamanja mu mphika (人工辉锅 — réngōng huī guō): Pa 80–90 °C, katswiri amakonza tii m’mphika wathyathyathya (辉锅, huī guō), kuti akwaniritse kusalala kwabwino, kunyezimira kwapadera ndi mawonekedwe omaliza. Siteji iyi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha luso la manja, chosungidwa monga chikhalidwe chosaoneka.

• Kutulutsa fungo pamanja (人工提香 — réngōng tí xiāng): Pa 100–110 °C, katswiri amatenthetsa tii mwachidule, kukulitsa ndi kukhazikitsa fungo lapamwamba. Ntchito yeniyeni imeneyi imatsimikizira “fungo lokhalitsa la kapu yozizira” (冷杯留香), makhalidwe a Pújiāng Què Shé.

• Kusanja komaliza ndi kukonza (精制整形 — jīngzhì zhěng xíng): Kuchotsa magawo osayenera, kuwasanja malinga ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe.

• Kulongedza (包装 — bāozhuāng): Kulongedza kopanda mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito zojambula za aluminium ndi zitini zachitsulo kuti zitetezeke ku okosijeni.

6. Makhalidwe Oonetsa:

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Masamba athyathyathya, owongoka, osanjidwa bwino okhala ndi mawonekedwe a “lilime” (扁平挺直, biǎnpíng tǐngzhí). Mtundu ndi wobiriŵira kwambiri ngati emerode, wonyezimira ngati mafuta ndi tsitsi loyera la siliveri (翠绿光润显毫). Masamba a mtundu wapamwamba ndi ang’onoang’ono, ooneka ngati “mtima wa lotesi” (莲心, liánxīn).

• Fungo la masamba owuma: Fungo loyera, lobiriŵira bwino (清香, qīng xiāng) lomwe limayambitsa. Mtundu wapamwamba umakhalanso ndi fungo lofewa la “kuchepa” (嫩香, nèn xiāng); magulu a masika amakhala ndi fungo la mtedza wa chestnut (栗香, lì xiāng). Fungo ndi lokhalitsa, limakhala kwa nthawi yayitali mu kapu yozizira.

• Fungo la madzi: Ndi lapamwamba ndi lokhalitsa (馥郁高长, fùyù gāo cháng). Fungo lobiriŵira bwino limatsogola ndi fungo lofewa ngati maluwa- chestnut. Madzi akazizira, fungo silichepa koma limatengera kununkhira ngati mkaka.

• Kukoma: Ndi kwatsopano ndi osangalatsa (鲜爽, xiān shuǎng) chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid. Thupi lake ndi lozama ndi lozungulira (醇厚, chún hòu) chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwapakati kwa polyphenols. Pali kukoma kotsekemera pambuyo pake (回甘, huí gān), kuŵaŵa kumakhala kochepa. Kugwirizana kwa ma amino acid ndi polyphenols kumapanga kukoma kogwirizana, “kofewa ngati velveti”.

• Mtundu wa madzi: Wachikasu-obiriŵira, woyera ndi wowala (黄绿明亮, huánglǜ míngliàng). Woyera kwambiri.

• Masamba otenthedwa (pansi pa tii): Obiriŵira mofewa, osanjidwa bwino ndi ofanana (嫩绿匀整). Nsonga za masamba zimakhalabe zamoyo, zikutseguka ngati “maluwa” (芽尖鲜活成朵).

7. Zomwe Zili M’kati mwake:

• Polyphenols (茶多酚): ≥25%. Mwa ma catechins, EGCG ndi EGC ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri — ma antioxidant amphamvu. Mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri pa tii yobiriwira yoyambirira, wochititsidwa ndi kuwala kochuluka kwa mtambo ndi kutalika kwapakati.

• Amino acids (氨基酸): ≥3.5%, zomwe ndi zochuluka kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimapezeka mu tii zobiriwira (kawirikawiri 2–3%). L-theanine ndi chigawo chachikulu, chomwe chimapangitsa kukoma kwatsopano, kumverera kwa kumasuka kokhazikika komanso kukoma kotsekemera pambuyo pake.

• Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi (水浸出物): ≥43.3% (pa mtundu wapamwamba) — chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi “kuzama” kwa kukoma.

• Alkaloids: Kuchuluka kwa caffeine ndikokwera poyerekeza ndi zokolola za m’chilimwe ndi yophukira, zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zambiri zatsopano. Komanso muli theobromine ndi theophylline.

