Pingyang Huang Tang

Pingyang Huang Tang (平阳黄汤, Píngyáng huáng tāng) ndi imodzi mwa tiyi wamkulu anayi achikasu ochokera ku China, yomwe ili pa mlingo umodzi ndi Junshan Yinzhen, Mengding Huang Ya ndi Huoshan Huang Ya. Iyi ndi tiyi yokhala ndi mbiri yochititsa chidwi kwambiri: inabadwa mwangozi — m’nthawi ya mafumu a Qing, tiyi wobiriwira amene sanadziumitsidwe bwino anaphatikizidwa m’chombo chonyamulira, ndipo mogwirizana ndi zochitika, ogula akumpoto anakonda kwambiri kuposa tiyi weniweni. Kenako inakhala mphatso ya ku bwalo lachifumu, koma kenako inangotayika kwa zaka makumi angapo chifukwa cha nkhondo, ndipo inaumbidwanso m’zaka za zana la 21 ndi mphamvu za mphunzitsi wakale wa kumudzi, amene anakhala wosunga chikhalidwe chosagwirika. Ukadaulo wapadera wa “jiǔ hōng jiǔ mèn” (九烘九闷, “kuumitsa kasanu ndi kuwiri, kuphimba kasanu ndi kawiri”) — njira yotalikirapo komanso yokhala ndi magawo ambiri ya mènhuáng kuposa tiyi wachikasu wina aliyense padziko lonse — imapanga chizindikiro chake: “xìng huáng tāng, yùmǐ xiāng” (杏黄汤、玉米香) — mtundu wa madzi wachikasu ngati maapulo achikasu, ndi fungo la chimanga chophika.

1. Mgawidwe ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wachikasu (黄茶, huángchá), wopangidwa mwa kuchuluka kochepa. Ali m’gulu la “tiyi wachikasu wawung’ono” (黄小茶, huáng xiǎo chá) — gulu lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mphukira ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri (mosiyana ndi “huáng yá chá” yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphukira zokha).
• Gulu: Imodzi mwa tiyi wamkulu anayi achikasu ochokera ku China (中国四大传统黄茶). Imadziwikanso ndi dzina loti “Wenzhou Huang Tang” (温州黄汤, Wēnzhōu Huáng Tāng) — “madzi achikasu ochokera ku Wenzhou”. Ndi chuma chotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha dera (2014). Idalembedwa mu “Mndandanda wazizindikiro zodzitetezera za dera, zotetezedwa ndi mgwirizano wa China ndi EU” (中欧地理标志保护名录, 2020).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Wenzhou (温州, Wēnzhōu), chigawo cha Pingyang (平阳县, Píngyáng Xiàn). M’mbuyomu inkapangidwanso m’zigawo za Taishun (泰顺), Ruian (瑞安) ndi Yongjia (永嘉); tiyi wabwino kwambiri ankatengedwa kuchokera ku Taishun (dera la Dongxi) ndi Pingyang (dera la Beigang / Nanyandang). Dzina lamalonda “Pingyang Huang Tang” lidakhazikika chifukwa amalonda a ku Pingyang ankagula tiyi yonse yochokera m’zigawo zonse zozungulira ndikuyitumiza kumpoto pansi pa chizindikiro chimodzi.
• Makonzedwe a malo: Pafupifupi 27° kumpoto, 120° kummawa. Pingyang imadziwika kuti ndi gawo la “lambda la golide la tiyi wachikasu pa mzere wa 27” (北纬27°黄茶黄金生长带).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri:

