Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu · new.thetea.app

Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu (马图绿茶, Mǎtú lǜchá) — “Tiyi Wobiriwira wa [mudzi wa] Matu” — ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokazingidwa wakumapiri aakulu kuchokera ku mudzi wa Matu (马图村, Mǎtú Cūn) m’boma la Lónggǎng (龙岗镇, Lónggǎng Zhèn) m’chigawo cha Fēngshùn (丰顺县, Fēngshùn Xiàn), mzinda wa Méizhōu (梅州市, Méizhōu Shì), chigawo cha Guangdong. Tiyiyi ili ndi mbiri yokhudza kusintha kwa chikomyunizimu: mu Januwale 1929, Marshal Zhu De (朱德, Zhū Dé), amene ankatsogolera gulu lankhondo 4 la Red Army, anabweretsa asilikali ake ku Matu ndipo anapatsa alimi thumba la 20 jin (10 kg) la nthangala za tiyi wa ulong (小叶乌龙, xiǎoyè wūlóng) wotchedwa “ulong wa masamba ang’onoang’ono,” zomwe anazinyamula kuchokera ku Western Fujian ndipo poyamba zinkayenera kupita ku Jinggangshan. Kuyambira pamenepo, Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu amadziwika monga “Hóngjūn Chá” (红军茶, Hóngjūn Chá, “Tiyi wa Red Army”). M’mudzi muno muli mitengo ya tiyi yazaka zoposa 100,000 yakale kwambiri — umodzi mwa minda yayikulu kwambiri ya zomera zakale za tiyi ku Guangdong. Ukadaulo wa “kukazinga kawiri — kukama kawiri” (二炒二揉, èr chǎo èr róu) ndi cholowa cha chikhalidwe chosagwirika cha Méizhōu. Ma polyphenols ali 33.83%.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), osafufuma. Wokazingidwa (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá). Maonekedwe ngati “nsidze” (眉形, méi xíng): masamba olimba, opindika pang’ono, amtundu wa imvi wobiriwira ndi mafinya ambiri.
Gulu: Chogulitsa chotetezedwa ndi Geographical Indication ya China (国家地理标志保护产品, 2014). Cholowa cha chikhalidwe chosagwirika cha Méizhōu (梅州市非物质文化遗产) — ukadaulo wa “二炒二揉”. Chimodzi mwa “Tiyi Asanu ndi Atatu Odziwika a Méizhōu” (嘉应八大名茶, kuyambira 1984). “Tiyi wa Red Army” (红军茶). Wopambana mu Guangdong Famous Tea Competitions: mendulo ya golide pa mpikisano wa 6 (2005), siliva pa 7 (2007), mphoto ya khalidwe pa 5 (2002). Pofika 2023 — malo okwana 12,000 mu (~800 ha), mitengo yakale yopitilira 100,000, ndalama zapachaka za 200 miliyoni yuan.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guangdong (广东省), mzinda wa Méizhōu (梅州市), chigawo cha Fēngshùn (丰顺县, Fēngshùn Xiàn), boma la Lónggǎng (龙岗镇, Lónggǎng Zhèn), mudzi wa Matu (马图村). Kupanganso kukuchitika m’midzi yoyandikana ya Píngfēng (坪丰), Jiāngkēng (江坑) ndi Sōngjiāng (松江).
Ma Coordinates a Geographical: Pafupifupi 24°05′ N, 116°10′ E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri:

M’nthawi ya Ming, Daoguang (道光十一年, 1831). Zolemba zoyamba zokhudza ulimi wa tiyi m’mudzi: alimi a mudzi wa Xià Zhàng Dàtánghú (下嶂大塘湖) anabzala malo okwana 3 mu (~0.2 ha) a munda wa tiyi ndi mtundu wa masamba ang’onoang’ono. Magwero ena amati ulimi wa tiyi unayambira m’zaka za zana la 16, zomwe zikusonyeza mbiri yopitilira 500. Ena mwa mitengo ija adakalipobe mpaka lero.

