Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping

Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping (黎平香茶, Lípíng xiāngchá) — “Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping” — ndi tiyi yobiriwira yofala kuchokera m’boma la Liping (黎平县, Lípíng Xiàn), lomwe lili m’chigawo cha Qiandongnan Miao ndi Dong Autonomous Prefecture (黔东南苗族侗族自治州, Qiándōngnán Miáozú Dòngzú Zìzhìzhōu) m’chigawo cha Guizhou. Liping ndi boma lalikulu kwambiri m’Guizhou (4441 km²), mtima wa chikhalidwe cha anthu a Dong (侗族, Dòngzú) — amodzi mwa mafuko a ku China odziwika ndi nyimbo, omwe nyimbo yawo yamagulu ophatikizana yotchedwa “Dacige” (侗族大歌, Dòngzú Dàgē) inalembedwa mu 2009 pa Mndandanda wa Cholowa Chosagwiritsidwa Ntchito Chachikhalidwe cha UNESCO. Mbiri ya tiyi m’bomali imachokera ku nthawi ya Western Han: m’buku la “Fangyan” (《方言》) la Yang Xiong (扬雄, Yáng Xióng) akutchula kuti kum’mwera chakumadzulo tiyi ankaitana “shè” (蔎) — ndipo mpaka pano mawu awa akugwiritsidwa ntchito m’chinenero cha Dong. M’buku la “Chájīng” (《茶经》) la Lu Yu (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) derali linaikidwa m’gulu la “Qiánzhōng cháqū” (黔中茶区, “Dera la Tiyi la Pakati pa Guizhou”), ndipo m’nthawi ya Ming (Yongle, 1403–1424) akuluakulu a m’derali ankapereka tiyi ku nyumba yachifumu. Phindu lalikulu la Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping ndilo zakumwa zochokera m’madzi (water-soluble extracts) zomwe zimafika pa ≥42% (5–9% kuposa muyezo wadziko wa GB), ndipo izi zimapereka chilinganizo cha “香浓味醇” (xiāng nóng wèi chún, “fungo lokwanira, kukoma kokhazikika”). Pofika 2024, panali 269,800 mu (~18,000 ha) ya minda ya tiyi, matani 15,200 a tiyi, ndipo mtengo wonse unali 1.62 biliyoni yuan.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi yobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), yosakolatidwa. Mawonekedwe ozungulira (卷曲形, juǎnqūxíng). Kupanga kumagwiritsa ntchito makina onse. Kwa msika wofala (大宗绿茶, dàzōng lǜchá): zopangira ndi mphukira imodzi + masamba awiri kapena atatu (zokhwima kuposa tiyi zapamwamba), ndikuwonetsa zakumwa zochuluka kwambiri (≥42%).

• Gulu: Chizindikiro cha Geographical Indication cha PRC (国家地理标志保护产品). “Dziko la Tiyi Zotchuka za China” (中国名茶之乡, Zhōngguó Míngchá zhī Xiāng, 2010). Muyezo: T/LPCX 01-2020 “Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping” (《黎平香茶》). Bomali limadziwika ndi maulemu ena monga “Boma Lofunika Kwambiri Pakupanga Tiyi la Dziko Lonse” (全国重点产茶县) ndi “Malo Okongola Kwenikweni a Tiyi a Kumadzulo kwa China” (中国西部最美茶乡). Pofika 2024, kuposa 40% ya tiyi yonse ya m’bomayi imachokera ku gulu la ‘xiangcha’.

• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guizhou (贵州省, Guìzhōu Shěng), Qiandongnan Miao ndi Dong Autonomous Prefecture (黔东南州), boma la Liping (黎平县). Boma lalikulu kwambiri m’chigawochi.

