Língyún lǜchá

Língyún lǜchá (凌云绿茶, Língyún lǜchá) ndi tiyi wobiriŵira wa ku chigawo cha Lingyun (凌云县, Língyún Xiàn) mu mzinda wa Baise (百色市, Bǎisè Shì), Dera Loyendetsa Pokha la Guangxi Zhuang (广西壮族自治区, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū). Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu wapadera wa Camellia sinensis wotchedwa Língyún Báiháo Zhǒng (凌云白毫种), womwe umadziwikanso kuti Huacha № 26 (华茶26号) — umodzi mwa mitundu 21 yoyamba yovomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi wa People’s Republic of China mu 1965. Uwu ndi mtundu wa mitengo yapakati yokhala ndi masamba akuluakulu (小乔木大叶种, xiǎo qiáomù dàyè zhǒng): mitengo imakula mpaka 6–9 m kutalika, masamba ndi akulu, onenepa, okhala ndi tsitsi loyera lochuluka — motero dzina lake limatanthauza “tsitsi loyera” (白毫, báiháo). Mankhwala ake amadabwitsa: polyphenols — 35,6%, catechins — 182,92 mg/g — ziŵerengero zofanana ndi tiyi wamitengo ikuluikulu ya ku Yunnan ndipo ndi zina mwa zapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriŵira wonse ku China. Mtundu wa Lingyun Baihao ndi wapadera chifukwa ukhoza kupangira mitundu yonse isanu ndi umodzi ya tiyi (六大茶类) — “mtengo umodzi, masinthidwe chikwi” (一茶千化, yī chá qiān huà). Mu 1915, tiyiyu adalandira mendulo yachiyenda pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse cha Panama (巴拿马国际食品博览会二等奖), ndipo mu 2005 adapeza chizindikiro cha Geographical Indication cha PRC. Pofika 2024, malo a minda ya tiyi m’chigawochi afika pa 112 500 mu (pafupifupi 7500 ha), pachaka akupanga matani 8326, ndipo mtengo wonse wa malonda ndi 716 miliyoni ya yuan.

1. Kugawa ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriŵira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosapangidwa kupsa. Amapangidwa m’mitundu ingapo: Báiháo Wáng (白毫王, “Mfumu ya Tsitsi Loyera”) — makala oongoka (“singano”, 针形, zhēnxíng); Língluóchūn (凌螺春) — opindika ngati udzu (螺形); Báiháo Yínzhēn (白毫银针) — masamba amodzi ophukira okha. Ukadaulo wake ndi kuwotcha ndi njira yapadera ya “kuwotcha pang’onopang’ono, katatu, pa moto wochepa” (低温慢炒三青, dīwēn mànchǎo sān qīng) ndi kumaliza ndikutenthetsa kuti “funso likwezeke” (复香, fùxiāng).

• Gulu: Chogulitsa chokhala ndi Geographical Indication ya PRC (国家地理标志产品, 2005; chizindikiro cha malonda — 2016). Mtundu wa Huacha № 26 — umodzi mwa mitundu 21 yoyamba ya tiyi ya dziko (1965). Mtundu wa National tea cultivar wa Level 1 (国家级茶树良种, 1984). Mendulo yachiwiri pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse cha Zakudya cha Panama (巴拿马国际食品博览会二等奖, 1915). Wapambana ma mphoto ambiri a ma mpikisano apadziko lonse: golide pa gulu la tiyi wofiira ndi wachikasu, siliva pa tiyi wobiriŵira (Mipikisano ya II ndi III ya International Kachisi Tiyi). Lingyun ndi umodzi mwa maboma 20 oyamba a chitukuko cha tiyi opanda mankhwala a tiyi ku China (全国无公害茶叶生产示范基地县, 2001).