1929 — Zhu De ndi “Tiyi wa Red Army.” Mu Januwale 1929, Marshal Zhu De (朱德, 1886–1976) anatsogolera gulu lankhondo 4 la Red Army kupita ku Matu — mudzi wamapiri omwe ali pamphambano ya Fēngshùn, Wǔhuá ndi Jiēxī. Pano panachitika zokambirana ziwiri za “Matu Conferences” (马图会议), zomwe zinasiya mzere m’mbiri ya Red Army (pamodzi ndi Zhu De, ena omwe anabwera ku mudzi ndi Zhu Yunqing (朱云卿), Luo Ronghuan (罗荣桓), Nie Rongzhen (聂荣臻)). Zhu De, ataona umphawi wa anthu akumudzi wamapiri, anawapatsa thumba (20 jin, ~10 kg) la nthangala za ulong wa masamba ang’onoang’ono (小叶乌龙茶种), zomwe anazichotsa ku Western Fujian ndipo poyamba zinkayenera kupita ku Jinggangshan. Pamsonkhano waukulu, analimbikitsa alimi: “Dzalani tiyi — limbikitsani mudzi” (种茶兴农). Tiyi womwe unamera kuchokera ku nthangalazi unatchedwa “Hóngjūn Chá” (红军茶, “Tiyi wa Red Army”) kapena “mtundu wa Red Army” (红茶种, hóngchá zhǒng) — umodzi mwa mayina ochepa a tiyi ku China ogwirizana mwachindunji ndi mbiri ya Red Army. Nyimbo “Tengani kapu ya tiyi wa Matu” (《敬你一杯马图茶》) idaulutsidwa kangapo ndi Central People’s Radio.

1954 — “Mtengo Wokwera Kwambiri.” Guangdong Tea Association inapereka kwa Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu udindo wa “tiyi wobiriwira wokhala ndi mtengo wokwera kwambiri ku Guangdong” (广东省绿茶类最高价格) — kuzindikira khalidwe lapadera.

Zaka za m’ma 1980 — kutsika ndi kuyambiranso. Kuchuluka kunatsika: pambuyo pa kusintha, banja lililonse linkalima tiyi lokha, popanda chigwirizano. Kuyambiranso kunadzera mu dongosolo la “kampani + malo + banja la mlimi” (公司+基地+农户): makampani a “Mǎshān Cháyè” (马山茶业) ndi “Mǎtú Cháyè” (马图茶业) anagwirizanitsa zinthu, kupanga ndondomeko zoyenera, ndikutumiza malonda kumsika wakunja.

2002–2023. Kupambana mu Guangdong Famous Tea Competitions (2002, 2005, 2007). Mu 2014 — Geographical Indication ndikuphatikiza ukadaulo wa “二炒二揉” mu kaundula wa cholowa chosagwirika cha Méizhōu. Pofika 2023: 12,000 mu, ndalama zapachaka — 200 miliyoni yuan. Tiyiyi imatumizidwa ku Southeast Asia, komwe ikufunidwa kwambiri pakati pa a Hakka omwe ali kunja.

Dzina:
“Matu” (马图, Mǎtú) — “Chithunzi cha Mahatchi” (kapena “Mapu a Mahatchi”). Mudzi poyamba unatchedwa “Mǎtóu” (马头, “Mutu wa Hatchi”): mapiri oyandikana amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a hatchi yomwe mutu wake wapendekera m’mbuyo. M’kupita kwa nthawi, dzinali linasanduka “Matu” — “chithunzi cha mahatchi akuthamanga,” zomwe zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya malo a mapiri.
“Lǜ Chá” (绿茶, Lǜchá) — “Tiyi Wobiriwira” — chisonyezero chachindunji cha gulu.
Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe: Matu ndi mudzi wa a Hakka (客家, Kèjiā), ndipo tiyi imagwirizana mosalekeza ndi chikhalidwe chawo. A Hakka ndi kagulu ka a Han, odziwika ndi kulimbikira, mgwirizano wa mabanja, ndi kusunga miyambo; Méizhōu ndi “likulu la a Hakka” (客都, Kèdū). Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu ndi chizindikiro cha tiyi cha udindo umenewu. “Tiyi wa Red Army” ndi chizindikiro osati cha mbiri ya revolution yokha, komanso cha kulimbikira kwa alimi: nthangala zoperekedwa ndi marshal zinalandiridwa, kusungidwa ndi kupititsidwa m’mibadwo yonse. Mudziwu ulinso “dera lakale la Soviet” (老苏区, lǎo sūqū) — malo amene mu 1920-30s ulamuliro wa Soviet unakhazikitsidwa. Lero ku Matu kumangidwa “Malo Okumbukira a Chigawo Chapakati cha Soviet” — nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, bwalo la marshal, zipilala zokumbukira za revolution, zophatikizidwa ndi zokopa alendo za tiyi.