• Malo a Geographical Coordinates: Pafupifupi 26°14′ N, 109°08′ E (pakati pa boma).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Tanthauzo la dzina. “Liping” (黎平) ndi dzina la mbiri ya boma, lomwe linayambika mu nthawi ya Yongle (永乐, 1403), pamene “Liping Prefecture” (黎平府) inakhazikitsidwa. “Xiang Cha” (香茶) — kwenikweni “tiyi lonjeza” — kutsimikizira fungo la machestnut ndi maluwa monga phindu lalikulu la malonda a katunduyu.

• Western Han ndi “Chájīng”. Chikhalidwe cha tiyi chakum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Guizhou chinalembedwa kuyambira nthawi ya Western Han (西汉, 206 BCE – 9 CE). M’buku la chinenero la “Fangyan” la Yang Xiong munalembedwa mawu oti “shè” (蔎) — mawu a m’dera la kum’mwera chakumadzulo omwe amatanthauza tiyi, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’chinenero cha Dong mpaka lero. “Chájīng” la Lu Yu limaphatikizapo dera la Liping mu “Qiánzhōng cháqū”: “茶之出黔中，生思州、播州、费州、夷州……往往得之，其味极佳” — “Tiyi ya Qiánzhōng, imamera ku Sīzhōu, Bōzhōu, Fèizhōu, Yízhōu… imapezeka kawirikawiri, ndipo kukoma kwake n’kwabwino kwambiri.”

• Mbiri ya M’nthawi ya Ming. M’buku la “Hóngzhì Guìzhōu Tújīng Xīnzhì” (弘治《贵州图经新志》, Míng Hóngzhì, 1488–1505) mwalembedwa: “黎平府，洞茶叶大而味美” — “Liping Prefecture: tiyi ya [anthu a] Dong — masamba ake ndi aakulu, kukoma kwake n’kwabwino kwambiri.” Mu nthawi ya Yongle (永乐, 1413), atakhazikitsa Liping Prefecture, akuluakulu a m’deralo (长官司, zhǎngguānsī) ankatumiza tiyi ku likulu ngati mphatso ya ku bwalo.

• Mbiri ya M’nthawi ya Qing. “Dàoguāng Lípíng Fǔzhì” (道光《黎平府志》, 1845) imalongosola mwatsatanetsatane miyambo ya nyengo ya kuthyola tiyi, kuyika m’magulu malinga ndi nthawi (asanalowe Shèqián — koyambirira kwambiri, asanalowe Huǒqián — zapakati, asanalowe Yǔqián — kuthyola komaliza kwabwino) ndi miyambo ya tiyi ya anthu a Dong ndi Miao. Ndakatulo wa ku Qing, Gu Chunchun (顾忳纯), analemba ndakatulo yotchedwa “Xīshān Chá” (《西山茶》) ndi mawu oyamba omwe akufotokoza minda ya tiyi ya “Mapiri a Kumadzulo” a Liping.

• Nthawi Yamakono. Mu 1976, “Guìhuātái wànmǔ cháchǎng” (桂花台万亩茶场, “Famu Yaikulu ya Tiyi ya Guihua Tai”) inamangidwa — yomwe panthawiyo inali yaikulu kwambiri m’chigawochi. Mu 2010, bomali linalandira ulemu wa “Dziko la Tiyi Zotchuka za China.” Mu 2020, muyezo wa makampani T/LPCX 01-2020 “Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping” unayamba kugwira ntchito. Pofika 2024, minda ya tiyi ya Liping inakula kufika 269,800 mu (~18,000 ha), kupanga kwa pachaka kufika matani 15,200, ndipo mtengo wonse unali 1.62 biliyoni yuan. M’bomali muli makampani opanga tiyi opitilira 300, mafakitale 36 oyeretsa omwe ali ndi miyezo, ndipo pali mabungwe a tiyi 119.