• Chiyambi: China, Dera Loyendetsa Pokha la Guangxi Zhuang (广西壮族自治区, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū), mzinda wa Baise (百色市, Bǎisè Shì), maboma a Lingyun (凌云县) ndi Leye (乐业县, Lèyè Xiàn). Malo apakati a kupanga ndi mapiri a Cenwanglao Shan (岑王老山, Cénwáng Lǎoshān) ndi Qinglong Shan (青龙山, Qīnglóng Shān), pamtunda wa 800–1500 m.

• Makonzedwe a malo: Pafupifupi 24°06′–24°36′ N, 106°23′–106°55′ E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Kulimidwa kwa zaka 300+. Minda ya tiyi ku Lingyun inalembedwa kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya Qing (清, 1644–1912). Derali limakhala ndi magulu a mitengo yamitengo yakutchire ndi yosakhwima ya zaka mazana angapo, ndipo mitengo ina yakutchire m’madera otetezedwa a Cenwanglao Shan imafika 8,5 m kutalika ndipo akuti ili ndi zaka zoposa 1000. Munthawi ya Qianlong (乾隆, 1736–1795), tiyi wakumeneyu adakhala “gongcha” (贡茶, gòngchá) — “tiyi wa kuperekera mphatso” ku nyumba ya mfumu, zomwe zimatsimikizira mbiri yake yoyambirira.

• 1915 — Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse cha Panama. Pa Chiwonetsero chotchuka cha Panama cha 1915 — chimodzi mwa zochitika zazikulu zapadziko lonse za malonda kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 — tiyi wa ku Lingyun adalandira mendulo yachiwiri (二等奖). Ichi chinali chimodzi mwa zindikiritsidwe zoyamba zapadziko lonse za tiyi wa ku Guangxi ndipo chinapangitsa Lingyun Baihao kulowa pa mapu a ulimi wa tiyi padziko lonse.

• 1965 — Huacha № 26. Unduna wa Zaulimi wa PRC ndi Tea Research Institute ya China Academy of Agricultural Sciences (中国农业科学院茶叶研究所) adachita kuwunika mwadongosolo mitundu ya tiyi ya dziko. Lingyun Baihao adalowetsedwa mu mitundu 21 yoyamba ya tiyi ya dziko ndipo adalandira nambala yolembetsa Huacha 26 — umodzi mwa mitundu yochepa ya ku Guangxi yomwe ili m’ndandanda wapampando uwu.

• 1984 — mtundu wa dziko wa Level 1. Komiti Yovomerezeka ya Mitundu ya Tiyi ya China (中国茶树良种审定委员会) inapereka Lingyun Baihao udindo wa mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa boma (国家级茶树良种) wa gulu loyamba. M’chaka chomwecho, mtunduwo unawonetsedwa pa Msonkhano Wonse wa China Wogawa Zaulimi ndipo unalowetsedwa mu “Kusonkhanitsa Mitundu Yabwino ya Tiyi ya China” (《中国茶树优良品种集》).

• 2005 — Geographical Indication. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ya PRC (国家质检总局) idavomereza chitetezo cha “Lingyun Baihao Cha” monga chogulitsa chokhala ndi geographical indication.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe. Baise ndi mzinda wa mbiri “wamagazi” (yosintha): kuno mu December 1929, motsogozedwa ndi Deng Xiaoping (邓小平, Dèng Xiǎopíng), kugalukira kwa Baise (百色起义, Bǎisè Qǐyì) kudachitika, komwe kudali gawo lofunika kwambiri la nkhondo ya Communist Party of China. Língyún lǜchá ndi chizindikiro “chobiriŵira” cha dziko “lofiira” ili. Lingyun ndi limodzi mwa maboma osauka kwambiri ku Guangxi, ndipo msika wa tiyi wakhala chida chachikulu chothanirana ndi umphawi: pofika 2024, minda ya tiyi ili ndi 112 500 mu, ndikupatsa ntchito mabanja masauzande ambiri a mafuko a Zhuang ndi Yao (瑶族). Mtundu wa Lingyun Baihao, womwe umatha kupanga mitundu yonse isanu ndi umodzi ya tiyi, umadziwika kuti “mtengo umodzi, masinthidwe chikwi” (一茶千化) — kusinthasintha kwapadera komwe kulibe china chilichonse ku Asia.