3. Kufotokozera Zomera ndi Zipangizo:

Mtundu / Cultivar: Wofunikira kwambiri — Ulong wa Masamba Ang’onoang’ono (小叶乌龙群体种, xiǎoyè wūlóng qúntǐ zhǒng), Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, mtundu wa m’gulu, wamakoloko, wamamasamba apakati. Ana a nthangala zoperekedwa ndi Zhu De mu 1929, ndi zomera zakale (16–19 zaka). Kulemera kwa mphukira 100 (thumbu limodzi + masamba atatu) — pafupifupi 70 g. Ma polyphenols — 33.83% — chimodzi mwazokwera kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Guangdong. Kuonjezera apo — cultivars zobweretsedwa: Jīnmǔdān (金牡丹, Jīnmǔdān, “Golden Peony”) ndi Méijiān (梅尖, Méijiān, “Nsonga ya Plum”) — za mizere yatsopano.
Kututa: Kwa masika — kuchokera ku Spring Equinox (春分, Chūnfēn) mpaka Qingming (清明, Qīngmíng). Mulingo — thumbu limodzi + tsamba limodzi poyambira kutuluka (一芽一叶初展). Tiyi wa m’dzinja amapangidwa pang’ono.
Mitengo ya Zaka Zoposa 100: Mitengo ya tiyi yopitilira 100,000 yazaka zakale (yomwe pafupifupi 2,800 mu ndi munda wa mitundu ya masamba ang’onoang’ono) — nkhokwe ya ma genetic ndi gwero la zipangizo za gulu lapamwamba. Umodzi mwa minda ikuluikulu yakale kwambiri ya zomera za tiyi ku Guangdong.
Magulu (malinga ndi mtunda):
Wapamwamba wa “mtambo” (高山云雾茶, gāoshān yúnwù chá, 900+ m): Fungo la bilinganya, lolimba, ndi “nyimbo ya kumapiri.” Kuyambira 120 yuan/500 g (mpaka 3,000 yuan/jin kwa magulu apamwamba a mitengo yakale).
Wapakati (中山茶, zhōngshān chá, 700–900 m): Wolimba, osati onunkhira kwambiri. 80–120 yuan/500 g.
Wapansi (低山茶, dīshān chá, <700 m): Wochuluka, watsamba. 40–80 yuan/500 g.
Mizere: Zachikhalidwe (masamba olumikizika, fungo la bilinganya ndi mpunga) + yatsopano “Bokosi la Golide / Bokosi la Siliva” (金针/银针 — kuchokera ku mbande zokhazokha, mafinya ochuluka, mawonekedwe a “wobiriwira” atsopano).