• Kukula kwa makampani. Boma la Liping linalandira maulemu opitilira khumi a dziko ndi makampani: “Dziko la Tiyi Zotchuka za China” (2010), “Boma Lofunika Kwambiri Pakupanga Tiyi la Dziko Lonse,” “Boma Lomwe Lili Pamwamba Pa 10 pa Madera Opangira Tiyi Osunga Chilengedwe,” “Boma Lachitsanzo la Chitukuko cha Makampani a Tiyi,” “Malo Okongola Kwenikweni a Tiyi a Kumadzulo kwa China,” “Boma Lolimba Kwambiri la Tiyi la China.” Zopangira tiyi za ku Liping zinalandira mphoto pafupifupi 100 pamaonekedwe apakhomo ndi apadziko lonse. Mtengo wonse wa makampani a tiyi wa m’bomali ukuyandikira 2 biliyoni yuan, ndipo tiyi yakhala thandizo lalikulu pakukweza ndalama za anthu ammudzi.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe. Liping ndi mtima wa chikhalidwe cha Dong. Nyimbo yamagulu ophatikizana yotchedwa “Dacige” (侗族大歌), imene mwamwambo inayamba mu nthawi ya Chunqiu (春秋, 770–476 BCE), inalembedwa ndi UNESCO mu 2009 pa Mndandanda wa Cholowa Chosagwiritsidwa Ntchito Chachikhalidwe cha Anthu. Mudzi wa Zhaoxing (肇兴侗寨), womwe uli m’bomali, ndi umodzi mwa midzi ya Dong yomwe imachezeredwa kwambiri ku China. M’mudzi wa Deshun (德顺乡) pa phiri la Taipingshan (太平山) pali magulu a mitengo yakale yakuthengo ya tiyi — malo osungira ma genetic oti asankhidwe. Tiyi ndi mbali yofunika ya kuchereza alendo kwa Adong: tiyi yamafuta yotchedwa “yóuchá” (油茶, yóuchá), imene amaphika ndi zidutswa za mpunga, mtedza, ndi zonunkhira, ndi mwambo watsiku ndi tsiku m’mabanja a Dong ndi Miao.

3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira:

• Mitundu ya zomera / Cultivar: Yaikulu — Longjing 43 (龙井43号, Lóngjǐng 43 hào), yomwe imapezeka m’minda yopitilira 50%. Mtundu wa clonal wakwambirira kwambiri, womwe unapangidwa ndi China Tea Science Research Institute (中国农业科学院茶叶研究所); umayenera kupanga mawonekedwe ozungulira. Ndi wa gulu la Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Mitundu ina yowonjezera: Fuding Dabai Cha (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá) ndi mitundu yochokera kumadera (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng) — ya masamba aakulu ndi apakati, ndi masamba okhuthala okhala ndi pectin wochuluka. Polyphenols — ≥14.5%.

• Kuthyola: Kuthyola kwa masika n’kofunika kwambiri (March–April). Kuthyola kwa chilimwe ndi kwa mphukira kumathandizira. Kuthyola kumagwiritsa ntchito makina onse.

• Muyezo wa kuthyola ndi magiredi (T/LPCX 01-2020):

  • Giredi yapamwamba kwambiri (特级, tèjí): Mphukira imodzi + tsamba limodzi. Mawonekedwe ozungulira, fungo la machestnut. Kuchokera 300 yuan pa 500 g.
  • Giredi yoyamba (一级, yījí): Mphukira imodzi + masamba awiri. 150–300 yuan pa 500 g.
  • Giredi yachiwiri (二级, èrjí): Mphukira imodzi + masamba awiri. 80–150 yuan pa 500 g.

4. Terroir ndi Zinthu Zapadera za Kulima:

• Nyengo: Boma liri pa “Golden Belt ya Latitude 26° N” (北纬26°黄金产茶带, Běiwěi 26° Huángjīn Chánchádài) — malo a latitude omwe ndi abwino kwambiri kulima tiyi m’madera a subtropiki a ku China. Kutentha kwapachaka — 15–18°C. Mvula — 1300–1500 mm. Masiku amtambo — kuposa 180 pa chaka. Kuwala komwe kumamwazika — kuposa 70%. Chilinganizo: “高海拔、低纬度、寡日照” (gāo hǎibá, dī wěidù, guǎ rìzhào — “kutalika, latitude yotsika, dzuwa lochepa”) — makamaka “寡日照” (kuchepa kwa dzuwa lachindunji) kumachedwetsa kusandulika kwa amini asidi kukhala polyphenols, kupereka kukoma kokometsa komanso zakumwa zochuluka kwambiri.