  • M’nthawi ya Qing (清), mu ulamuliro wa Qianlong mpaka Jiaqing (~1736–1820) — kubadwa mwangozi: M’nthawi ya Qing, Pingyang inali yopanga tiyi wobiriwira waukulu, zotumiza zake zinkapita kunyanja ndi mitsinje kupita ku Tianjin (天津), Yingkou (营口) ndi Beijing. Malinga ndi nthano zapakamwa, tsiku lina m’nyengo yamvula yayitali, tiyi wobiriwira watsopano sudatha kuumitsidwa nthawi yake. Amalonda, atapanikizidwa ndi nthawi yobweretsera katundu, anatumiza tiyi wosadziumitsa kumpoto. Pa nthawi ya ulendo wautali wapanyanja, masamba onyowa “anaphimbidwa” m’masitima — panachitika mènhuáng modzidzimutsa. Atafika komwe akupita, tiyi anataya mtundu wake wobiriwira bwino ndikuyamba kukhala wachikasu. Modabwitsa otumiza, ogula akumpoto anapeza kuti tiyi uyu ndi wofewa, wosakwiya komanso wokoma kuposa wobiriwira wamba. Umu ndi momwe Pingyang Huang Tang inabadwira — tiyi yomwe inakhalapo chifukwa cha tsoka ndi mwayi nthawi imodzi.
  • M’nthawi ya Qing, mu ulamuliro wa Guangxu (~1875–1908) — kutukuka: Pingyang Huang Tang inalembedwa mu kaundula wa mphatso za ku bwalo lachifumu (贡茶). Kuchuluka kwa katundu wopita kumpoto pachaka kunkafika “kuwiri kwa miyandamiyanda” (千余担, ~50 matani) — mulingo waukulu pa tiyi wachikasu wapadera.
  • Zaka za m’ma 1930 mpaka 1970 — kutha: Nkhondo, kusakhazikika kwachuma komanso kusowa kwa zolembedwa za ukadaulo kunachititsa kuti kupanga kwatha. Pingyang Huang Tang inasowa pamsika kwa zaka makumi angapo.
  • 1979 — kuyesa koyamba koti iumbidwenso: Kupanga kunayambiranso, koma ukadaulo unali wosakhazikika, zotsatira zinali zochepa.
  • Zaka za m’ma 1980 — kuumbidwa mwa sayansi: Katswiri wamkulu wa zaulimi Lin Ping (林平) wa ku ofesi yaulimi ya chigawo cha Pingyang, pamodzi ndi Lu Lichuan (卢立浣) ndi Chen Jizhu (陈积柱) a ku Shuitou Tea Research Station, anayamba kugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kuti aumbidwe ukadaulo. Zinawathandiza zaka zoposa 10 kuti aphunzire magawo ofunika kwambiri: kukulunga, kuvunda komanso mènhuáng-kuumitsa.
  • 2003 — zitsanzo: Zitsanzo zoyambirira za labotale za Huang Tang zidalandira chivomerezo chabwino cha Shanghai Tea Society.
  • 2006 — patent: Ukadaulo wa “Pingyang Huang Tang: njira yosamalira masamba a tiyi” unavomerezedwa ndi State Intellectual Property Office ya China ngati chinthu chatsopano.
  • 2009 — kutuluka pamsika: Pingyang Huang Tang inayamba kupezeka pamsika pang’ono.
  • 2012 — “Kuumitsa kasanu ndi kawiri, kuphimba kasanu ndi kawiri”: Zhong Weibiao (钟维标, Zhōng Wéibiāo), mphunzitsi wakale wa kumudzi wochokera ku mudzi wa Xinlian (新联村) m’tauni ya Shuitou, kumapiri a Chaoyangshan, atachita kafukufuku yekha kwa zaka makumi awiri, kuyesera mazana ambiri ndikufunsira kwa akadaulo akale, anaumbitsa ndi kukonza ukadaulo wakale wa “jiǔ hōng jiǔ mèn” (九烘九闷). Njira imeneyi ndiyomwe inakhala maziko a muyeso wamakono wa Pingyang Huang Tang ndipo inabweretsa tiyi mbali yake yodziwika bwino ya “mtundu wamadzi ngati maapulo achikasu, fungo la chimanga.”
  • 2014 — chizindikiro cha dera: Chitsimikizo cha dziko cha “Chuma chotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha dera” (国家地理标志产品).
  • 2020 — kuvomerezedwa ku Ulaya: Kulembetsedwa mu “Mndandanda wazizindikiro zodzitetezera za dera za EU ndi China” — ndi imodzi mwa tiyi wachikasu ochepa m’kaundula ameneyu.
  • 2021 — chikhalidwe chosagwirika: Ukadaulo wa “jiǔ hōng jiǔ mèn” udalembedwa mu kaundula wa chikhalidwe chosagwirika cha chigawo cha Zhejiang. Zhong Weibiao adavomerezedwa kukhala wosunga (传承人) wa mwambo umenewu.
  • 2024: Mtengo wa chizindikiro cha “Pingyang Huang Tang” unafika pa 4.077 biliyoni za yuan. Pingyang inalandira maudindo a “Kwawo kwa Tiyi Wachikasu wa China” (中国黄茶之乡) ndi “Kwawo kwa Chikhalidwe cha Tiyi cha China” (中国茶文化之乡).