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe Olima:

Nyengo: Subtropiki, yokhala ndi makhalidwe odziwika a kumapiri. Kutentha kwapachaka — 21°C (pamwamba pa nsonga — kumakhala kotsikitsitsa). Mvula yapachaka — 2,300 mm — imodzi mwazambiri kwambiri pakati pa madera olima tiyi ku China. Kuwala kwa dzuwa pachaka — maola 1,860. Chifunga — masiku opitilira 200 pachaka. Kuyambira mwezi wachinayi mpaka wachisanu ndi chinayi wa kwa mwezi (pafupifupi Meyi–Okutobala) mitambo imaphimba dzuwa, ndikusiya maola 4–5 okha a kuwala patsiku — “寡日照” (guǎ rìzhào, “kuwala kochepa”) koopsa ngakhale kwa Guangdong wamtambo. Kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku ndikokulirapo. Chipale chofewa chimafika msanga, kutentha kwachilimwe kumachedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa nyengo yaitali yolima ya mphamvu yapakati.
Mtunda: Pakati pa kupangira — 915–956 m. Kuzungulira — nsonga za mamitala: Jiǔlóngzhàng (九龙嶂, Jiǔlóng Zhàng, “Chitunda cha Chinjoka Zisanu ndi Zinayi”), Wànshīzhàng (万狮嶂, Wànshī Zhàng, “Chitunda cha Mikango Zikwi khumi”), Běishānzhàng (北山嶂, Běishān Zhàng, “Chitunda cha Kumpoto”). Nsongazi zimapanga “bwalo lachilengedwe” lomwe limagwiritsa chinyezi ndi chifunga.
Nthaka: Mitundu ya mchenga wachikasu-chofiira (黄红砂壤土, huánghóng shā rǎng tǔ) pa miyala ya granite ndi quartzite ya m’nthawi ya Yanshan (燕山期花岗岩、石英岩风化). pH 5.5–6.5 — acidity yabwino. Mwala woyambira umaphatikizaponso miyala ya mchenga wofiirira (紫色砂岩). Zinthu zachilengedwe zili zochuluka, chivundikiro cha zomera makamaka ndi ferns (蕨草).
Chilengedwe: Pakati — dera loteteza madzi. Pamtunda wa makilomita makumi angapo — palibe gwero lililonse la kuipitsa. Mitsinje imayambira pamtunda wa 1,050 m (九龙嶂, 北山嶂). Ma feteleza a mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi oletsedwa.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga:

Ukadaulo wachikhalidwe cha a Hakka “二炒二揉” (èr chǎo èr róu, “kukazinga kawiri — kukama kawiri”) — cholowa cha chikhalidwe chosagwirika cha Méizhōu (kuyambira 2014). Kuzungulira kawiri kwa kukazinga ndi kukama kumapereka kuzama kwa kukoma ndi kupanga “nyimbo ya kumapiri” (山韵, shānyùn). Ntchito yonse imagwiritsa ntchito zida za nsungwi ndi matabwa (竹制器具, zhúzhì qìjù) — kukhudza kwa tsamba ndi chitsulo kumathetsedwa panthawi yonse ya kukonza, zomwe zimalepheretsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a ma polyphenols ndikusunga kukhathamira kwa kukoma.