• Kutalika: Kuposa 800 m. Minda ya tiyi imatenga mapiri a m’mphepete mwa mapiri, ndi kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa 300–1200 m.

• Nthaka: Yellow soil ya acidic pang’ono (微酸性黄壤, wēi suānxìng huángrǎng; pH 4.5–6.5). Zomwe zili organic matter — ≥2%. Nthaka ili ndi selenium (Se) ndi zinc (Zn) zochuluka — mawonekedwe a dera la Qiandongnan. Nkhalango imakuta 76%.

• Malo ofunika kwambiri: Mudzi wa Gaotun (高屯镇, Gāotún Zhèn) — “Famu Yaikulu ya Tiyi ya Guihua Tai” (10,000 mu), yomwe inamangidwa mu 1976 ndipo inakhala maziko a ulimi wa tiyi wa m’bomali; mudzi wa Deshun (德顺乡) — dera la mitengo yakale yakuthengo pa phiri la Taipingshan, gwero la ma genetic material oti asankhidwe; mudzi wa Jiuchao (九潮镇) — dera lomwe limakolola kwambiri ndipo limagwiritsa ntchito makina ambiri.

• Chilengedwe: Dera la boma lili m’malo osintha kuchoka pa Yun-Gui Plateau kupita ku mapiri a Hunan-Guangxi. Malo — makamaka a mapiri apakati, ndi zigwa zakuya za mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Madzi ndi ochuluka: boma liri m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Nanjiang (南江) ndi mitsinje yake. Chilengedwe n’chabwino: kulibe mafakitale olemera, kuipitsidwa kochepa kwa mpweya ndi madzi. Boma la Liping ndi limodzi la malo ochepa m’Guizhou omwe analandira ziphaso za organic production za minda ingapo ya tiyi.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Kupanga Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping kumagwiritsa ntchito makina onse malinga ndi dongosolo la “kupanga koyeretsa” (全程机械化清洁生产, quánchéng jīxièhuà qīngjié shēngchǎn), zomwe zimatsimikizira kusakhazikika kwa khalidwe ndi kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Mfundo yaikulu ndi “快速锁翠” (kuàisù suǒcuì, “kukonza mwamsanga mtundu wa emerald”).

• Kuthyola (采摘, cǎizhāi): Pogwiritsa ntchito makina. Muyezo — mphukira imodzi + masamba awiri kapena atatu.

• Kuyala (摊青, tān qīng): Masamba atsopano amayalidwa pa sieves za nsungwi m’chipinda chopuma mphepo. Nthawi — maola 4–6. Kutuluka kwa chinyezi chochuluka, kuyamba kutulutsa fungo labwino.

• ‘Kupha zobiriwira’ (杀青, shāqīng): Kuphika m’ng’oma yozungulira pa kutentha kozungulira 300°C — njira ya “kuàisù suǒcuì.” Kuthetsa msanga polyphenol oxidase, kukonza mtundu wa emerald ndi fungo la machestnut.

• Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Pogwiritsa ntchito makina. Kupanga mawonekedwe ozungulira (卷曲形) — ndilo gawo lofunika kwambiri la ukadaulo limene limatsimikizira maonekedwe a katundu. Masamba amapindidwa kukhala mizere yolimba, yofanana ndi zipolopolo za nkhono.

• Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào): Pali njira ziwiri: koyamba (毛火, máohuǒ) pa 120°C → komaliza (足火, zúhuǒ) pa 80°C. Chinyezi chotsalira — ≤6.5%. Chinyezi chotsalira chocheperako chimapereka nthawi yosungira mpaka miyezi 24.

