Méi Zhàn Hóngchá · new.thetea.app

Méi Zhàn Hóngchá ndi tiyi wofiira wopangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu umodzi wa mitengo ya tiyi wosinthasintha kwambiri ku China: Méi Zhàn (梅占), kutanthauza “Maula amene agonjetsa poyamba”. Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa ku Anxi umenewu ndi umodzi mwa “Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yodziwika bwino ya tiyi ku Anxi” (安溪六大名茶) — ndipo umadziwika ngati “chamere mutchire wa tiyi”: umatulutsa ma wulong abwino kwambiri, tiyi wofiira, wobiriwira ndi woyera. Komabe, mu mawonekedwe a tiyi wofiira ndi pamene Méi Zhàn amasonyeza mbali yake yowala kwambiri — fungo lapamwamba la “maluwa a orchid” (兰花香) komanso kukoma kwakuya, kosalala, kotsekemera ndi zokometsera zonunkhira ngati maula a mume (梅花).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wothira okosijeni kwathunthu.
Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wapadera / wa m’deralo wochokera ku mtundu wa Méi Zhàn. Angakhalenso m’gulu la zopangira za Bái Lín Gōngfū (白琳工夫) za mkulu kwambiri.
Chiyambi: Mtundu wa Méi Zhàn umachokera ku dera la Anxi (安溪县, Ānxī Xiàn), m’chigawo cha Fujian — makamaka kumudzi wa Sanyang (三洋村, Sānyáng Cūn), m’tauni ya Lutian (芦田镇, Lútián Zhèn), paphiri la Yingpingshan (银瓶山). Monga tiyi wofiira, Méi Zhàn amapangidwa makamaka m’magawo awiri: Wuyishan (武夷山) — komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tiyi wofiira wapamwamba (monga “Jīn Méi Bīng Yá” — 金梅冰芽); Fuding (福鼎) — komwe kale ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira za mkulu kwambiri za Bái Lín Gōngfū; komanso ku Anxi komweko ndi madera ena opanga tiyi ku Fujian.
Madongosolo a malo: pafupifupi 25°03′ N, 117°57′ E (Anxi, kwawo kwa mtundu umenewu).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri: Mtundu wa Méi Zhàn uli ndi mbiri yopitirira zaka 200. Pali nkhani ziwiri zazikulu zokhudza chiyambi chake. Yoyamba: cha m’ma 1810 (m’chaka cha 15 cha Jiaqing) mlimi dzina lake Yang Yitang (杨奕糖) wa kumudzi wa Sanyang anakumana ndi nkhalamba yoyendayenda itanyamula mbande, ndipo anamupatsa phala; poyamika, nkhalambayo inamupatsa mbande zitatu za tiyi. Yang anazibzala pafupi ndi nyumba yake “Yushu Cuo” (玉树厝), ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zinakula. Mmodzi wa akatswiri a zilankhulo a m’deralo (举人), Yang Feiwen (杨飞文), ataona kuti maluwa ndi masamba a tiyi ameneyu amatseguka ngati mathunthu a maluwa a maula a mume ndipo amatulutsa fungo la maula a phula (腊梅), anawatcha “Méi Zhàn” — “Maula amene agonjetsa poyamba”. Nkhani yachiwiri: mu 1821 (m’chaka choyamba cha Daoguang) woimira banja la Wang wa ku Xiping anaona mtengo wopanda dzina ku Lutian, ndipo, posadziwa dzina lake, anaona pamwamba pa khomo mawu olembedwa “梅占百花魁” (“Maula ndi mfumu ya maluwa onse”) — ndipo anatenga dzina lakuti “Méi Zhàn”.

M’zaka za m’ma 1960, mtundu wa Méi Zhàn unayamba kufala m’magawo onse opanga tiyi ku China. Mu 1985, Bungwe Loona za Kuvomereza Mitundu ya Zomera za Boma linawupatsa udindo wa mtundu wadziko lonse (国家品种, GS13004-1985). M’nthawi ya kufalikira kwakukulu kwa Tiě Guānyīn (zaka za m’ma 1990–2000), alimi ambiri a ku Anxi anazula Méi Zhàn, ndi kubzala Tiě Guānyīn m’malo mwake. Mitengo yakale yomwe inapulumuka (老枞, lǎo cóng) — ya zaka 50–100+ — inakhala chuma chamtengo wapatali popanga tiyi wofiira wapamwamba.
Dzina: “Méi” (梅) — maula a mume; “Zhàn” (占) — “kutenga”, “kugonjetsa poyamba”. Tanthauzo lonse: “Maula amene agonjetsa malo oyamba pakati pa maluwa” (梅占百花魁) — kutanthauza kuti maluwa a mtengo wa tiyi umenewu amafanana ndi mathunthu a maluwa a maula a mume, ndipo fungo lake ndi la maula a phula.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Méi Zhàn ndi umodzi mwa “Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yodziwika bwino ya tiyi ku Anxi” (安溪六大名茶), pamodzi ndi Tiě Guānyīn, Huángjīnguì, Běn Shān, Máoxiè ndi Dàyècūn. Wolemba ndakatulo Lin Heyan (林鹤年), mmodzi wa “Olemba ndakatulo asanu ndi atatu akuluakulu a ku Fujian” kumapeto kwa m’boma la Qing, yemwe anabadwira ku Lutian, analemba kuti: “Ndidzabzala mitengo ya mume zikwi makumi atatu — ndipo ndidzakalamba mosadandaula” (种梅三万株，终老吾何悔).