• Dzina:

  • “Pingyang” (平阳) — chigawo cha Pingyang, likulu la malonda a tiyi uyu m’mbuyomu. Zilembo zake zikutanthauza “dzuwa lathyathyathya” / “dzuwa lamtendere.”
  • “Huang Tang” (黄汤) — “madzi achikasu”: dzinali likutanthauza chizindikiro chachikulu chowoneka — mtundu wa tiyi wophikidwa. Awa ndi mwayi wosowa pamene tiyi amatchula dzina osati malinga ndi malo oti amachotsera kapena mawonekedwe a masamba, koma malinga ndi mtundu wa madzi ake, zomwe zikutsindika kukongola kwake kwakukulu.
  • Tanthauzo lonse: “madzi achikasu ochokera ku Pingyang.”

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Pingyang Huang Tang ndi chizindikiro cha kuumbidwa kwa miyambo ya tiyi yomwe inatayika. Nkhani ya Zhong Weibiao — mphunzitsi wakale wa kumudzi amene anasiya ntchito yake ya uphunzitsi kuti apulumutse tiyi wakale, anasintha mudzi wosauka wa kumapiri kukhala dera la tiyi lotukuka, ndipo anakhala wosunga chikhalidwe chosagwirika — ndi imodzi mwa nkhani zolimbikitsa kwambiri mu ulimi wamakono wa tiyi ku China. Mu 2020, m’dera la munda wa tiyi wa Chaoyangshan, “Pingyang Huang Tang Tea Park” (平阳黄汤茶博园) inatsegulidwa — malo oyendera alendo a gulu 3A okhala ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi malo opangira tiyi. Pingyang ikukulitsa mosamala chitsanzo cha “chálǚ rónghé” (茶旅融合, “kugwirizanitsa tiyi ndi zokopa alendo”).

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botani ndi Zida:

• Mtundu wa mbewu: Mtundu waukulu ndi Pingyang Tezao Cha (平阳特早茶, Píngyáng Tèzǎo Chá) — “Tiyi woyamba kwambiri wa ku Pingyang.” Adavomerezedwa pa mulingo wa chigawo (省级良种) mu 1998. Ndi mtengo wawung’ono / chitsamba chachikulu, cha masamba apakatikati. Mbali yake yaikulu ndi kudzuka mofulumira kwambiri (dzina lake limatanthauza “oyamba kwambiri”), kutulutsa maluwa kapena mbewu m’mikhalidwe yabwinobwino. Imabzalidwa mwa kubzala ziwalo. Mtundu wina wochokera ku gulu la m’deralo (当地群体种) umagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga tiyi wa “zakuthengo” / “huāngyě” (荒野茶) wochokera ku zitsamba zakale.
• Kukolola: Nyengo yaikulu kuyambira Jingzhe (惊蛰, “Kudzuka kwa tizilombo,” ~5 Marichi) mpaka Qingming (清明, ~5 Epulo) kwa tiyi wachisanu; nyengo ya Bailu (白露, “Mame oyera,” ~8 Seputembala) — kwa tiyi wachilimwe. Tiyi wachisanu amalemekezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid; wachilimwe — chifukwa cha kutsekemera kwake ndi kulimba akamaphikidwa.
• Muyeso wa kukolola: Kwa gulu lapamwamba — mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi losangokula kumene (一芽一叶初展). Kwa gulu loyamba — mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi (一芽一叶). Kwa gulu lachiwiri — mphukira ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶初展). Utali wa mphukira ≤3 cm. Muyeso woyambira kukolola: 10–15 mphukira zoyenera pa mita imodzi ya sikweya pa mutu wa chitsamba.
• Zofunika pa zida: Zida zizikhala zofanana mu kukula ndi kukula kwake. Zimakololedwa nyengo yadzuwa. Masamba amanyamulidwa m’zotengera za mabambu (osati poliethylene.) ndipo amapita kukakonzedwa nthawi yomweyo.