Kufalitsa (摊晾, tān liáng): Mphukira zongotulidwa zimayalidwa mosapinipini pa ma tray a nsungwi. Nthawi — maola 2–4 malinga ndi chinyezi. Kuchepetsa kutsekemera kwa maselo ndi kuyambitsa kupanga fungo.
Kukazinga koyamba — “kupha zobiriwira” (杀青, shāqīng): Mphika wachitsulo (铁锅, tiě guō), kutentha pafupifupi 200°C. Njira ya “kuponya + kutenthetsa ndi nthunzi” (扬焖结合, yáng mèn jiéhé): kuponya masamba pamwamba kwakanthawi (kuti atuluke msanga) ndi kuwayika pafupi ndi makoma a mphika (kuti atenthedwe pang’onopang’ono). Kuletsa ntchito ya ma enzyme. Nthawi — mphindi 5–8.
Kukama koyamba (初揉, chū róu): Masamba amakamidwa mu chotengera cha nsungwi. Cholinga — kuphwanya ma membrane a maselo, kuyamba kupanga mawonekedwe a “nsidze.” Kukakamiza — kwapakati.
Kukazinga kwachiwiri (初炒, chū chǎo): Kutenthetsa kachiwiri mu mphika. Cholinga — kukhazikitsa kowonjezera, kukulitsa fungo la bilinganya ndi phwando la “mpunga.” Kutentha — 160–180°C.
Kukama kwachiwiri (复揉, fù róu): Kupanganso kachiwiri. Kukakamiza kokulirapo — kwakulitsa masamba, kumaliza kupanga mawonekedwe a “nsidze.”
Kukazinga komaliza ndi kukweza fungo (复炒提香定型, fù chǎo tíxiāng dìngxíng): Kutentha — 120–140°C. Kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe ndi “kukweza” (提香, tíxiāng) fungo: kuchitika kwa Maillard pakati pa ma amino acid ndi shuga kumapanga fungo la bilinganya ndi “mpunga wokazingidwa.”
Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): Kufika pa chinyezi ≤5%.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumverera:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Masamba a “nsidze” (眉形): olimba, opindika pang’ono, amtundu wa imvi wobiriwira ndi mafinya (灰绿显毫, huī lǜ xiǎn háo). Kukula — kwapakati, kofanana. Kwa gulu lapamwamba (mitengo yakale) — tsamba laling’ono kwambiri, mafinya ochuluka.
Fungo la masamba owuma: La bilinganya (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng) — lofunika, lotentha ndi lozungulira. “Fungo la mpunga wokazingidwa” (炒米香, chǎomǐ xiāng) — kuchokera ku ntchito yachikhalidwe ya “moto” (火工, huǒgōng) ya kukazinga kawiri. Phwando laling’ono la “kumapiri.”
Fungo la madzi: Phwando la bilinganya ndi mpunga limamveka momveka, ndikuwonjezerapo “nyimbo ya kumapiri” (山韵, shānyùn) — phwando la malo lapamwamba, lomwe limamveka ngati mthunzi woziziritsa wa mchere kuseri kwa thupi lotentha la bilinganya. Kukhazikika — kutuluka 5–7 kwa tiyi wapamwamba.
Kukoma: Kotsekemera—kofewa (甘醇, gān chún) — kutsekemera kumamveka kuyambira kutuluka koyamba. Kwatsopano (鲜爽, xiān shuǎng). Kolimba ndi kwamphamvu (浓强, nóng qiáng) — kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zosungunuka ndi ma polyphenols (33.83%) kumapereka “thupi” lomveka. Kubwerera kwa kutsekemera — kosalekeza, ndi “nyimbo yotambalala ya m’mero” (喉韵绵长, hóuyùn miáncháng) — kukoma kotsatira kumamveka mwakuya m’mero, osati pa lilime lokha.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira-buluu, woonekera bwino, wokhala ndi phwando laling’ono lachikasu powalitsa (青绿透亮略带微黄, qīnglǜ tòuliàng lüè dài wēi huáng). Waukhondo, wopanda matope.
Pansi pa tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): Ofewa, ochepa, ofanana, “amoyo” (柔软幼嫩、匀整鲜活, róuruǎn yòunèn, yúnzhěng xiānhuó). Masamba amatseguka mokwanira, osunga kukhathamira — chizindikiro cha kukama kwa manja kosamalitsa.