• Mavitamini: Vitamini C — kuchuluka kwake ndi 10% kuposa kuchuluka kwapakati kwa tii zobiriwira, zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kusonkhanitsa koyambirira ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha. Komanso muli mavitamini a gulu B (B₁, B₂, B₆), vitamini E, vitamini K.

• Mchere: Zinc ndi magnesium ndi zizindikiro zachilengedwe za nthaka ya Pújiāng; potassium, manganese, fluoride.

• Mafuta ofunika: Mgwirizano wa zinthu zosakhazikika, zomwe zimapanga “fungo loyera” (清香) ndi “mafuta a chestnut” (栗香), zimasungidwa ndi siteji ya kutulutsa fungo pamanja (提香).

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

• Chitetezo cha antioxidant: Ma polyphenols (≥25%) amalepheretsa ma free radicals, kuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa maselo.

• Zotsatira za mphamvu: Kuchuluka kwa caffeine pamodzi ndi L-theanine kumapereka mphamvu zochepa koma zokhalitsa, popanda kuthamanga kwakukulu ndi kugwa — zotsatira za “kukhazikika kochepa”.

• Thandizo la mtima ndi mitsempha: Ma catechins amathandiza kuchepetsa LDL-kolesterol ndi kusintha kusinthasintha kwa mitsempha.

• Kuwongolera kagayidwe kachakudya: Ma polyphenols ndi caffeine amalimbikitsa kagayidwe ka mafuta, zomwe zingathandize kulamulira thupi.

• Kulimbitsa chitetezo cha m’thupi: Vitamini C ndi zinc ochokera mu nthaka ya Pújiāng amathandizira ntchito za chitetezo.

• Thanzi la khungu: Mgwirizano wa ma antioxidant (EGCG, vitamini E) umateteza maselo a khungu ku kuwonongeka ndi kuwala.

• Zochita za ubongo: L-theanine imalimbikitsa ntchito ya ubongo ya mafunde a alpha, kuthandiza kukulitsa chidwi ndi kukumbukira.

• Chofunika: Ubwino umenewu watengera zomwe zanenedwa pa tii yobiriwira ndipo siu sitifiketi yachipatala. Sikoyenera kumwa popanda chakudya (ma tannins angawononge mkamwa mwa chifu); ndi bwino kumwa patatha ola limodzi mutadya. Ngati mukumwa mankhwala okhala ndi iron, muyenera kusiya osachepera maola aŵiri.

9. Kutentha:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80 °C pa tii wamba; 75 °C pa mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri (特级). Upangiri wothandiza: tenthetsani madzi mpaka oŵira ndi kuwasiya kuti azizire pafupifupi masekondi 90.

• Kuchuluka kwa tii: 3 g pa 150 ml (chiŵerengero 1:50).

• Zombo: Chikho chagalasi (玻璃杯, bōli bēi) — kuti muwone “kuvina kwa masamba” pamene akutseguka; chivindikiro choyera cha porcelain gàiwǎn (白瓷盖碗, báicí gàiwǎn) — kuti asunge fungo.

• Njira:

  1. Tenthetsani chombo ndi madzi otentha ndi kutaya.
  2. Ikani 3 g wa tii.
  3. Gwiritsani ntchito njira ya “kutsanulira pakati” (中投法, zhōng tóu fǎ): choyamba tsanulani madzi mpaka 1/3 ya voliyumu, kuti masamba anyowe (润茶, rùnchá).
  4. Patapita mphindi 1, onjezerani madzi mpaka 7/10 ya voliyumu.
  5. Kutentha koyamba — pafupifupi mphindi 2–3.
  6. Mutha kutentha mpaka katatu ndikuwonjezera nthawi pang’ono.

• Zindikirani: Kutentha koyamba kumakhala ndi tsitsi loyera lochuluka (茶毫, chá háo) — si cholakwika koma chizindikiro cha mtundu wapamwamba; ndi bwino kumwa popanda kutaya.