4. Malo Okhala ndi Mbali Zoyenera za Kubzala:

• Dera: Pingyang ili kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Zhejiang, m’dera lokhudzidwa ndi Nyanja ya East China. Malo apakati ndi phiri la Chaoyangshan (朝阳山, Cháoyáng Shān) m’tauni ya Shuitou (水头镇) ndi dera la Nanyandang (南雁荡山, Nán Yàndàng Shān, Mapiri a Yandang akummwera). Dera lonse la minda ya tiyi m’chigawochi ndi lopitirira 51,000 mu (~3400 mahekitala), ndipo malo apakati amakhala pafupifupi 8,000 mu.
• Kutalika kwa malo: 400–700 mita pamwamba pa nyanja pa malo apakati a Chaoyangshan. Kukhazikika kwa nkhalango ndi 87.4%.
• Nthaka: Nthaka zofiira-zachikasu zochokera ku basalt womwe wavunda (火山岩风化红黄壤, pH 4.5–5.5). Mbali yodziwika bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa selenium (0.74–0.80 mg/kg), komanso potaziyamu ndi zinki. Zinthu zachilengedwe m’nthaka ndi 1.1–3.9%. Kuchokera kwa miyala yamphala kumapatsa tiyi mkhalidwe wake wamadzi mchere.
• Nyengo: ya kumapiri, ya m’nyanja ya monsoon (中亚热带海洋性季风气候). Kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 17.9°C. Mvula yapachaka ndi 1631.6 mm. Masiku achifunga ≥200 pachaka. Chinyezi chapakati ≥85%. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa masana ndi usiku kumathandizira kusunganidwa kwa zonunkhira ndi ma amino acid. Nyengo ya m’nyanja imapereka chisanja chofewa ndi chilimwe chotentha pang’ono.
• Mbali zapadera: Chaoyangshan ndi nsonga yokhala ndi mitambo yambiri ndi mpweya wabwino. Mulibe mafakitale, ndipo madzi a m’zitsime amapezeka. Zitsamba zakale za tiyi (荒野茶, huāngyě chá) pa phiri la Tianjingyang (天井垟) ndi zobzala zakale za zaka 50–100+ zomwe zasiyidwa, ndipo tiyi wake amalemekezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuya kwa kukoma kwake ndi “mphamvu zakuthengo.”

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Ukadaulo wa Pingyang Huang Tang ndi wapatali kwambiri ndi wokhala ndi magawo ambiri kuposa tiyi wachikasu wina aliyense. Kuzungulira kwathunthu kwa “jiǔ hōng jiǔ mèn” (九烘九闷) kumatenga nthawi yopitirira maola 72. Nthawi yonse yophiphiritsa ndi 18–22 maola, yogawidwa m’mizunguliro itatu ikuluikulu ndikukulira kwamphamvu kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi. Njirayi imaphatikizapo magawo awa:

• Kuyala / Tānqīng (摊青 — tān qīng): Masamba atsopano amayalidwa mosanjikiza pang’ono (≤3 cm) pa zotengera za mabambu m’chipinda chabwino ndi mpweya. Nthawi — maola 4–12 (kupitilira maola 20), kutengera chinyezi ndi gulu la zida. Amawagubuduza kawirikawiri kuti atayike bwino madzi. Magulu ndi magawo osiyanasiyana amayalidwa mosiyana.
• “Kupha kwa mtundu wobiriwira” (杀青 — shā qīng): Kuwotcha mwa makina kapena mmene kumachititsa kuti ma enzyme asagwire ntchito. Tsatanetsatane wa kutentha amadalira wopanga wake; mfundo ndi kuwotcha mwachangu, kutentha kwambiri ndikusunga mtundu.
• Kukulunga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kupanga mawonekedwe a zingwe zopyapyala, zolimba, zopindika pang’ono (细紧纤秀). Kupanikizika — molingana ndi mfundo yoti “chepa → chapakati → chepa.”
• Kuphimba koyamba / Yī mèn (一闷 — yī mèn): Masamba okulungidwa amaikidwa m’mabasiketi amabambu mosanjikiza 30–40 cm, ndikuphimbidwa ndi nsalu yachoyera yonyowa. Kutentha kwa chipinda — 25–28°C, chinyezi chapakati — 65–75%. Nthawi — maola 5–6. Pamene kutentha mkati mwake kukukwera kufika pafupifupi 32°C, amagubuduza kuti azifanana ndi kuzizira. Chizindikiro cha kukhwima: masamba amasintha mtundu wachikasu, fungo labwino limamveka. Ili ndi gaelo lofunika kwambiri la kuyamba kwa kusintha kwachikasu.
• Kuumitsa koyamba / Yī hōng (一烘 — yī hōng): Makina oumitsira, kutentha kwa mpweya wolowa 80–90°C. Masamba amayalidwa mosanjikiza pang’ono (2–3 cm), nthawi — mphindi 10–12. Kuumitsa mpaka pafupifupi 50% ya chinyezi. Masamba amakhalabe ofewa pomukhudza, fungo la tiyi limayamba.
• Kuphimba kwachiwiri / Èr mèn (二闷 — èr mèn): Kuphimbanso kuti kusintha kwachikasu kufulumire. Kutentha — 22–28°C, chinyezi — 75–80%. Nthawi — maola 7–8 (yayitali kuposa yoyamba). Chizindikiro: masamba amasanduka achikasu momveka, fungo la “mènxiāng” (闷香) — fungo lophikidwa — limamveka.
• Kuumitsa kwachiwiri / Èr hōng (二烘 — èr hōng): Kutentha kumakwezedwa kufika 90–100°C. Kusanjikiza — 3–4 cm, nthawi — mphindi 8–10. Kuumitsa mpaka pafupifupi 70% yowuma. Fungo la Huang Tang limamveka momveka.
• Kuphimba kwachitatu / Sān mèn (三闷 — sān mèn): Kuzungulira komaliza, komwe kumaliza kupanga “zachikasu zitatu.” Kutentha — 25–30°C, chinyezi — 80–85%. Nthawi — maola 4–6. Masamba amasanduka achikasu chofewa, fungo lophimbidwa limakhala lomveka ndi lolimba.
• Kuumitsa kwachitatu / Sān hōng (三烘 — sān hōng): Kuumitsa komaliza kwa kutentha kwambiri: 110–120°C, kusanjikiza 4–5 cm, mphindi 3–4. Kuumitsa mpaka kuwuma kotheratu.
• Kusanja tiyi womaliza (干茶整理 — gān chá zhěnglǐ): Kuchotsa masamba owuluka, zitsulo, mbewu za tiyi. Kuwongolera khalidwe. Kuyika mu bokosi la 4–5 kg.