• Zowonjezera, zonunkhiritsa, ndi zopaka utoto n’zoletsedwa.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mawonekedwe ozungulira (卷曲形). Giredi yapamwamba kwambiri — mizere yolimba yolimba “ngati nkhono” (紧细如螺, jǐnxì rú luó). Mtundu — wobiriwira wakuda (墨绿, mòlǜ), wofananira.

• Fungo la masamba owuma: Machestnut (栗香, lìxiāng) — ndilo lalikulu. Loyera (清香) — mu giredi yapamwamba kwambiri. Maluwa (花香) — limawonekera mu tiyi ya masika.

• Fungo la madzi: Machestnut wokwanira ndi kamvekedwe ka maluwa. Limakhalitsa — m’kapu yozizira limakhalabe kwa mphindi zopitilira 10. Chilinganizo “香浓” — “fungo lokwanira.”

• Kukoma: Kokhazikika (醇厚, chúnhòu) — zotsatira zachindunji za zakumwa zochokera m’madzi ≥42%: madzi ali “okhazikika,” ndi kumverera kwake pa lilime. Kwatsopano (鲜爽) — zochititsidwa ndi amini asidi ochuluka. Kubwerera kwa kutsekemera (回甘). Kukoma kokometsa — polyphenols 14–14.5% (zotsika kuposa muyezo wa tiyi yobiriwira), kuchepa kwa kuwawa. Chilinganizo “味醇” — “kukoma kokometsa.”

• Mtundu wa madzi: Giredi yapamwamba kwambiri — wobiriwira wogalamuka, wowala komanso womveketsa bwino. Giredi yachiwiri — wobiriwira wachikaso.

• Pansi pa tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): Wobiriwira wachikaso wogalamuka, wofananira. Mphukira zonse, masamba okhazikika.

7. Zomwe Zili Mu Tiyi:

• Zakumwa zochokera m’madzi: ≥42% — ndicho chizindikiro chachikulu, 5–9% kuposa muyezo wa dziko GB/T 14456.1. Poyerekeza: mulingo wocheperako wa GB wa tiyi yobiriwira ndi 34%, ndipo wamba wa tiyi yobiriwira yabwino ndi 36–38%. Zakumwa zochuluka zimapereka madzi “okhazikika” ndi kukoma kwake kukhalitsa.

• Polyphenols: 14–14.5% — mulingo wokwanira womwe umapereka kukoma kokometsa popanda kuwawa kwenikweni. Zigawo zazikulu ndi ma catechin (EGCG, EGC, ECG).

• Amini asidi: Ochuluka — zotsatira za chilinganizo “寡日照” (kuchepa kwa dzuwa lachindunji). Kutalika >800 m ndi masiku amtambo >180 kumachedwetsa photosynthesis, kutsekereza kusandulika kwa amini asidi kukhala polyphenols. L-theanine ndiyo yaikulu, ndipo imapereka kutsekemera kwake kofewa.

• Caffeine: 2–4% (yofanana ndi tiyi yobiriwira). Pamodzi ndi amini asidi ochuluka, imapereka mphamvu yofewa, yokhazikika.

• Micronutrients: Selenium (Se) ndi zinc (Zn) — kuchokera m’nthaka ya Qiandongnan. Selenium ndi antioxidant yomwe imathandizira kuteteza ma cell membranes; zinc imathandizira kuwongolera chitetezo chamthupi.

• Mavitamini: Vitamin C (wosungidwa chifukwa chokonza mwamsanga pa 300°C), mavitamini a gulu B, vitamin E.

8. Phindu la Kuthandiza Thupi:

• Ntchito ya antioxidant. Ma catechin (EGCG) amachotsa ma free radicals. Selenium kuchokera m’nthaka ya Qiandongnan imawonjezeranso mphamvu ya antioxidant.

• Kupatsa mphamvu. Caffeine pamodzi ndi L-theanine imapereka mphamvu yofewa popanda nkhawa. Zakumwa zochokera m’madzi ≥42% zikutanthauza kuchuluka kwa zigawo za bioactive mu kapu iliyonse.