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

Mtundu / Mbeu: Méi Zhàn (梅占), amatchedwanso Dàyè Méi Zhàn (大叶梅占, “Méi Zhàn wa masamba akulu”), Gāojiǎo Wūlóng (高脚乌龙, “Wūlóng wa miyendo itali”). Mtundu wadziko lonse (GS13004-1985), Camellia sinensis. Mzere wopanda kugonana (无性系), mtengo wawung’ono (小乔木型), wa masamba apakati mpaka akulu (中叶类), nthawi yapakati yophukira (中芽种). Mtengo wake ndi wamtali (mpaka 1,6 m), ndi thunthu lowongoka, ndi mphukira wamkulu wodziwika bwino, ndi mipata itali pakati pa ma nodo. Masamba — atali, owoneka ngati elipsi, obiriwira kwambiri, olimba, ndi m’mphepete mopinda mkati. Méi Zhàn ndi wolemekezeka pa kusinthasintha kwake: “chilichonse chimene mungachite — zonse zimakhala bwino” (百变茶青). Amayenera kupanga wulong, tiyi wofiira, wobiriwira ndi woyera.
Zomwe zili m’masamba (masika, thunthu limodzi + masamba awiri): Ma amino acid — 3,6%; polyphenols a tiyi — 27,5%; catechins — 18,1%; caffeine — 4,4%.
Kututa: Masika (ofunika kwambiri), chirimwe, m’dzinja. Pakati pa mwezi wa April ndi pamene kututa kwa masika kumafika pachimake. Kututa pamanja.
Mulingo wa kututa: Thunthu limodzi ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri pa magiredi apamwamba (monga “Jīn Méi” — wongotuta mathunthu); thunthu limodzi ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu pa magiredi wamba.
Zofunikira pa zopangira: Kututa koyambirira komanso kofewa n’kofunika — mphukira za Méi Zhàn zimalimba msanga (持嫩性较差), zomwe zimafuna kufulumira.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Kwawo — Anxi, Lutian: Dera lamapiri la kum’mwera kwa Fujian. Kutalika kwake ndi 400–1 200 m. Nyengo yamvula ya subtropical monsoon, mvula yambiri, nthawi zambiri kumakhala nkhungu, dothi lachonde ndi lofiira lomwe lili ndi acidity pang’ono. Phiri la Yingpingshan (银瓶山, 1 200 m) — ndi pamene mtundu umenewu unayambira.
Wuyishan: Tiyi wofiira wa Méi Zhàn amapangidwanso m’mapiri a Wuyishan, kumene mtundu umenewu unayambitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900 (nthawi ya Minguo). Malo a Wuyishan amawupatsa kukoma kwake kodziwika bwino kwa “yányùn” (岩韵, “nyimbo ya miyala”).
Fuding: Ndi dera lachikhalidwe lopangira Bái Lín Gōngfū, kumene Méi Zhàn ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira za mkulu kwambiri.
Kufalikira: Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1960, Méi Zhàn amalimidwa ku China konse — Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Guangxi, komanso ku Taiwan. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake ndi zokolola zake (200–350 kg pa mu), wakhala umodzi mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri komanso yosinthasintha.

5. Ukadaulo Wopangira:

Méi Zhàn Hóngchá amapangidwa motsatira njira yokhazikika ya tiyi wofiira wothira okosijeni kwathunthu: kufowoketsa → kukulunga → kuthira okosijeni → kuumitsa → kusanja. Makhalidwe ake — chisamaliro pa “kutsegula” fungo la maluwa a orchid.