3. Kufotokozera za Botani ndi Zida:

• Mtundu: Língyún Báiháo Zhǒng (凌云白毫种), womwenso umatchedwa Huacha № 26 (华茶26号) — Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (malinga ndi gulu lina — var. pubilimba, likutsimikiziridwa). Mtundu wa mitengo yapakati (小乔木, xiǎo qiáomù). Masamba akuluakulu (大叶类, dàyè lèi), wapakati pa kukula (中生种, zhōngshēng zhǒng). Kufalikira — kudzera mu njere (有性繁殖系, yǒuxìng fánzhí xì). Makhalidwe ake:

  • Kutalika — mpaka 6–9 m pamene ikukula momasuka; m’minda amasungidwa ndi makasitomala mpaka 1–1,5 m.
  • Maonekedwe — wokhala ndi nthambi zochepa (半张开, bàn zhāngkāi), nthambi sizichuluka kwambiri.
  • Masamba — akuluakulu, ozungulira, osanjikidwa kapena ochepetsetsa pang’ono. Obiriŵira kwambiri, osalala, ndi pamwamba potukumira (叶面隆起). Mitsempha imaonekela bwino. Pansi (abaxial) ndi la tsitsi lalitali.
  • Mphukira — zazikulu, zonenepa, ndi tsitsi loyera lalitali lotuluka (茸毫长而密). Kukula kwa mphukira 100 zokhala ndi masamba aŵiri (一芽三叶百芽重) — pafupifupi 99 g — kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa mitundu ya masamba apakati.
  • Kuphukira kwa masika — ku Lingyun kumayamba pakati pa mwezi wa March; nthawi yovomerezeka yotola (masamba atatu) — kumapeto kwa March kumayambiriro kwa April.
  • Maluwa — November-December, zipatso zimakhala zochepa.

• Mankhwala (malinga ndi Tea Research Institute):

  • Amino acids — 3,36%.
  • Polyphenols — 35,6% — chimodzi mwa ziŵerengero zapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriŵira.
  • Catechins — 182,92 mg/g — mphamvu yodzitchinjiriza yapadera.
  • Caffeine — 4,91%.
  • Zosungunuka m’madzi — zochuluka.

• Magrade:

  • Wapamwamba kwambiri (特级): Mphukira imodzi + tsamba limodzi, tsitsi loyera ≥90%, fungo la mtedza wa mchestershire (板栗香) ndi kumveka “kokhazikika”. Kwa mawonekedwe a Baimao Wang — makala oongoka.
  • Woyamba (一级): Mphukira imodzi + masamba aŵiri, opindidwa mwamphamvu.
  • Wachiwiri (二级): Tsamba lokhwima, mzere wambiri wamsika.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Mapangidwe a nthaka. Lingyun ndi boma lamapiri lomwe lili pamalire a mapiri a Yunnan-Guizhou ndi chigwa cha Guangxi. Mapangidwe ake ndi mapiri a karst (喀斯特, kāsītè), zigwa zakuya, ndi mitsinje ya m’mapiri. Minda ya tiyi ili makamaka pamapiri a Cenwanglao Shan ndi Qinglong Shan, pamtunda wa 800–1500 m — m’dera la mitambo. Mawonekedwe apadera ndi “minda ya tiyi ya m’zigwa” (峡谷溪涧茶园): mizere ya tiyi imayenda motsatira mitsinje ya m’mapiri m’zigwa zopapatiza, ndikulandira mthunzi wachilengedwe komanso chinyezi chochuluka.

• Nyengo: Subropical monsoon (亚热带季风气候). Kutentha kwapakati pa chaka — 19–23°C. Mvula pachaka — 1700–1800 mm. Masiku a mitambo ndi chifunga — oposa 100 pachaka. Kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku n’kwanzeru, makamaka m’dera la 1000–1500 m. Chinyezi cha mpweya — ≥90% m’dera la mitambo.