• Kuthandiza ndi micronutrients. Selenium — kuteteza maselo ku oxidative stress, kuthandizira ntchito ya chithokomiro. Zinc — kuwongolera chitetezo chamthupi, kumangiriza zilonda.

• Kuthandizira chakudya. Polyphenols ocheperapo (14–14.5%) mofewa amalimbikitsa kutulutsa madzi a m’mimba popanda kupsa mtima.

• Kuthandizira mtima ndi mitsempha. Ma catechin amathandizira kuchepetsa LDL, ndi kuwerengera kwa magazi.

• Kuthandizira kuzindikira. L-theanine imalimbikitsa mafunde a alpha mu ubongo, kuwongolera kukhazikika ndi luso la kuphunzira.

• Kuteteza mano. Fluoride yomwe imapezeka mu tiyi yobiriwira imalimbitsa enamel kudzera mu kupanga fluorapatite.

• Kuthandizira metabolism. Caffeine pamodzi ndi ma catechin imalimbikitsa thermogenesis ndi kuwonjezera kutentha kwa mafuta, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizira kadyedwe kathanzi.

• Kuteteza ku mabakiteriya. Ma catechin amatha kuthana ndi mabakiteriya m’kamwa, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mano ndikuchotsa fungo loipa m’kamwa.

9. Kuphika:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90°C pa mitundu wamba. Pa yapamwamba kwambiri — 80°C.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 100 ml ya madzi (chiŵerengero 1:25–1:38 — chochuluka kuposa tiyi yobiriwira yambiri, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi khalidwe la chakumwa “chokhazikika”).

• Chida: Gaiwan ya porcelain (盖碗) ya 100–150 ml kapena kapu yagalasi (玻璃杯). Pa tiyi yamafuta (油茶) mwachikhalidwe cha Dong — mbiya yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

• Ndondomeko:

  1. Konzekerani chida ndi madzi otentha, kuthira madziwo.
  2. Ikani 3 g ya tiyi.
  3. Thirani madzi a kutentha koyenera.
  4. Kutentha koyamba — masekondi 30.
  5. Kulikonse kopitirira — +10–15 masekondi.
  6. Kutentha kokwanira katatu. Zakumwa zochokera m’madzi ≥42% zimatsimikizira kukoma kokhazikika ngakhale pakuthira kachitatu.

• Tiyi yamafuta ya Dong (油茶, yóuchá): Njira yachikhalidwe — kukazinga masamba a tiyi mu mafuta a tiyi (茶油), kuwonjezera zidutswa za mpunga (阴米), mtedza, ginger, ndi mchere. Thirani madzi otentha, kusefa. Tumikirani mu kapu zing’onozing’ono ndi zosakaniza za mpunga wowuma. Njira imeneyi si kuphika mwachizolowezi, koma kukonza “supu” ya tiyi yomwe imaonetsa “kukhazikika” kwa Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping mwanjira yosiyana kotheratu.

• Zindikirani: Chifukwa cha chinyezi chotsalira chochepa (≤6.5%) ndi kuumitsa kwa makina, Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping limapirira bwino mayendedwe ndi kusungidwa kuposa tiyi yambiri yobiriwira — khalidwe lake silimawonongeka kwambiri m’chaka choyamba ngakhale popanda furiji (ngakhale kuti kuziziritsa kumafunikira).