Kufotokoza kwa dzina la “jiǔ hōng jiǔ mèn”: Dzina lakuti “kuumitsa kasanu ndi kawiri, kuphimba kasanu ndi kawiri” ndi lachikale, lomwe limafotokoza mfundo yonse ya kusinthanitsa koumiritsa ndi kuphimba mobwerezabwereza. Mu kupanga kwamakono kokhazikika, pali mizunguliro itatu yaikulu (kuumitsa katatu, kuphimba katatu), koma mkati mwa mzunguliro uliwonse, magawo ang’onoang’ono owonjezera a kuumitsa pang’ono ndi kusintha malo amatha kuchitika, zomwe zonse pamodzi zimafika pafupifupi zochita zisanu ndi zinayi.

6. Makhalidwe a Zimene Zimveka:

• Mawonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zingwe zopyapyala, zolimba, zokongola (条索细紧纤秀, tiáosuǒ xì jǐn xiān xiù). Mtundu — wobiriwira wachikasu wokhala ndi ubweya wambiri (色泽黄绿多毫). Kwa magulu apamwamba — mphete yonyezimira yogolide (金圈). Mawonekedwe ake ndi osiyana ndi mphukira zachikasu, zophwanyika za Mengding Huang Ya — apa masamba ndi okulungidwa, ngati kapilisi kakang’ono.
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Loyera, lapamwamba, limodzi ndi kanthu ka chimanga chaching’ono ndi ka fungo la maluwa.
• Fungo la madzi: “Nèn yùmǐ xiāng” (嫩玉米香) — fungo la chimanga chophika — ndilo lofunika kwambiri, lomwe limapangidwa ndi kuphimba kwanthawi yayitali. Limeneli ndi “háo xiāng” (毫香, fungo la ubweya), losinthidwa ndi njira ya mènhuáng. Palinso ma toni a “mìlán xiāng” (蜜兰香, fungo la uchi ndi la mauwa), “qīngfēn” (清芬, fungo la maluwa loyera).
• Kukoma: Xiānchún gānshuǎng (鲜醇甘爽) — kutsitsimuka, kofewa, kutsekemera, kolimbikitsa. Kapangidwe kake ndi kolimba koma kosalemera. Njira ya kukoma kwake ndi “nóng ér bù sè, hòu ér chúntián” (浓而不涩，厚而醇甜) — “wodzaza koma osalasa; wolimba koma wofewa-wotsekemera.” Kukoma kotsalira m’kamwa ndi “kubwerera” kotsekemera kwanthawi yayitali (回甘, huígān).
• Mtundu wa madzi: “Xìng huáng míngliàng” (杏黄明亮) — wachikasu ngati maapulo achikasu, owonekera bwino, onyezimira. Kwa magulu apamwamba — ali ndi mphete yagolide m’mphepete mwa kapu (金圈, jīn quān). Ndi wofunda kwambiri ndi wakuya poyerekeza ndi mtundu wachikasu wofewa wa Mengding Huang Ya.
• Zotsalira za tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): Masamba ofewa achikasu, olimba, osungidwa m’zigawo za “rozeti” zosamalika (嫩黄成朵匀齐). Kufanana ndi chizindikiro cha kupanga bwino kwa gulu.
• Chizindikiro chapadera: Monga ndi Mengding Huang Ya, Pingyang Huang Tang yabwino imasonyeza “lěnghòuhún” (冷后浑) — kuchita chibvundu kwa madzi atazizira ndikuonekera kwa timiyala tating’ono ta “kristalo yogolide” (金晶花, jīn jīng huā), zomwe ndi ma kompawundi a theaflavin osakanizidwa. Izi si vuto, koma ndi chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala.