• Nthaka: Yokula pa miyala ya mapiri ochita kuphulika (火山岩风化土, huǒshān yán fēnghuà tǔ) ya mapiri a Cenwanglao Shan ndi Qinglong Shan. Ya asidi (pH 4,5–5,5). Zili ndi organic matter — 3,0–4,5‰. Zili ndi mchere wambiri. Madzi amatsika bwino chifukwa cha mwala wa pansi.

• Zachilengedwe: Chophimba cha nkhalango — 76,7% — chimodzi mwa ziŵerengero zapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa maboma a tiyi ku Guangxi. Madzi — mitsinje ya m’mapiri, m’gulu loyamba la ukhondo. Malo apakati a kupanga ndi matauni a Yuhong (玉洪乡, Yùhóng Xiāng) ndi Jiayou (加尤镇, Jiāyóu Zhèn). Kuchuluka kwa zamoyo: nkhalango za karst zimagwirizira nyama ndi zomera zambiri, ndipo adani achilengedwe a tizilombo toononga tiyi ndi okwanira kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

• Kukula. Pofika 2024: minda ya tiyi — 112 500 mu (≈7500 ha), kupanga tiyi wouma pachaka — matani 8326, mtengo wonse wa malonda — 716 miliyoni ya yuan. Lingyun ndi boma lalikulu kwambiri la tiyi ku Guangxi ndipo ndi limodzi mwa malo ofunika kwambiri kumwera kwa China.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga:

Ukadaulo wapadera wa “低温慢炒三青” (dīwēn mànchǎo sān qīng) — “kuwotcha pang’onopang’ono, katatu, pa moto wochepa kuti fungo la tsitsi lisungidwe bwino.” Njira yonse imachitidwa ndi zida za bamboo ndi matabwa (全程竹木器具加工, quánchéng zhú mù qìjù jiāgōng) — zitsulo sizimakhudza tsamba, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa utoto ndi kumva kosawiriwira.

• Kuyala (摊青, tān qīng): Kumatenga nthawi yaitali kwambiri (摊放时间较长) — motalikirapo kuposa tiyi wina wobiriŵira. Izi zimathandiza kuti masamba akulu, onenepa akhale ndi chinyezi chofanana ndikupanga zoyambitsa fungo.

• “Kupha kubiriŵira” (杀青, shā qīng): Kutentha — 180–200°C. Mlingo wokhazikika uli wapatali kwambiri (杀青程度偏重): izi zimawononga ntchito yotsalira ya ma enzyme mu zida za masamba akulu zomwe zili ndi polyphenols wochuluka (35,6%), zimalepheretsa kuti tsamba lisinthe mtundu. Atangokhazikitsa — kuwuzira ndi fani (扇风散热, shàn fēng sàn rè) kuti asachite “chikasu” (防闷黄, fáng mèn huáng) — njira yofunika kwambiri yomwe imalepheretsa kusintha mwadzidzidzi kukhala tiyi wachikasu.

• Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kukonza mawonekedwe oyamba — kwa Baimao Wang — makala oongoka, kwa Lingluochun — opindika ngati udzu.

• “Kuwotcha pang’onopang’ono katatu” (炒干 — 三青, chǎo gān — sān qīng): Gawo lofunika kwambiri. Kutentha kochepa, njira yapang’onopang’ono, kuzungulira katatu: kuwotcha → kuziziritsa → kuwotchanso → kuziziritsa → kuwotcha kotsiriza. “Moto wochepa, nthawi yaitali, kuponya pang’onopang’ono kochepa mobwerezabwereza” (小火长时间多次慢抛). Cholinga chake ndi kusunga tsitsi loyera (白毫) kwambiri komanso kupanga fungo lakuya la mtedza wa mchestershire (板栗香) popanda kuyaka. Njirayi ndiyo imasiyanitsa Língyún lǜchá ndi tiyi wina wobiriŵira wa masamba akuluakulu.