10. Kusunga:

• Kutentha: 0–5 °C (firiji) — chofunikira kuti tisunge katsopano ka tii yobiriwira yoyambirira.
• Chidebe: Kutseka kawiri — thumba lamkati la aluminium foil + chitini chachitsulo chakunja (铝箔袋+铁罐双重密封). Pewani kufikira kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi.
• Kuwala: Sungira mu mdima; kuwala kwa dzuŵa ndi kwa fulorazenti kumathamangitsa okosijeni wa chlorophyll ndi kuwononga fungo.
• Fungo: Khalani kutali ndi zakudya zonunkhira kwambiri; tii imanyamula fungo lina mwachangu.
• Nthawi yosungira: Miyezi 12 ngati zinthu zikutsatiridwa. Ndibwino kumwa mofulumira kuti mukumvetse fungo lonse.

11. Mtengo ndi Zabodza:

Pújiāng Què Shé ndi tii ya gulu lapakati ndi lapamwamba lapakati. Tii wamba wa ku Pújiāng amapezeka pa mtengo wamsika, koma mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wochokera kumadera apakati (Chéngjiā, Dàtáng, Xīlái) ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Pújiāng Què Shé ya organic (有机蒲江雀舌) kuyambira zaka za m’ma 2010 imagulitsidwa pafupifupi 5000 yuan/kg kapena kupitirira; mtundu wa “carbon-neutral” (碳中和, 2024) ndi pafupifupi 40% wokwera mtengo kuposa wamba. Pofika 2009, gulu la malonda a tii 8 odziŵika linapangidwa, kuphatikiza “Lǜchāngmíng” (绿昌茗), “Jiāzhú” (嘉竹), “Liǎowēng” (了翁, polemekeza Wèi Liǎowēng), “Shǔtāo” (蜀涛) ndi ena.

• Momwe mungapewere zabodza:

  • Yang’anani ngati pachala chizindikiro cha malo (地理标志专用标志) pa phukusi — ogwiritsa ntchito mwalamulo ndi opanga omwe adavomerezedwa ndi Boma la Ubwino la Pújiāng.
  • Yang’anani mawonekedwe: Què Shé weniweni ndi wathyathyathya, wowongoka, wosanjidwa bwino, wonyezimira ndi ndi tsitsi loyera. Masamba opindidwa, osanjidwa bwino kapena opanda kunyezimira ndi chifukwa choyenera kuda nkhawa.
  • Fungo liyenera kukhala loyera, latsopano, lopanda mafuta a asidi, otsekemera kapena a “udzu”.
  • Madzi ayenera kukhala achikasu-obiriŵira oyera; madzi osaoneka bwino kapena akuda amasonyeza kuti tii ndi yakale kapena njira yopangira inasokonezedwa.
  • Mtengo wotsika kwambiri mokayikitsa (pansi pa 200–300 yuan/kg pamtundu wapamwamba wonenedwayo) pafupifupi amatsimikizira zabodza kapena kusakaniza mitundu.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

• “Zoletsa zisanu ndi zinayi”: Pújiāng Què Shé ndi imodzi mwa tii zochepa zomwe zili ndi ndandanda yokhazikika ya zolakwika za zipangizo zomwe zimachotsedwa posonkhanitsa. Lamulo la “Jiǔ bù cǎi” (九不采) limafotokoza magulu 9 a masamba amene wosonkhanitsa ayenera kusiya pamtengo.

• Què shé yoyamba ya “carbon-neutral”: Mu March 2024, mudzi wa Wànmín (万民村) wa tawuni ya Chéngjiā unalandira satifiketi ya kusalowerera ndale kwa carbon kuchokera ku Sichuan United Ecological Exchange pa mtundu wina wa tii — satifiketi yoyamba yotereyi pa tii ya mtundu wa “què shé” ku China. Njira yonse ya kupanga — kuyambira pamanja mpaka kulekana ndi zida zamakina — inawerengedwanso potengera carbon footprint.

• Tii yomwe inalowa mu “pasipoti ya ku Ulaya”: Pújiāng Què Shé yaphatikizidwa m’ndandanda wa zizindikiro 100 za malo zomwe zimatetezedwa pamiyambo yonse ndi mgwirizano wa China-EU, limodzi ndi mayina monga Fúdǐng Bái Chá ndi Éméishān Chá.

• Wolemba ndakatulo woyamba: Liú Yǔxī, mmodzi mwa olemba ndakatulo otchuka a Tang, anafotokoza “tii yooneka ngati mlomo wa kabawi” — mwina chifanizo choyambirira cha què shé wa Pújiāng — kale m’zaka za zana la 8.