10. Kusunga:

• Mikhalidwe: Zopakira zotsekedwa bwino (matumba a vacuum kapena zitini zokhala ndi zivindikiro zolimba). Kusunga m’furiji pa 0–5°C.
• Nthawi yosungira: Mpaka miyezi 24 mukasungidwa moyenera — yotalika kwambiri kuposa tiyi yambiri yobiriwira (yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala miyezi 12–18). Chifukwa — chinyezi chotsalira chochepa (≤6.5%) chomwe chimatheka ndi kuumitsa kwa makina pa njira ziwiri.
• Zomwe zimawononga tiyi: Chinyezi, kuwala kwa dzuwa lachindunji, fungo lina, kutentha kwakukulu.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

• Mitengo: Giredi yapamwamba kwambiri (特级) — kuchokera 300 yuan pa 500 g. Giredi yoyamba — 150–300 yuan. Giredi yachiwiri — 80–150 yuan. Mphamvu yaikulu ya Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping ndi kupezeka kwake ndi zakumwa zochuluka zochokera m’madzi: iyi ndi tiyi ya msika wofala, kumene chiŵerengero cha “mtengo — kukhazikika mu kapu” ndi chimodzi mwa zabwino kwambiri ku China.

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:

  • Gulani zokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication “黎平香茶”.
  • Onani mawonekedwe: Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping yeniyeni imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira (卷曲形), mizere yolimba yolimba ya mtundu wobiriwira wakuda. Zonyenga — zosakanizika, zosiyanasiyana.
  • Unikani madzi: Madzi okhazikika, “okhazikika” — zotsatira zachindunji za zakumwa zochokera m’madzi ≥42%. Madzi ochepa, otsika amasonyeza zopangira za khalidwe lotsika.
  • Onani fungo: Machestnut, wokhalitsa. Kumasowa kwa fungo la machestnut ndi chizindikiro cha ukadaulo wokonza wosokonekera.
  • Samalani mtengo: tiyi ya giredi yachiwiri ya 30–50 yuan pa 500 g imakayikitsa.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Tiyi ya anthu a Dong ndi mawu oti “shè”. M’chinenero cha Dong, mawu akale oti “shè” (蔎) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza tiyi — omwe analembedwa ndi Yang Xiong mu “Fangyan” zaka zopitilira zikwi ziwiri zapitazo. Mbiri ya Ming imalongosola mwamphamvu: “洞茶叶大而味美” — “Tiyi ya Adong — masamba ake ndi aakulu, kukoma kwake n’kwabwino kwambiri.” Ndipo nyimbo yawo — “Dacige” (侗族大歌) — inalembedwa pa cholowa cha UNESCO.

• 269,800 mu — “ufumu” wa tiyi. Dera la minda ya tiyi ya Liping ndi lalikulu kwambiri m’Guizhou. Poyerekeza: ndi lalikulu kuposa malo onse a minda ya tiyi ya Anji Bai Cha yotchuka (170,000 mu) ndipo likufanana ndi minda ya Wuyishan.

• Zakumwa zochokera m’madzi +5–9% kuposa muyezo wa dziko. Zakumwa zochokera m’madzi ≥42% pomwe mulingo wochepa wa GB ndi 34% — zotsatira za chilinganizo “寡日照”: kutalika >800 m, masiku amtambo >180 ndi kuwala komwe kumamwazika >70% kumachedwetsa kusandulika kwa amini asidi kukhala polyphenols, kusunga “kukhazikika” mu kapu.

• Mitengo yakale yakuthengo ya Taipingshan. M’mudzi wa Deshun pa phiri la Taipingshan (太平山) pali magulu a mitengo yakale yakuthengo ya tiyi — malo osungira ma genetic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusankha mitundu ya kumadera.

• Kutumiza kunja ku Central Asia. Malo osazolowereka a tiyi yobiriwira ya ku China: Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping imatumizidwa kumayiko omwe mwamwambo amakonda tiyi wakuda. Komanso, tiyi imatumizidwa ku Beijing ndi Shanghai — kumsika wapakhomo wa mizinda ikuluikulu.

• Tiyi yamafuta “yóuchá” (油茶). Chikhalidwe cha Dong chophika tiyi chimaphatikizapo kukazinga masamba mu mafuta a tiyi ndi zidutswa za mpunga, mtedza, ginger, ndi mchere — kutulutsa chakumwa chopatsa mphamvu chonga supu, chomwe amamwa tsiku lililonse. Tiyi yamafuta si chakudya chabe, koma mwambo wa kuchereza alendo: kukana kapu ya “yóuchá” m’nyumba ya Dong ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa miyambo.