• Kutenthetsa komaliza / “kubwezeretsa fungo” (复香, fùxiāng): Kutentha kofewa kuti fungo “likwezeke” ndi chinyezi chitsike mpaka ≤6%.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva ndi Kununkhiza:

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Zimatengera mawonekedwe. Baimao Wang — makala oongoka okhala ndi tsitsi loyera lochuluka, ofanana ndi timitengo ta siliva (形似银针, xíng sì yínzhēn). Lingluochun — ozungulira mwamphamvu. Mtundu ndi wobiriŵira wokhala ndi tsitsi loyera laambiri (条索紧结、白毫显露, tiáosuǒ jǐnjié, báiháo xiǎnlù). Makhalidwe asanu otchuka: “色翠、毫多、香高、味浓、耐泡” — “kubiriŵira kwamtengo wapatali, kuchuluka kwa tsitsi, fungo lapamwamba, kumvetsa kokhazikika, kusunga mphamvu.”

• Fungo la tsamba louma: Mtedza wa mchestershire (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng) — fungo lalikulu ndi lapadera kwambiri. Loyera (清香, qīngxiāng). La tsitsi (毫香, háoxiāng) — fungo losalala la “chimanga” lomwe limapezeka ndi tiyi wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali.

• Fungo la madzi otenthetsera: Mtedza wa mchestershire — lakuya, lotentha, losasuntha. La tsitsi — fungo lotsekemera lomwe limatuluka pamene madzi akuyamba kuzizira. Fungo limakhalabe mu chikho kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo tsamba lophikidwa limasungabe fungo ngakhale patadutsa masiku angapo — khalidwe losowa.

• Kumva: Kwatsopano (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng). Kokhazikika (浓醇, nóngchún) — thupi la madzi limakhala lodzaza, ndi kapangidwe kakekake, zomwe sizili zachilendo kwa tiyi wobiriŵira ndipo zimachitika chifukwa cha polyphenols wochuluka (35,6%). Kumva kutsekemera pambuyo (回甘) — kokhazikika, kwa nthawi yaitali. Kusunga mphamvu — 4–5 kutenthetsa kwathunthu popanda kutaya makhalidwe, zomwenso sizachilendo ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwa masamba.

• Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriŵira mopepuka, woyera ndi wosadetsedwa (嫩绿清澈, nèn lǜ qīngchè). Pachiwiri kapena chitatu — ndi kamtundu kakang’ono kachikasu.

• Pansi pa chikho (tsamba lophikidwa): Lobiriŵira ngati maolivi, lofewa, lonyezimira (青橄榄色、匀嫩亮润, qīng gǎnlǎn sè, yún nèn liàng rùn). Masamba — akulu, osakomoka, ndi tsitsi lowoneka. Mukaphika mu chikho chagalasi — masamba amapita pansi “oyimirira,” ngati mphukira za masika — malo owoneka bwino.

7. Zili M’kati mwa Tiyi:

• Polyphenols (茶多酚): 35,6% — chimodzi mwa ziŵerengero zapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriŵira wa ku China, zofanana ndi tiyi wamitengo ikuluikulu ya ku Yunnan (Dianlu, Pu’er Sheng). Kuchuluka kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kukula kwa masamba, nyengo ya subtropical yokhala ndi kuwala kwa dzuŵa kwambiri, ndi nthaka ya mapiri ochita kuphulika yomwe imalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa zinthu za phenolic.

• Catechins (儿茶素, ér chá sù): 182,92 mg/g — mphamvu yaikulu yodzitchinjiriza. Zigawo zazikulu ndi EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), EGC, ECG, EC. Pofanizira: tiyi wobiriŵira wamba wa masamba apakati amakhala ndi 80–120 mg/g ya catechins.