• Masamba 80,000 mu jīn imodzi: Pa theka la kilogalamu ya tii yapamwamba kwambiri amafunika masamba okwana 80,000 otoledwa pamanja — ntchito yofanana ndi ya miyala yamtengo.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi tii zina za mtundu wa “Què Shé”:

• Jīntán Què Shé (金坛雀舌, Jīntán Què Shé): Zhejiang / Jiangsu. Imakhalanso yathyathyathya ndi yowongoka koma amapangidwa kuchokera ku kultivara ya Lóng Jǐng 43 (龙井43). Imasiyanitsidwa ndi fungo lochuluka la chestnut ndi kuŵaŵa pang’ono. Udindo wa GI kuyambira 2013 — zaka 5 pambuyo pa Pújiāng. Nyengo ndi yozizira, kusonkhanitsa kumachedwa.

• Bā Shān Què Shé (巴山雀舌, Bā Shān Què Shé): Bāzhōng (巴中), kumpoto kwa Sichuan. Amadziŵika ndi kuchuluka kwa selenium. Kukoma ndi “kozama” komanso komwe kali ndi mphamvu. Malo ake ali mmapiri (800–1200 m) amapereka kukoma kwa mchere komwe kulibe ku Pújiāng wa m’chigwa.

• Méitán Cuì Yá (湄潭翠芽, Méitán Cuì Yá): Guizhou. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa “què shé wa ku Guizhou”, ngakhale kuti ali m’gulu la “cuì yá” (翠芽, “mphukira ya yade”). Kukoma kwake ndi kofewa komanso “kwamaluwa”, koma kukoma kwa chestnut kumakhala kochepa. Minda ya tii ili pamalo apamwamba kwambiri (900–1400 m).

• Níngqiáng Què Shé (宁强雀舌, Níngqiáng Què Shé): Shaanxi. Amapangidwa m’mapiri a Qínlǐng (秦岭) — amodzi mwa madera apamwamba kwambiri a tii ku China. Kukoma kwake ndi “kwapamkate”, kotsekemera kwambiri; mawonekedwe ake ndi ochepa mwamwambo kuposa a Pújiāng.

13a. Mitundu ndi M’magulu a Pújiāng Què Shé:

• Gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (特级, tèjí): Masamba amodzi okha. Kutalika ≤2.5 cm. Mawonekedwe a “mtima wa lotesi” (莲心). Fungo la chestnut, kukoma kotsekemera kwambiri, zosungunuka m’madzi ≥43.3%.

• Gulu loyamba (一级, yī jí): Mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi lotseguka pang’ono (一芽一叶初展). Mawonekedwe a “mbendera ndi nthungo” (旗枪, qí qiāng) — tsamba ngati mbendera, mphukira ngati nsonga ya nthungo. Kukoma ndi kwatsopano ndi koyera, madzi ake ndi ochuluka pang’ono.

• Gulu lachiwiri (二级, èr jí): Mphukira ndi masamba aŵiri (一芽二叶). Mawonekedwe a “lilime la mpheta” achikale — masamba aŵiri akukumbatira mphukira. Ndi oyenerera kumwa tsiku ndi tsiku, amtengo wotsika.

Kuphatikiza apo, mu 2024 panali mzere wapadera wa “Carbon-neutral Pújiāng Què Shé” (碳中和蒲江雀舌) — kupanga kwathunthu pamanja, carbon footprint yotsimikiziridwa, kuchuluka kwapachaka ≈1,500–2,500 kg.

Pomaliza:

Pújiāng Què Shé ndi tii imene chikhalidwe cha zaka chikwi chimodzi cha Sichuan chimakumana ndi mfundo zamakono za ubwino ndi udindo wa chilengedwe. Masika oyambirira a kumadzulo kwa Sichuan, nkhungu zofewa, nthaka yachonde ya chikasu ndi yofiirira, ndi mfundo ya “Zoletsa zisanu ndi zinayi” posonkhanitsa zimapanga makhalidwe a tii iyi: yoyera, yotsekemera, yopanda kuŵaŵa kwakukulu, ndi fungo limene limakhala mu kapu yozizira, ngati nyimbo yomaliza. Ndiyo chisankho chabwino kwa iwo amene amakonda kudekha kwa tii yobiriwira, koma safuna kutaya kuzama kwa kukoma. Tenthetsani mu chikho chagalasi pa 80 °C — ndipo penyani momwe “malilime ang’onoang’ono a mpheta” akuvina pang’onopang’ono m’madzi otentha, akutsegula masika a Pújiāng m’kapu yanu.