Kututa (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Pamanja. Koyambirira komanso kofewa (早采嫩采) — mphukira zimalimba msanga.
Kufowoketsa (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Padzuwa kapena m’chipinda, maola 12–18. Kuwongolera mulingo — “osachiwumitsa kwambiri”, kusunga kufewetsa ndi kuyambitsa kupanga fungo.
Kukulunga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Pa makina kapena pamanja. Kupanga timitengo tating’ono, atali, ofinya. Méi Zhàn amatulutsa madzi ochuluka chifukwa cha kufewa kwa masamba.
Kuthira okosijeni / Okosijeni (发酵 — fājiào): Maola 3–5 pa kutentha pafupifupi 25–28°C. Chisonyezo chachikulu — kuonekera kwa fungo la orchid ndi maula. Kuthira okosijeni mopitirira muyeso kumabweretsa kukoma “kophwanyika”; kusathira mokwanira — kuwawa.
Kuumitsa (烘干 — hōnggān): Ndi mpweya wotentha kapena pamwamba pa makala. Kwa mitundu ya ku Anxi, nthawi zina amawonjezera kutenthetsa kowonjezera (提香, tíxiāng — “kukweza fungo”).
Kusanja (分级 — fēnjí): Komaliza kusankha pamanja.

6. Makhalidwe a Zomverera:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mizere yothinana, yatali, yokulungidwa mwamphamvu (条索紧结细长). Mtundu — wakuda, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (乌黑油润), ndi nsonga zagolide pa magiredi apamwamba. Timitengo tofanana, tosweka.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Chizindikiro chake — fungo lapamwamba, “lobaya” (香气高锐): la orchid (兰花香), la maula a mume (梅花香), uchi, zipatso zouma. Kwa mitundu ya ku Wuyishan — kumawonjezera kakomedwe ka mchere ka “miyala”. Fungo limakhazikika, lodziwika bwino.
Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Losanjikiza — orchid, maula, uchi, caramel, zonunkhira zopepuka. Ndi kuthira mobwerezabwereza — kukulira kwa matani otsekemera a uchi ndi zipatso.
Kukoma: Kolimba, kodzaza, “ngati malaya” (味厚). Zokometsera zazikulu — orchid, maula, uchi, caramel, ma chocolate opepuka. Kuwa — kwapakati, “ngati silika”. Kutsekemera kwachilengedwe. Kukoma pambuyo — kothatika, ndi kakomedwe ka orchid ndi maula. Huígān (回甘) — kowonekera bwino.
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Lalanje-wamiyala mpaka wofiira ngati rubi, wowala, woonekera, ndi “mphete ya golide” (金圈) pa magiredi apamwamba.
Masamba a pansi: Akulu, osweka, osalala, amtundu wofiira-mkuwa. M’mphepete mwa masamba muli kambali kofiira (红边显).

7. Zomwe Zili M’kati Mwake:

Polyphenols: 27,5% m’zopangira (zapamwamba kuposa pafupifupi), pothira okosijeni — kupangika kofulumira kwa theaflavins ndi thearubigins, zomwe zimapanga mtundu wokhazikika ndi “thupi”.
Ma amino acid: 3,6% — amapereka kutsekemera ndi kufewa.
Caffeine: 4,4% — mulingo wapamwamba pang’ono, umapereka mphamvu yowonjezera chidwi.
Catechins: 18,1% — pothira okosijeni amasintha kukhala theaflavins, thearubigins.
Zopangira fungo: Linalool, nerol, geraniol — zimapanga gulu lodziwika bwino la “orchid ndi maula”.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

Kulimbikitsa mofewa (caffeine + L-theanine). Kupatsa mphamvu yolimbana ndi ma free radicals (chifukwa cha polyphenols ochuluka). Kuthandizira chakudya kugayika. Kutenthetsa thupi. Kupha mabakiteriya. Kuchepetsa kupsinjika.

9. Kaphikidwe:

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95°C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 4–5 g pa 100–120 ml (njira ya gongfu); 3 g pa 200–250 ml (njira ya ku Ulaya).
Chida: Gaiwan ya porcelaini — imatsegula bwino fungo la orchid.
Ndondomeko: Kutenthetsa chida → kuthira tiyi → kutsuka (ngati mungafune) → kuthira koyamba kwa masekondi 10–15 → kuthira 5–8, ndikuwonjezera masekondi 5–10.

10. Kusunga:

Chidebe chotsekedwa mwamphamvu, malo owuma ozizira, 10–25°C, mpaka miyezi 18. Firiji sikufunika.

11. Mtengo ndi Zowonetsa Zabodza:

Méi Zhàn Hóngchá ndi tiyi wa m’gulu lamtengo wapakatikati: wamba — 200–600 yuan / 500 g; wochokera ku mitengo yakale (老枞) — 800–2 000 yuan; “Jīn Méi” (wongotuta mathunthu) — mpaka 3 000+ yuan.