• Amino acids (氨基酸): 3,36% — ziŵerengero zapakatikati, zomwe ndi zachilendo kwa mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu ochokera kumwera. Chiŵerengero cha polyphenols ku amino acids (酚氨比) ndi chapamwamba (pafupifupi 10,6:1), zomwe zimapereka “kumva kokhazikika, kapangidwe kakekake” kwa tiyi ndi kakomedwe kocheperako ndi kumva kwa nthawi yaitali.

• Caffeine (咖啡碱): 4,91% — yokwera, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu yambiri yolimbikitsa.

• Vitamini: Vitamin C — imasungidwa chifukwa cha “kuwotcha pang’onopang’ono katatu” pa moto wochepa. Vitamini za gulu B (B₁, B₂, B₃). Vitamin E.

• Mchere: Potaziyamu, manyezi, manganese, zinki, iron, fluoride. Malo a mapiri ochita kuphulika amapereka mchere wosiyanasiyana.

• Makhalidwe apadera: Kuphatikiza kwa masamba akuluakulu, polyphenols 35,6% ndi catechins 182,92 mg/g ndi amino acids 3,36% kumapanga mawonekedwe omwe sagonana ndi tiyi wobiriŵira ndipo amayandikira “Pu’er” — ndi chidwi pa thupi, kapangidwe ndi kusunga mphamvu, osati pa kupepuka ndi “kutsopano.”

8. Ubwino wa Thanzi:

• Mphamvu yodzitchinjiriza yaikulu. Catechins 182,92 mg/g — amodzi mwa mlingo wapatali kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriŵira. EGCG — catechins yaikulu — imadziwika ngati imodzi mwa zotetezera zachilengedwe zamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimachotsa ma free radicals ndikuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa maselo.

• Mphamvu yolimbikitsa yaikulu. Caffeine 4,91% — yoposa avereji ya tiyi wobiriŵira. Imapereka chidwi, kupititsa patsogolo kuganiza ndi kukumbukira. Pogwiritsa ntchito limodzi ndi L-theanine — popanda kukhumudwa.

• Kuthandiza chimbudzi. Kuchuluka kwa polyphenols (35,6%) kumalimbikitsa kutulutsa ma enzyme a m’mimba, kumathandiza tizilombo toyenera m’matumbo.

• Chitetezo cha mtima. Catechins ndi polyphenols zimathandiza kuyendetsa mlingo wa cholesterol, kuchepetsa kuopsedwa kwa LDL, ndi kusunga kusinthasintha kwa mitsempha.

• Kuthandiza kusintha kwa mafuta. EGCG imayambitsa thermogenesis ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mafuta — kuthandizira msinkhu wa mafuta.

• Kuteteza ku tizilombo. Catechins amaletsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Streptococcus mutans (matenda a mano) ndi Helicobacter pylori.

• Kulimbitsa chitetezo. Kuphatikiza kwa polyphenols ndi vitamini C, E kumapereka mphamvu yolimbikitsa chitetezo.

• Kuthandiza ubongo. L-theanine imalimbikitsa mafunde a alpha muubongo, ndikuwongolera kuganiza ndi kupumula popanda kutopa.

9. Kaphikidwe:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85°C. Zida za masamba akulu zomwe zili ndi polyphenols wochuluka zimafuna kutentha koyenera kuti zisawawire kwambiri.

• Mlingo wa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml (kuwerengera 1:50).

• Mphika: Chikho chagalasi (kuti muone “kuvina” kwa singano za tsitsi). Gaiwan. Mphika wa porcelain.

• Njira:

  1. Tenthetsani mphika ndi madzi otentha, tsitsani.
  2. Ikani tiyi.
  3. Kuthira mmwamba (上投法, shàng tóu fǎ): choyamba ikani madzi, kenaka ikani tiyi. Mphukira zazikulu, zonenepa za Lingyun Baihao zimatsika pang’onopang’ono ndipo “zimayima” mu chikho — kuwoneka kochititsa chidwi, kofanana ndi mphukira za masika.
  4. Kutentha koyamba — masekondi 30–45.
  5. Tsitsani madzi okoma.
  6. Kutenthetsa mobwereza — 4–5, kuwonjezera masekondi 15–30 aliyense. Kusunga mphamvu ndi chimodzi mwa “makhalidwe asanu otchuka” (耐泡): ngakhale pa kutenthetsa kwachisanu, kumva kumasungabe khalidwe lake.