7. Mankhwala Amene Ali M’kati:

• Polifenoli: Kuchuluka kwa polifenoli a tiyi ndi kofanana ndi tiyi wachikasu, pomwe ma catechin ena amasinthidwa panthawi ya kuphimba kwa magawo atatu. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù) — zipangizo zomwe zimapangitsa mtundu wachikasu ngati maapulo ndi chodabwitsa cha “kristalo yogolide.”
• Ma amino acid: ≥4.5% ya chinthu chowuma — mulingo wapamwamba, chifukwa cha kukolola koyambirira (kumayambiriro kwa Marichi), nyengo ya m’nyanja komanso mbali za mtundu wa Pingyang Tezao. L-theanine ndiwo amino acid wofunika kwambiri.
• Ma alkaloidi: Kafeini — pafupifupi 2.8% ya chinthu chowuma. Pamodzi ndi L-theanine, imapereka mphamvu yofewa, yotalika mtima.
• Mavitamini: Vitamini C, mavitamini a gulu B.
• Mchere: Potaziyamu, zinki, fluoride, magnesiyamu. Mbali yodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa selenium (Se), kotengera nthaka yachiphalaphala ya Chaoyangshan. Selenium ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chothandiza kulimbana ndi kutha kwa maselo.
• Shuga osungunuka: Kuchuluka kwake, komwe kumabweretsa kutsekemera kwachilengedwe.
• Ma enzyme a m’mimba: Mènhuáng wautali wamagawo atatu umapanga ma enzyme ambiri a m’mimba.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

• Kuthandizira kugaya chakudya: Kuchuluka kwa ma enzyme a m’mimba kumapangitsa Pingyang Huang Tang kukhala imodzi mwa tiyi wabwino kwambiri womwa pambuyo pa chakudya. Kuthanso kutha mphamvu yogaya mafuta kumayerekezedwa kukhala ~1.5 kuwirikiza kuposa tiyi wobiriwira wopangidwa kuchokera ku zida zofanana.
• Kulimbikitsa mofewa: Kugwirizana kwa L-theanine ndi kafeini — kukhala wachidwi mopanda kusokoneza.
• Kukhudza mwachifundo m’mimba: Kuphimba kwa magawo atatu kumachepetsa kwambiri nkhanza za ma catechin. Pingyang Huang Tang ndi wofewa kwambiri kuposa tiyi wobiriwira ndipo amakomera anthu amene sagaya bwino chakudya.
• Kuteteza ku kutha kwa maselo: Polifenoli ndi selenium zimapereka chitetezo chachiwiri ku kutha kwa maselo — mgwirizano wosowa pa tiyi.
• Kuthandizira kagayidwe ka mafuta: Theaflavin amathandizira kuletsa kupangika kwa cholesterol.
• Kuthandizira dongosolo la mtima ndi mitsempha: Mgwirizano wa polifenoli umathandizira kusinthasintha kwa mitsempha ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mitsempha.