Momwe mungapewere zabodza:

Fufuzani fungo lodziwika bwino la “orchidi ndi maula” — chizindikiro cha Méi Zhàn weniweni.
Onani timitengo: titali, tolimba, takuda ndi lonyezimira.
Madzi a tiyi — alalanje-wamiyala, oonekera bwino. Osawonekera bwino — chizindikiro cha khalidwe lalitali.
Funsani za chiyambi: Anxi, Wuyishan, Fuding — ndiwo madera akuluakulu.

12. Mfundo Zachidwi:

“Chamere mutchire wa tiyi”: Méi Zhàn ndi umodzi mwa mitundu yochepa imene mungapange tiyi wamtundu uliwonse: wulong (wopepuka ndi wakuda), wofiira, wobiriwira, woyera. Ndipo mu mawonekedwe aliwonse amasonyeza chilembo chake cha “maula”.
“Satero kunyengerera fungo lina”: Ku Wuyishan, Méi Zhàn amalemekezedwa ngati chopangira chosakaniza — amalemekeza kusakaniza, osaphimba mitundu ina (拼茶不夺他茶香).
Mitengo ya maula zikwi makumi atatu: Wolemba ndakatulo Lin Heyan wa ku Lutian (kumapeto kwa Qing) anapereka mizere yokhudza Méi Zhàn: “种梅三万株，终老吾何悔” — “Ndidzabzala mitengo ya mume zikwi makumi atatu — ndipo ndidzakalamba mosadandaula”.
Wozunzidwa ndi kufalikira kwa Tiě Guānyīn: M’zaka za m’ma 1990–2000, kulowa m’malo mwa ambiri a Méi Zhàn ndi Tiě Guānyīn kunachititsa kuti minda yakale yambiri iwonongeke ku Anxi. Mitengo yakale yomwe inapulumuka (zaka 50–100+) ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali.
Zopangira zapamwamba za Bái Lín Gōngfū: M’mbiri, magulu abwino kwambiri a Bái Lín Gōngfū ankapangidwa kuchokera ku Méi Zhàn — mfundo imeneyi imagogomezera makhalidwe ake apamwamba a “kufiira”.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wofiira Wina:

Jīn Jùn Méi (金骏眉): Wangotuta mathunthu, kuchokera ku Càichá Tóngmù. Osekemera kwambiri, a uchi, “wamphepo”. Méi Zhàn Hóngchá — olimba kwambiri, ndi fungo lowala la orchid ndi maula komanso “thupi” lalikulu.
Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng (正山小种): “Kholo” — ndi kakomedwe ka zipatso za longan ndi (m’mitundu yofuka) utsi. Méi Zhàn Hóngchá — wopanda utsi, ndi mawonekedwe a fungo osiyana kwambiri (orchid, maula).
Qímén Hóngchá (祁门红茶): “Fungo la Qimen” — lofewa, “lobisika”, la rozi ndi uchi. Méi Zhàn — lowala kwambiri, “lalikulu”, ndi fungo la orchid lobaya.
Méi Zhàn Wūlóng (梅占乌龙): Mtundu womwewo, koma wopangidwa motsatira ukadaulo wa wulong. Wulong — wobiriwira kwambiri, wamaluwa, ndi huígān yowonekera. Tiyi wofiira — wokwanira, wodzaza, ndi kuya kwa caramel ndi chocolate.

Pomaliza:

Méi Zhàn Hóngchá ndi tiyi wokhala ndi makhalidwe: lowala, lodzidalira, lololera. Fungo la orchid ndi maula, lomwe linachokera ku mtundu wodziwika bwino wa phiri la Yingpingshan, silibisika kapena kung’ung’uza — limamveka mokweza kuchokera pa kuthira koyamba. Uwu ndi tiyi wa iwo omwe amayamika mu tiyi wofiira osati kufewa kokha, komanso mphamvu; osati kutsekemera kokha, komanso kuya.

“Ndidzabzala mitengo ya mume zikwi makumi atatu — ndipo ndidzakalamba mosadandaula” — mizere imeneyi ya wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Anxi wa zaka za m’ma 1800 ikumveka lero ngati ulosi: Méi Zhàn, amene anapulumuka kufalikira kwa Tiě Guānyīn ndipo anatsala pang’ono kutha, akubwerera — makamaka mu tiyi wofiira, kumene mawu ake amamveka mokweza komanso mokhutiritsa kuposa kale lonse.