10. Kusunga:

• Chotengera chotsekeka (thumba la aluminiyamu lochotsedwa mpweya), mufiriji 0–5°C. Nthawi — mpaka miyezi 12.

• Kuti musunge nthawi yaitali — kuyika mu firiji yozizira kwambiri (-18°C) mu chotengera chopanda mpweya.

• Adani a tiyi: chinyezi, fungo lachilendo, kuwala, kutentha kwambiri. Nyengo ya subtropical ya Guangxi — chinyezi chochuluka; kusunga popanda firiji sikoyenera.

11. Mtengo ndi Zabodza:

• Gulu la mitengo: Gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (Baimao Wang, mphukira imodzi + tsamba limodzi) — kuyambira 500–1500 yuan/500 g kutengera wopanga ndi chaka. Lingluochun — 200–600 yuan/500 g. Wambiri — kuyambira 100 yuan/500 g.

• Momwe mungapewere zabodza:

  • Chizindikiro cha Geographical Indication. Tiyi weniweni amalembedwa ndi chizindikiro “凌云白毫茶” kapena “凌云绿茶”.
  • Kukula kwa mphukira. Lingyun Baihao weniweni — mphukira zazikulu, zonenepa zokhala ndi tsitsi loyera lochuluka. Mphukira zazing’ono ndi zooonda ndi chizindikiro chakusintha ndi mtundu wa masamba apakati.
  • Fungo. Mtedza wa mchestershire (板栗香) + la tsitsi (毫香). Popanda fungo loyaka kapena lowawira.
  • Kusunga mphamvu. Tiyi weniweni amatha 4–5 kutentha. Ngati kumva “kumatha” pambuyo pa ziŵiri — pakhoza kukhala chinyengo.
  • Mtengo. Gulu lapamwamba silingakhale lotsika mtengo kuposa 300 yuan/500 g. Malonda otsika mtengo omwe ali ndi dzina “Lingyun Baihao” amakayikitsa.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

• 1915 — Mendulo ya Panama. Lingyun Baihao ndi imodzi mwa tiyi oyamba ochokera ku Guangxi kulandira kuzindikiridwa padziko lonse. Chiwonetsero cha Panama cha 1915 chinatchukitsanso Xi Hu Longjing, Xinyang Maojian ndi tiyi wina wambiri waku China.

• Huacha № 26 — mitengo mpaka 9 m. Mtundu wapakati wamitengo — wawukulu mwachilendo kwa tiyi wobiriŵira. Ambiri a tiyi wobiriŵira waku China amapangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu ya masamba apakati ya zitsamba zamtali 1–1,5 m; Lingyun Baihao pomwe ikukula momasuka imafika kutalika kwa nyumba yokhala ndi nsanjika zitatu.

• “Mtengo umodzi, masinthidwe chikwi” (一茶千化). Lingyun Baihao ndi umodzi mwa mitundu yochepa (ndipo, malinga ndi ena, ndi yokha ku Asia) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mitundu yonse isanu ndi umodzi ya tiyi: wobiriŵira, wofiira, woyera, wachikasu, wakuda (hei cha) ndi oolong. Tiyi wofiira wochokera ku Lingyun wapambana ma mendulo agolide a ma mpikisano apadziko lonse.

• Minda ya tiyi ya m’zigwa. Mizere ya tiyi ku Lingyun ili m’mbali mwa mitsinje ya m’mapiri m’zigwa (峡谷溪涧) — mawonekedwe apadera a malo omwe amapereka mthunzi wachilengedwe, chinyezi chochuluka ndi chitetezo ku mphepo.