9. Kuphika:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90°C. Madzi otentha kwambiri (100°C) ndi ankhanza kwambiri pa zida zofewa ndipo amayambitsa kukoma kowawa.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 110–150 ml ya madzi.
• Zotengera: Kapu ya galasi — kuti muwone mtundu wa madzi ndi momwe masamba akhalira. Kapu yoyera ya porcelain (110 ml) — kuti fungo liwonekere mokwanira.
• Njira:
  1. Konzekerani zotengera ndi madzi otentha, kutsani.
  2. Ikani 3 g ya tiyi.
  3. Thirani madzi a 85–90°C kufika pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mulingo. Nyowetsani masamba onse, dikirani masekondi 10 (njira ya “rùnchá”).
  4. Wonjezerani madzi kufika mulingo wonse. Kutuluka koyamba — masekondi 30.
  5. Kutuluka kotsatira: onjezerani nthawi ndi masekondi 10 alionse. Gulu lapamwamba limatha kutuluka ka 5–7 kapena kupitilira apo.
  6. Onani momwe “mphete yogolide” (金圈) ikuwonekera m’mphepete mwa madzi — chizindikiro cha khalidwe lapamwamba.

10. Kusunga:

Njira yabwino ndi kuyika mu thumba la zojambula lotsekeka, kusunga mufiriji pa kutentha kuchokera −10°C mpaka −18°C. Tiyi wogulidwa kumene amalimbikitsidwa kusungidwa kwa masiku 7 pa kutentha kwa chipinda kuti awononge “kutentha kotsalira” (褪火气) kenaka nkusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, pamalo amdima ndi owuma — agwiritse ntchito mkati mwa miyezi 3–6. Adani a tiyi: chinyezi, kuwala, kutentha, fungo, mpweya. Kuchita chibvundu kwa madzi atazizira (冷后浑) si chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka: akatenthedwa, kuonekeratu kumabweranso kwathunthu.

11. Mtengo ndi Zofanizira:

Pingyang Huang Tang ndi tiyi wamtengo wapatali, makamaka mu mtundu wachikasu wochokera ku malo apakati a Chaoyangshan. Gulu lapamwamba — kuyambira 5,000 yuan pa jīn (500 g) kapena kupitirira apo. Gulu loyamba — 2,000–4,000 yuan. Gulu lachiwiri — 800–1,800 yuan. Mtengo umakhudzidwa ndi: gulu, gwero la zida (munda wamba vs. “zakuthengo”), nyengo (wachisanu ndi wokwera mtengo kuposa wachilimwe), minda yeniyeni.

• Momwe mungapewere zofanizira:
  • Gulani kwa ogulitsa ovomerezeka okhala ndi chizindikiro cha “Pingyang Huang Tang” ndi chizindikiro cha chizindikiro cha dera.
  • Pingyang Huang Tang yeniweni ndi zingwe zopyapyala, zokongola zokulungidwa (osati zophwanyika, osati zozungulira), zokhala ndi ubweya wambiri ndi mtundu wobiriwira wachikasu.
  • Madzi ake — achikasu ngati maapulo (杏黄), owonekera, okhala ndi mphete yogolide. Madzi obiriwira kwambiri si Huang Tang.
  • Fungo lake — liyenera kukhala ndi fungo la chimanga chophika (玉米香). Kupanda fungo limeneli ndi chizindikiro chokayikitsa.
  • Chofanizira chachikulu: kugulitsa tiyi wobiriwira wamba wochokera ku Pingyang ngati Huang Tang. Tiyi wobiriwira ndi wotsika mtengo ndipo alibe fungo lodziwika bwino la chimanga.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