• Tiyi “yoimba.” Boma la Liping ndi limene linabadwira nyimbo yamagulu ophatikizana ya “Dacige” (侗族大歌), yomwe UNESCO inavomereza kukhala cholowa chosagwiritsidwa ntchito cha anthu. Mudzi wa Sanlong (三龙) wokha watumiza anthu opitilira 100 ku magulu a nyimbo a dziko lonse, ndipo anthu 16 anatenga nawo mbali pa ma konsati apadziko lonse. Tiyi ndi nyimbo ndi zizindikiro ziwiri za chikhalidwe cha Dong, zosagawanika m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa m’bomali.

13. Kufanizira ndi tiyi zina zobiriwira:

• Duyun Maojian (都匀毛尖, Dūyún Máojiān): Tiyi yobiriwira yapamwamba ya ku Guizhou, imodzi mwa “tiyi khumi zotchuka za China.” Yamaonekedwe odzala ndi ubweya, yosalala, yamtengo wapatali. Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping ndi njira yofala yina: yocheperako, koma yotsika mtengo kwambiri ndi yokhazikika.

• Meitan Cuiya (湄潭翠芽, Méitán Cuìyá): Mtundu winanso wa ku Guizhou, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala (ngati Longjing). Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping imasiyana ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndi madzi okhazikika kwambiri, ndipo imayang’ana msika wofala.

• Biluochun (碧螺春, Bìluóchūn): Mawonekedwe ozungulira, fungo la zipatso ndi maluwa, madzi ofewa. Zakumwa zochokera m’madzi — 36–38%. Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping ndi yokhazikika kwambiri (≥42%) ndipo yotsika mtengo kwambiri.

• Zhucha (珠茶, Zhūchá, “gunpowder”): Tiyi yobiriwira yofala yotumizidwa kunja, yooneka ngati mipira. Yofanana ndi msika (wofala), koma Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping imapambana pa fungo lake ndi zakumwa zochokera m’madzi.

• Leishan Yinqiu Cha (雷山银球茶, Léishān Yínqiú Chá): “Mpira wa siliva” wapadera wa ku Leishan, wopangidwa ndi manja. Wapamwamba, wamtengo wapatali. Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping ndi yofala ya kuchokera ku Qiandongnan yomweyi, koma ndi ukadaulo wokonza ndi makina.

Pomaliza:

Tiyi Lonjeza la Liping — ndi tiyi “ya anthu wamba” ya ku Guizhou: popanda kuyerekeza ukhwima wa Longjing kapena kukoma kwa Biluochun, imatenga mwayi ndi msika wofala, khalidwe lokhazikika, ndi zakumwa zochokera m’madzi 5–9% kuposa muyezo wa dziko. Kumbuyo kwa chilinganizo chofala ichi ndi dziko la anthu a Dong, omwe nyimbo zawo zamagulu amveka pansi pa UNESCO, mitengo yakale yakuthengo ya tiyi ya phiri la Taipingshan, “gongcha” ya M’nthawi ya Ming, ndi minda ya tiyi ya 269,800 mu, yomwe imapanga matani 15,200 a tiyi pachaka. Fungo la machestnut, madzi okhazikika, ndi mtengo woona — chilinganizo cha “香浓味醇,” choyesedwa ndi nthawi kuchokera mu “Chájīng” la Lu Yu mpaka muyezo wa T/LPCX 01-2020. Uwu ndi tiyi kwa iwo amene amayamikira osati malonda, koma zomwe zili mu kapu — ndi kwa iwo amene amadziwa kuti tiyi zoona nthawi zambiri zimachokera kumalo kumene mapiri amaimba ndi mawu osiyanasiyana, ndipo mawu oti “tiyi” amamveka chimodzimodzi monga zaka zikwi ziwiri zapitazo.