• Catechins 182,92 mg/g. Chimodzi mwa ziŵerengero zapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wobiriŵira waku China — zofanana ndi tiyi wamitengo ikuluikulu ya ku Yunnan, omwe mwachikhalidwe amawonedwa ngati “akatswiri” a catechins. Pofanizira: Longjing wamba ali ndi 100–130 mg/g ya catechins.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wobiriŵira:

• Tiyi wobiriŵira wamitengo ikuluikulu wa ku Yunnan (滇绿, Diānlǜ). Onsewa ndi amitengo ikuluikulu, okhala ndi polyphenols ndi catechins wochuluka. Dianlu amachokera ku mtundu wamitengo ikuluikulu ya Yunnan (C. sinensis var. assamica); Lingyun amachokera ku Lingyun Baihao (C. sinensis var. sinensis, wapakati wamitengo). Dianlu ndi wowawa kwambiri, “wankhalwe”; Lingyun ndi wa fungo la mtedza wa mchestershire loonekera komanso lofewa la tsitsi. Onsewa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zodzitchinjiriza.

• Guiping Xishan Cha (桂平西山茶, Guìpíng Xīshān Chá). Imenenso ndi tiyi wobiriŵira wa ku Guangxi, kuchokera ku mtundu wamasamba ang’onoang’ono. Xishan ndi wopepuka, wamaluwa; Lingyun ndi wokhazikika, wa mtedza wa mchestershire. Xishan amachokera ku mapiri otsika (200–500 m); Lingyun amachokera ku zigwa za m’mapiri (800–1500 m). Ziŵerengero zosiyana: Lingyun — 112 500 mu, Xishan — yochepa kwambiri.

• Dongting Biluochun (洞庭碧螺春, Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn). Lingluochun (凌螺春) — mawonekedwe ozungulira a Lingyun — adatchedwadi mofanana ndi Biluochun. Onsewa ndi ozungulira, okhala ndi tsitsi. Biluochun — masamba ang’onoang’ono, amaluwa ndi zipatso; Lingluochun — masamba akuluakulu, wa mtedza wa mchestershire. Biluochun — 60 000–80 000 mphukira/kg; Lingluochun — zochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha mphukira zazikulu.

• Baisha Lü Cha (白沙绿茶, Báishā Lǜchá). Tiyi wobiriŵira wa ku Hainan ndi geology yapadera (chigwa cha meteorite). Onsewa amachokera ku madera a geology osazolowereka (miyala ya mapiri ochita kuphulika ku Lingyun, chigwa cha meteorite ku Baisha). Baisha — wa m’madera otentha, kukula chaka chonse; Lingyun — wa subtropical, masika ndiye nyengo yake. Baisha — masamba ang’onoang’ono; Lingyun — masamba akuluakulu.

Pomaliza:

Língyún lǜchá ndi tiyi wochokera ku Baise “yofiira”, wobadwira pa nthaka zamapiri ochita kuphulika a zigwa za Qinglong Shan, kuchokera ku mitengo yapakati yamtali wotalika mita zisanu ndi zinayi, ndi catechins 182,92 mg/g ndi mendulo ya Panama ya 1915. Mtundu wa Huacha № 26 — umodzi mwa mitundu yoyamba ya tiyi ya dziko ku China — umapereka tiyi ndi fungo lokhazikika la mtedza wa mchestershire, kufewa kwa tsitsi, ndi mphamvu yodzitchinjiriza yomwe imapikisana ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya ku Yunnan. Makhalidwe asanu otchuka — kubiriŵira kwamtengo wapatali, kuchuluka kwa tsitsi, fungo lapamwamba, kumva kokhazikika, kusunga mphamvu — komanso kuti mtengo umodzi ungathe kupanga magulu asanu ndi umodzi a tiyi amapangitsa Lingyun Baihao kukhala umodzi mwa mitundu yosinthasintha kwambiri ndi yosadziŵika bwino ku China.