7. Kupangidwa kwa Mankhwala:

Ma Polyphenols (茶多酚): 33.83% — mulingo wapamwamba, woposa pafupifupi kwa tiyi wobiriwira (~18–25%). Zimachitika chifukwa chophatikiza mtundu wa ulong wa masamba ang’onoang’ono (mwachibadwa umakonda ma catechin ochuluka) ndi nyengo ya subtropiki ndi mvula yambiri. Ma catechin ofunikira: EGCG, ECG, EGC.
Ma Amino Acid (氨基酸): ≥3.10%. L-theanine ndi chigawo chofunikira. Mulingo wake ndi wochepa poyerekeza ndi tiyi ya “kumpoto” (Yimeng Yu Ya, Rizhao), koma ndi wokwanira kupanga mawonekedwe a “watsopano.” Chiyerekezo cha ma polyphenols/ma amino acid (~10:1) chimapendekera kumbali ya ma polyphenols — chifukwa chake kukoma kumakhala “kwamphamvu” ndi “kolimba” kwambiri.
Caffeine (咖啡碱): Pafupifupi 3.5–4.5% — yokwera, yofanana ndi zipangizo za ulong wa masamba ang’onoang’ono.
Fluoride (氟): Mulingo wokwera — kuteteza una wamano. Tchire la tiyi pa nthaka ya granite ya acidic limasonkhanitsa fluoride kuchokera m’madzi apansi panthaka.
Mavitamini: C, B₁, B₂, E, K, β-carotene.
Mchere: K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, F.
Mankhwala onunkhira: Fungo la bilinganya ndi “mpunga” limapangidwa ndi ma pyrazine (monga 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine) ndi zotumphukira za furan — zotsatira za kukazinga kawiri ndi kuchitika kwa Maillard. “Nyimbo ya kumapiri” (山韵) — phwando lovuta la ma terpenoid, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya kuwala kochepa kwambiri (4–5 maola/tsiku).

8. Maubwino a Zaumoyo:

Ntchito yamphamvu ya antioxidant: Ma polyphenols 33.83% — imodzi mwazokwera kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira. EGCG imathetsa ma radical aulere, imachepetsa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni, imateteza DNA ku mavuto.
Zotsatira zolimbikitsa: Caffeine wokwera (~3.5–4.5%) amapereka mphamvu yowonekera; L-theanine amachepetsa “kukwiya” kwapamwamba, ndikupanga “mphamvu yoyera.”
Kuteteza una wamano: Mulingo wokwera wa fluoride umalepheretsa kutaya kwa mchere wamano ndikuletsa kukura kwa mabakiteriya oyambitsa kuwola kwa mano.
Kuthandiza dongosolo la mtima: Ma catechin amathandizira ntchito ya endothelium, kumathandiza kukhazikitsa bwino kuthamanga kwa magazi.
Kuthandiza kagayidwe ka mafuta: EGCG imalimbikitsa kutenthedwa kwa ma fatty acid, imachepetsa mulingo wa LDL.
Zotsatira zolimbana ndi kutupa: Ma polyphenols amalepheretsa kutulutsa kwa ma cytokine oyambitsa kutupa.
Ntchito zamaganizo: L-theanine imalimbikitsa mafunde a ubongo a alpha, kumathandiza chidwi ndi kukumbukira kwa ntchito.

9. Kuwira:

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85°C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 100 ml (gaiwan) kapena 3 g pa 200 ml (kapu ya galasi).
Ziwiya:
Gaiwan (盖碗): Ndiwabwino pakuwongolera kuchotsedwa ndi kuwona “nyimbo ya kumapiri” m’kutuluka kotsatizana.
Kapu ya galasi (玻璃杯): Kuwona “mbande zoyima” (芽叶竖立, yá yè shù lì) ndi kusangalala ndi mtundu wa madzi.
Ndondomeko (gaiwan):

Tenthetsani gaiwan ndi chahai ndi madzi otentha.
Ikani 3 g ya tiyi. Sambani — masekondi 5, tsanulani.
Kutuluka koyamba — masekondi 20.
Kulikonse kotsatira — +5 masekondi.
Imalimbikira 6–8 kutuluka. “Nyimbo ya kumapiri” imamveka kwambiri pa 3–5 kutuluka.

Ndondomeko (kapu ya galasi):

Tenthetsani kapu.
Ikani 3 g ya tiyi, tsanulani madzi (80°C).
Lekerani mphindi 3. Onani “mbande zoyima” — kuima koyima kwa masamba kumasonyeza zipangizo zabwino.
Imalimbikira 3–4 kuthirira.

10. Kusunga:

Mikhalidwe: Kupaka mosindikizidwa, furiji 0–5°C.
Tiyi watsopano: “Kupumula” masiku 7 pambuyo popanga.
Pambuyo pa kutsegula: Idyani mkati mwa masiku 10 — fungo la bilinganya ndi mpunga, lopangidwa ndi kukazinga kawiri, ndilokhazikika kwambiri kuposa tiyi yambiri yobiriwira, koma limatha kutengedwa ndi okosijeni.
Adani a tiyi: Chinyezi, kuwala, kutentha, fungo lina.
Nthawi yakutha kwa ntchito: M’paketi yotsekedwa pa 0–5°C — mpaka miyezi 18.