• Pingyang Huang Tang ndi tiyi wamkulu yekhayo amene anabadwa mwangozi: kuphimbidwa kosakonzedwa pa nthawi yonyamula. Ena onse (Junshan Yinzhen, Mengding Huang Ya, Huoshan Huang Ya) ali ndi ukadaulo wopangidwa mwadala.
• Zhong Weibiao — mphunzitsi wakale wa kumudzi, amene anakhala wopulumutsa Pingyang Huang Tang — ndi chitsanzo cha momwe munthu mmodzi angathe kuumbitsanso mwambo wonse wa tiyi. Mudzi wake wa Xinlian, umene kale unali umodzi mwa midzi yosauka kwambiri m’chigawochi, unasintha kukhala likulu la tiyi lotukuka lokhala ndi zomangamanga zokopa alendo komanso alendo opitilira 100,000 pachaka.
• Ukadaulo wa “kuumitsa kasanu ndi kawiri, kuphimba kasanu ndi kawiri” (九烘九闷) ndiko njira yotalikirapo ya mènhuáng kuposa tiyi wachikasu wina aliyense padziko lonse: maola opitirira 72 kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto, pomwe 18–22 maola ndi a kuphimba kwenikweni. Poyerekeza: Mengding Huang Ya — maola 8–12, Moganshan Huang Ya — pafupifupi mphindi 40.
• Nthaka zachiphalaphala za Chaoyangshan zokhala ndi selenium yambiri (0.74–0.80 mg/kg) — ndi zosowa m’madera a tiyi ku Zhejiang. Selenium ndi chinthu champhamvu chothandiza kulimbana ndi kutha kwa maselo, ndipo kupezeka kwake mu tiyi kumaonedwa ngati phindu lina.
• Pingyang Huang Tang ndi imodzi mwa tiyi wachikasu ochepa omwe adalembedwa mu kaundula wapadziko lonse wa zizindikiro zodzitetezera za dera za EU ndi China (2020), zomwe zimamupatsa mwayi wopita kumsika wa ku Ulaya ali wotetezedwa ku zofanizira.
• Chodabwitsa cha “kristalo yogolide” (金晶花) m’madzi ozizira chimachitika chifukwa cha kuwundana kwa ma kompawundi a theaflavin — ichi ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi chowoneka bwino chomwe chitha kuwonedwa mu kapu yagalasi madzi a tiyi atazizira kotheratu.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wachikasu Wina:

• Junshan Yinzhen (君山银针): Onse ali mu “gulu la akulu anayi,” koma Junshan ndi “huáng yá chá” (kuchokera ku mphukira zokha), pomwe Pingyang ndi “huáng xiǎo chá” (kuchokera ku mphukira ndi masamba). Junshan — wamafuta, wosalala; Pingyang — wodzaza kwambiri, ndi fungo la chimanga. Ukadaulo wa Junshan (kukulunga m’mapepala) ndi wosavuta kwambiri poyerekeza ndi “kuumitsa kasanu ndi kawiri, kuphimba kasanu ndi kawiri.”
• Mengding Huang Ya (蒙顶黄芽): Mengding — fungo la mtedza ndi uchi, mawonekedwe a mphukira, ndi “kuwotcha katatu ndi kuphimba katatu.” Pingyang — fungo la chimanga ndi maluwa, lokulungidwa, ndi “kuumitsa kasanu ndi kawiri, kuphimba kasanu ndi kawiri.” Mengding ndi tiyi wa mafumu okhala ndi mbiri ya zaka 2000; Pingyang ndi tiyi wobadwa mwangozi ndi kuumbidwanso mwa kulimbikira.
• Moganshan Huang Ya (莫干黄芽): Onse ndi tiyi wachikasu wa ku Zhejiang, koma ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana kwambiri. Moganshan — wopepuka, wa maluwa, ndi fungo la nsungwi, kuphimba kumodzi kwafupi. Pingyang — wolemera, wodzaza, ndi fungo la chimanga, kuphimba kwa nthawi yayitali katatu. Pingyang ali “wakuya” ndi “wofunda” kwambiri pa mbali ya kukoma.
• Huoshan Huang Ya (霍山黄芽): Woimira Anhui wa “gulu la akulu anayi.” Huoshan — wokwiya pang’ono, wamchere, ndi mkhalidwe “wobiriwira.” Pingyang — wofewa, wotsekemera, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa “chikasu” chifukwa cha kuphimba kwanthawi yayitali kwambiri.

Pomaliza:

Pingyang Huang Tang ndi tiyi amene mbiri yake imawerengedwa ngati fanizo la kusintha kwa zolephera kukhala kupeza zinthu, kutayika kukhala kuumbidwanso, umphawi kukhala kutukuka. Wobadwa kuchokera ku “kuphimbidwa” mwangozi panjira yochokera ku madoko akumwera kupita ku mizinda yaikulu yakumpoto, wotayika mu chipwirikiti cha nkhondo ndi kupezedwanso chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwa munthu mmodzi, tiyi uyu amanyamula lingaliro ili: ubwino weniweni ndi zotsatira za kuleza mtima, osati changu. Ukadaulo wake ndi wautali kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wachikasu, madzi ake ndi ofunda, ngati kulowa kwa dzuwa kwa maapulo achikasu, fungo lake ndi lotonthoza, ngati fungo la chimanga chatsopano m’khitchini yachilimwe. Pingyang Huang Tang ndi tiyi wophunzitsa: nthawi zina chimene chimaoneka ngati cholakwika chimakhala chiyambi cha mwambo.