11. Mtengo ndi Zinyengo:

Zosonyeza za mtengo:
Wapamwamba wa “mtambo” (900+ m, mitengo yazaka zoposa 100) — kuyambira 120 yuan/500 g; magulu apamwamba — mpaka 3,000 yuan/jin (6,000 yuan/kg).
Wapakati (700–900 m) — 80–120 yuan/500 g.
Wapansi (<700 m) — 40–80 yuan/500 g.
M’mene mungapewere zinyengo:
Gulani ndi chizindikiro cha Geographical Indication “马图绿茶.”
Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu weniweni — masamba a “nsidze”, amtundu wa imvi wobiriwira ndi mafinya. Masamba akulu, otayirira, kapena akuda kwambiri ndi chizindikiro cha chinyengo.
Yang’anani fungo: la bilinganya ndi mpunga, lokhazikika, ndi phwando la “kumapiri.” Kusowa kwa phwando la “mpunga” nkoyipa (kumasonyeza kukazinga kumodzi).
Madzi — wobiriwira-buluu, woonekera. Matope kapena wachikasu wakuda ndi cholakwika.
Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu ndi tiyi yotsika mtengo pang’ono; mtengo wokayikitsa wokwera (woposa 3,000 yuan/500 g) ungasonyeze kufunafuna phindu, pomwe wotsika kwambiri (<40 yuan/500 g) ungasonyeze chinyengo.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

Zhu De ndi 10 kg ya nthangala. Mu 1929, Marshal Zhu De anapatsa mudzi wa Matu thumba la nthangala za ulong wa masamba ang’onoang’ono zochokera ku Western Fujian — chimodzi mwazochitika zochepa m’mbiri pomwe mtundu wa tiyi umagwirizana mwachindunji ndi nkhani yeniyeni kuchokera ku mbiri ya wamkulu wa Red Army. Nthangalazo zinkayenera kupita ku Jinggangshan, koma Zhu De, ataona umphawi wa mudzi wamapiri, anasankha kuzisiya kwa alimi a Hakka.
“Tiyi wa Red Army” (红军茶). Dzina lachiwiri lovomerezeka la Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu — tiyi “yomwe inamera kuchokera ku nthangala za revolution.” Mpaka pano kampani ya “Mǎtú Cháyè” imatulutsa chaka chilichonse mndandanda wa “红军茶,” ndipo m’mudzi muli nyimbo “Tengani kapu ya tiyi wa Matu” (《敬你一杯马图茶》), yomwe idaulutsidwa koyamba ndi Central People’s Radio m’ma 1970.
Mitengo yoposa 100,000 ya zaka zakale. Umodzi mwa minda ikuluikulu kwambiri ya zomera zakale za tiyi ku Guangdong. Mitengoyi imamera pamtunda wa 700–1,000 m, pamphiri la “Chitunda cha Chinjoka Zisanu ndi Zinayi” (九龙嶂). Nkhokwe ya ma genetic ya mtengo wapadera.
4–5 maola a dzuwa patsiku. Kuyambira mwezi wachinayi mpaka wachisanu ndi chinayi, mitambo imaphimba dzuwa, ndikusiya maola 4–5 okha a kuwala — kuchepa kwa “寡日照” koopsa kwa Guangdong wa subtropiki. Zimenezi zimalepheretsa kutembenuka kwa theanine kukhala catechin kudzera mu photosynthesis, modabwitsa kumakulitsa “kutsopano” kwa tiyi pamene ili ndi ma polyphenols ochuluka.
“Kukazinga kawiri — kukama kawiri” ndi nsungwi. Ukadaulo wa “二炒二揉” — kuzungulira kawiri kwa kukazinga ndi kukama — kumapereka kuzama kwa kukoma ndi “nyimbo ya kumapiri.” Ntchito yonse imagwiritsa ntchito zida za nsungwi — kukhudza kwa tsamba ndi chitsulo kumathetsedwa, mofanana ndi ukadaulo wa Rénhuà Yínháo (仁化银毫) wochokera ku Guangdong komweko.
“梅州高原” — “Chigwa Chachikulu cha Méizhōu.” Matu amatchedwa “chigwa chapamwamba cha Méizhōu” (梅州高原) — mtunda wapakati wa mudzi (700 m) umapangitsa kukhala umodzi mwa malo apamwamba kwambiri m’chigwa chachikulu cha Méizhōu, ndipo nsonga za mamitala kuzungulira zimapanga kanyengo kakang’ono kosayerekezeka m’derali.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Zina Zobiriwira:

Rénhuà Yínháo (仁化银毫, Rénhuà Yínháo): Tiyi wina wobiriwira wa ku Guangdong wokhala ndi Geographical Indication (kuchokera ku Sháoguān). Amapangidwanso ndi zida za nsungwi popanda kukhudza chitsulo. Komabe, Rénhuà Yínháo amachokera ku mtundu wa Bái Máo Chá (白毛茶), wokhala ndi mafinya ambiri komanso mawonekedwe a “watsopano” kwambiri. Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu amachokera ku ulong wa masamba ang’onoang’ono, ndi fungo la bilinganya ndi mpunga komanso “nyimbo ya kumapiri.”
Yánxī Shān Báimáojiān (沿溪山白毛尖, Yánxī Shān Báimáojiān): Tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Guangdong wa ku Rénhuà, wodziwika ndi mafinya oyera ochuluka ndi madzi a “mtundu wa jade wobiriwira.” Mawonekedwe osalimba komanso “atsopano.” Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu uli ndi “thupi” lochuluka, ndi khalidwe lowoneka la “moto” la kukazinga kawiri.
Méixiàn Lǜchá (梅县绿茶, Méixiàn Lǜchá): “Mnansi” wochokera ku Méizhōu komweko (chigawo cha Méixiàn). Kuchokera ku mitundu ya masamba ang’onoang’ono am’deralo ndi mtundu wa Jīnxuān. Inalandira GI mu 2020. Mkhalidwe wofanana wa a Hakka, koma wopanda mbiri ya “revolution” ndi wopanda minda ya mitengo yakale.
Láoshān Lǜchá (崂山绿茶, Láoshān Lǜchá): Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumpoto kwa Shandong poyerekeza. Onse ndi tiyi yamapiri a mtambo yokhala ndi fungo la bilinganya, koma Láoshān ali pa 35° N mu nyengo yozizira, pamene Matu ali pa 24° N mu subtropiki. Kusiyana kwa ma polyphenols: Matu — 33.83% (subtropiki), Láoshān — ndikotsika kwambiri (madera a kumpoto amachedwetsa kapangidwe ka ma catechin).

Pomaliza:

Tiyi Wobiriwira wa Matu ndi tiyi yokhala ndi makolo awiri: “wofiira” — nthangala kuchokera kwa Marshal Zhu De, zoperekedwa ku mudzi wa a Hakka mu 1929 — ndi “wobiriwira” — mitengo yoposa 100,000 ya zaka zakale pamtunda wa 956 m m’mitambo ya “Chitunda cha Chinjoka Zisanu ndi Zinayi.” “Kukazinga kawiri — kukama kawiri” ndi zida za nsungwi, fungo la bilinganya ndi mpunga ndi “nyimbo ya kumapiri,” ndi ma polyphenols 33.83% — ndi njira ya tiyi imene si yongomwa chabe, koma imatha “kugwiridwa”: mitengo ya zaka zakale ikuimilabe ku Matu mpaka lero, ndipo nyimbo “Tengani kapu ya tiyi wa Matu” ikumvekabe m’mudzi, kumene alimi a Hakwa akupitiriza ntchito yomwe marshal anayiyambitsa pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo.