Huángshān Máo Fēng · new.thetea.app

Huángshān Máo Fēng ndi imodzi mwa tiyi khumi wamkulu wa ku China (中国十大名茶, Zhōngguó Shí Dà Míng Chá), chizindikiro cha chigawo cha Anhui ndi muyezo wa gulu la ‘hōngqīng’ (烘青, hōngqīng) — tiyi wobiriwira, woumitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha. Atapangidwa mu 1875 ndi wamalonda wa tiyi Xiè Zhèng’ān (谢正安, Xiè Zhèng’ān), tiyi uyu adayenda ulendo wa zaka zana limodzi ndi theka kuchokera ku chinthu cha m’dera la Huizhou (徽州) kufika pa chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha ku China, chodziwika pa mlingo wa UNESCO. Zizindikiro zake zodziwika bwino ndi mawonekedwe ake ofanana ndi lilime la mpheta, mtundu wa minyanga ya njovu wokhala ndi ‘tsamba la nsomba’ lagolide (鱼叶, yúyè) ndi fungo lomwe limaphatikiza zonunkhira za orchid, mabokosi ndi nkhungu ya m’mapiri.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (wosapangidwa fermentation). Gawo laling’ono — hōngqīng (烘青, hōngqīng), chomwe ndi tiyi wobiriwira womaliza kuumitsidwa ndi kutentha (mosiyana ndi chǎoqīng/炒青 — tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga monga Lóngjǐng).
Gulu: Tiyi Odziwika a ku China (中国十大名茶). Ali mu gulu la ‘khumi wamkulu’ kuyambira 1955. Ndi chinthu cha chizindikiritso cha malo (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn) malinga ndi muyezo wadziko GB/T 19460-2008 ‘Huángshān Máofēng Chá’ (黄山毛峰茶).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Anhui (安徽省, Ānhuī Shěng), mzinda wa Huángshān (黄山市, Huángshān Shì). Dera lotetezedwa la chizindikiritso cha malo limaphimba madera a Huizhou (徽州区, Huīzhōu Qū), Huángshān (黄山区, Huángshān Qū), maboma a Shè (歙县, Shè Xiàn), Xiūníng (休宁县, Xiūníng Xiàn) ndi Yī (黟县, Yī Xiàn). Kwawo kwenikweni ndi phata la kupangira ndi mudzi wa Fùxī (富溪乡, Fùxī Xiāng) m’boma la Shè, makamaka mudzi wa Chōngtóuyuán (充头源, Chōngtóuyuán, masiku ano — gulu la Chōngchuān 充川 m’mudzi wa Xīntián 新田村).
Zogwirizana za malo: Pafupifupi 30.13° N, 118.16° E (chizindikiro — dera la Phiri la Huángshān).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri:

Dera la mapiri a Huángshān linali lodziwika ndi tiyi kalekale dzina la ‘Máo Fēng’ lisanadziwike. Kale m’buku la ‘The Classic of Tea’ (茶经, Chájīng) la ‘wanzeru wa tiyi’ wa nthawi ya Tang Lù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ, zaka za m’ma 800) amatchula za ‘tiyi wa Shèzhōu’ (歙州茶). Wolemba wa nthawi ya Ming Xǔ Cìshū (许次纾, Xǔ Cìshū) m’kolemba chake ‘Cháshū’ (茶疏, Cháshū) adanenanso kuti ‘mapiri odziwika m’chipululu amaberekadi zitsamba zodabwitsa,’ ndikuyika tiyi wa Huángshān pamzere umodzi ndi Lóngjǐng ndi Sōngluó. Malinga ndi ‘Huángshān Zhì’ (黄山志, ‘Zolemba za Mapiri a Huángshān’), pafupi ndi nyumba ya Liánhuā’ān (莲花庵), amonke amalima tiyi m’ming’alu yamiyala, yotchedwa ‘Huángshān Yúnwù Chá’ (黄山云雾茶, ‘tiyi wamitambo wa Huángshān’) — ndi amene amadziwika kuti ndi kalambulabwalo wa Máo Fēng.

Huángshān Máo Fēng weniweni adapangidwa mu 1875 (chaka choyamba cha ulamuliro wa mfumu Guangxu/光绪 wa Qing). Wamalonda wa tiyi Xiè Zhèng’ān (谢正安, 1838–1910), mbadwa ya mudzi wa Cáoxī (漕溪, masiku ano Fùxī) m’boma la Shè, pofuna kupanga chinthu chokhoza kupikisana nawo pamsika wa Shanghai, adapita yekha ku minda ya kumapiri ya Chōngchuān (充川) ndi Tāngkǒu (汤口), adasankha masamba osalala kwambiri a kumayambiriro kwa masika ndipo atawakonza mosamala adapeza tiyi wamtundu watsopano. Popeza tsamba lomalizidwa linali ndi ubweya woyera (白毫, báiháo), ndipo nsonga za masamba zinali ngati nsonga za mapiri, Xiè Zhèng’ān adautcha ‘Máo Fēng’ (毛峰, ‘nsonga zaubweya’), kenako nkuwonjezera chomangira cha malo — ‘Huángshān’. Gawo loyamba lidagulitsidwa ku Shanghai kudzera ku ofesi yake ya tiyi ‘Xiè Yùdà’ (谢裕大茶行, Xiè Yùdà Cháháng), zomwe zidayambitsa ndemanga zachisangalalo ndipo adagonjetsa msika mwachangu — pazaka zochepa tiyiyu adadziwika osati ku Shanghai ndi Manchuria kokha, komanso pakati pa amalonda a ku Ulaya.

Mu 1937, ‘Shèxiàn Zhì’ (歙县志, ‘Mbiri ya Boma la Shè’) inalemba kuti: ‘Máo Fēng ndi tiyi wa m’masamba; kum’mwera — kuchokera ku Gàiyuán, kum’mawa — kuchokera ku Tiàolǐng, kumpoto — kuchokera ku Huángshān; malo onse amabereka, koma wa ku Huángshān ndiye wabwino koposa, ena onse sangafanane naye pa mtundu, fungo kapena kukoma.’ Komabe, nkhondo ndi chisokonezo zomwe zinatsatira zidapangitsa kuti kupanga kuyime pafupifupi: amlimi akumapiri ankasinthanitsa tiyi ndi mchere ndi mpunga.

Pambuyo pa 1949, kutsitsimuka kudayamba. Mu 1955, Huángshān Máo Fēng adaphatikizidwa mwalamulo mndandanda wa ‘Tiyi Oda Kwambiri khumi a ku China.’ Mu 1982 adalandira dzina la ‘tiyi wodziwika’ kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zamalonda; mu 1986 — adavomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachilendo wa PRC ngati ‘tiyi wapadera wamphaso’ (礼品茶). Mu 1984, m’mudzi wa Fùxī adayambitsanso kupanga magulu apamwamba kwambiri — tiyi wochokera ku mudzi wa Chōngchuān adakhala muyezo wa khalidwe la mgulu wapadera.

Mu 2008, ‘tiyi wobiriwira: luso lopangira Huángshān Máo Fēng’ (绿茶制作技艺·黄山毛峰) adalembedwa m’ndandanda wachiwiri wa cholowa chadziko chosagwira cha PRC. Ndipo pa 29 November 2022, pa msonkhano wa 17 wa Komiti Yapakati pa Maboma ya UNESCO ku Rabat (Morocco), ‘Miyambo ndi luso lopangira tiyi kwachikhalidwe cha ku China ndi miyambo yake’ adaphatikizidwa mu Mndandanda Woyimira wa Cholowa Chosagwira cha Anthu — ndipo luso la Huángshān Máo Fēng lidalowa mu polojekitiyi ngati chimodzi mwa zigawo zake.

Dzina:

Dzinali limapangidwa ndi magawo awiri. ‘Huángshān’ (黄山) — ‘Mapiri Achikasu’ — amalozera komwe amachokera: awa ndi mapiri odziwika kumwera kwa Anhui, malo a UNESCO a World Heritage. ‘Máo Fēng’ (毛峰) kumasuliridwa kwenikweni ngati ‘nsonga zaubweya’: ‘máo’ (毛) — ubweya, tsitsi, tinthu tating’onoting’ono toyera pa masamba a tiyi; ‘fēng’ (峰) — nsonga, pamwamba — ndikutanthauza mawonekedwe akuthwa kwa nsonga, ndi fanizo la nsonga za mapiri a Huángshān.

Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe:

Huángshān Máo Fēng amalumikizidwa mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha amalonda aku Huizhou (徽商, huīshāng) ndi kudziwika kwa dera la kumwera kwa Anhui. Tiyi amaimira mfundo yakuti ‘míng shān chū míng chá’ (名山出名茶, ‘mapiri odziwika amabereka tiyi wodziwika’). Mu 1999, m’malo mwa Purezidenti wa PRC Jiāng Zémín, nduna yaikulu Zhū Róngjī adabweretsa Huángshān Máo Fēng ngati mphatso kwa aphunzitsi ake aku America paulendo wake wopita ku USA — chochitika chomwe chidatsimikiza udindo wa tiyiyu ngati mphatso ya ukazembe wapamwamba kwambiri. Banja la Xie (谢) lakhala likusunga luso lawo kwa mibadwo isanu ndi umodzi: wolowa m’malo wachisanu Xiè Yīpíng (谢一平) ndi chairman wa ‘Xiè Yùdà’ ndipo ali ndi dzina la ‘Master wa Tiyi wa China’ (中国制茶大师), ndipo wachisanu ndi chimodzi — Xiè Míngzhī (谢明之) — akupitiriza ntchito m’zaka za zana la 21.

3. Kufotokozera Kwazomera ndi Zipangizo:

Mtundu: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.
Mitundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi muyezo wadziko GB/T 19460-2008, popanga Huángshān Máo Fēng amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya m’deralo: Huángshān zhǒng (黄山种, Huángshān zhǒng) — cultivar wa m’deralo wothandiza wokhala ndi tsamba laling’ono; Zhūyè zhǒng (槠叶种, Zhūyè zhǒng) — mtundu wapakatikati, womwe umapezeka kumwera kwa Anhui; Dīshuǐxiāng (滴水香, Dīshuǐxiāng, ‘dontho la madzi onunkhira’) — cultivar wa m’deralo, wofunika chifukwa cha fungo lake lomveka; Míngzhōu zhǒng (茗洲种, Míngzhōu zhǒng) — mtundu wosowa wa m’deralo. Mitundu yachikhalidwe ‘tǔzhǒng’ (土种, ‘mitundu yanthaka’) imasiyana ndi kuyamba mochedwa kwa kukula, koma imapereka kukoma kwakuzama. Mafamu ena amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosakanizidwa kuti akolole msanga, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha tiyi.
Kukolola: Makamaka m’masika. Magulu apamwamba amakololedwa pamaso pa chikondwerero cha Qīngmíng (清明, Qīngmíng, ~5 April) — awa ndi otchedwa ‘míngqián chá’ (明前茶). Kukolola kwakukulu kumachitika pakati pa Qīngmíng ndi Gǔyǔ (谷雨, Gǔyǔ, ~20 April). Kukolola kumachitika pamanja, nthawi zambiri m’mawa. Mfundo yakuti ‘m’mawa wakolola — masana wakonza, masana wakolola — usiku wakonza’ imagwira ntchito.
Mulingo wa kukolola: Kwa gulu lapadera (特级一等) — nsonga imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi loyamba kutuluka (一芽一叶初展, yī yá yī yè chū zhǎn). Kwa gulu lapadera la magulu achiwiri ndi achitatu — nsonga imodzi ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri. Kwa gulu loyamba — nsonga imodzi ndi masamba awiri oyamba kutuluka. Kwa gulu lachiwiri ndi lachitatu — nsonga imodzi ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu.
Zofunikira pa zipangizo: Masamba ayenera kukhala athunthu, okhwima, ndi ofanana kukula kwake. Zipangizo ziyenera kufika pamalo opangira mwachangu pambuyo pa kukolola, popanda kuwonongeka, kutentha kwambiri kapena kufota. Kukhalapo kwa ‘tsamba la nsomba lagolide’ (鱼叶金黄, yúyè jīnhuáng) — katsamba kakang’ono koteteza pansi pa nsonga, kamene kamakhala ndi mtundu wagolide pambuyo pokonzedwa — nkofunika kwambiri. Chizindikiro ichi, pamodzi ndi ‘mtundu wa minyanga ya njovu’ (色似象牙, sè sì xiàngyá), ndi chizindikiro cha Huángshān Máo Fēng weniweni wapamwamba.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Mapiri a Huángshān ndi amodzi mwa malo apadera kwambiri olimapo tiyi ku China. Mapiri otalika mpaka 1864 m (nsonga ya Liánhuāfēng/莲花峰) amapanga mtunda wovuta wokhala ndi zigwa zakuya, mitsinje yambiri ndi mathithi amadzi.

Kutalika kwa malo: Minda ikuluikulu ili pa kutalika kwa 600 mpaka 800 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Magulu amtengo wapatali kwambiri amachokera ku minda yopitilira 700 m. Kukhala kumapiri kumapangitsa kuti mphukira zikule pang’onopang’ono ndikudzikundikira zinthu zonunkhira ndi ma amino acid.
Nyengo yaying’ono: Derali limadziwika ndi mitambo yambiri ndi nkhungu. Mwambi wa kumaloko umati: ‘M’mawa ndi madzulo, ngati kuli koyera, pali nkhungu paliponse, ngati kuli mvula, tsiku lonse mapiri ali m’mitambo’ (晴时早晚遍地雾，阴雨成天满山云). Kutentha kwapachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 15–16°C. Mvula imagwa pafupifupi 1500–2000 mm pachaka. Chinyezi cha mpweya chimakhala chokwika mosakhazikika (>80%). Kuunika komwe kumabalalika, kumene kumadutsa m’mitambo ndi pamwamba pa mitengo, kumathandizira kupanga kochuluka kwa ma amino acid (makamaka L-theanine) ndi kuchepetsa ma catechin, zomwe zimapanga mbiri ya kukoma kofewa, kotsekemera.
Nthaka: Nthaka za acidic ndi zofooka acidic (pH 4.5–5.5) zamapiri za chikasu ndi zofiirira zachikasu, zomwe zimapangidwa pamiyala ya granite ndi gneiss. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kulowetsa bwino madzi kumapereka kapangidwe kabwino ka mchere. Zotsalira zochuluka za m’nkhalango (paini, nsungwi, rhododendron) zimalemeketsa nthaka.
Zachilengedwe: Minda nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi ma orchid amtchire (兰花, lánhuā) — fungo lawo, malinga ndi alimi am’deralo, limakhudza mwachindunji khalidwe la tiyi, kumupatsa chizindikiro chake cha ‘orchid’ (兰花香, lánhuā xiāng). Huángshān ndi malo a mitengo yakale ya coniferous, ndipo ma phytoncides a nkhalango zamapiri amapanga mpweya wapadera, wothandiza kwa tchire la tiyi.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Huángshān Máo Fēng ndi wa gulu la hōngqīng (烘青) — tiyi wobiriwira amene kuumitsa komaliza kumachitika ndi kutentha, osati kukazinga mu wok. Uku ndiko kusiyana kwakukulu ndi tiyi monga Lóngjǐng (炒青, yokazinga) ndi Bìluóchūn. Njira ya hōngqīng imalola kusunga fungo losavuta, losakazinga kwambiri komanso kutsekemera kwapang’onopang’ono, komwe ndi khalidwe la Máo Fēng. Luso limaphatikizapo magawo awa:

Kukolola (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Kukolola pamanja kumachitika m’mawa kwambiri. Katswiri amasankha mphukira zokhazikika pamlingo wokhazikika. Kwa gulu lapadera — nsonga zokha zokhala ndi tsamba limodzi lotuluka pang’ono. Zokolola zimayalidwa m’madengu a nsungwi mosapanikiza, ndipo zimatumizidwa kumalo opangira mofulumira.
Kuyala ndi Kufowotsa (摊放 — tānfàng / 摊晾 — tānliàng): Zokolola zatsopano zimayalidwa mosanjikiza kochepa (5–7 cm) pa matayala a nsungwi m’chipinda chopumira mpweya. Nthawi yosunga ndi kuyambira maola 5 mpaka 10, ndikutembenuza 1–2. Munthawi imeneyi, chinyezi chapamwamba chimasanduka nthunzi, kupanga koyamba kwa mankhwala onunkhira kumachitika, tsamba limakhala lofewa ndipo limakonzeka kukhazikika. Kuchepa kwa kulemera kumakhala pafupifupi 15-20%.
Kukhazikitsa / ‘kupha zobiriwira’ (杀青 — shāqīng): Gawo lalikulu. Limachitidwa mu wok wa cylindrical (桶锅, tǒngguō) wokhala ndi m’mimba mwake pafupifupi 50 cm. Kutentha kwa mbiya ndi 130–150°C (koyamba — kumakhala kokwera, kenako kumatsika). Kwa gulu lapadera, 200–250 g ya zokolola zimayikidwa mu mbiya nthawi imodzi; kwa magulu apansi — 400–500 g. Katswiri amaponya ndikusakaniza masamba mwachangu kwa mphindi 3–4. Cholinga ndi kulepheretsa ma enzyme (polyphenol oxidase), kuyimitsa oxidation, kukhazikitsa mtundu wobiriwira ndi kupanga zoyamba za fungo. Kukhazikitsa kochitidwa bwino ndi — ‘masamba amatengedwa mopepuka, amachotsedwa momasuka, amatulutsidwa m’mbiya mwaukhondo’ (带得轻、捞得净、抖得开).
Kupotoza / kukonza mawonekedwe (做形 — zuòxíng / 揉捻 — róuniǎn kapena 理条 — lǐtiáo): Atangokhazikitsa, masamba akadali otentha, mawonekedwe amakonzedwa. Kutengera ndi chikhalidwe cha katswiri, njira imodzi mwa ziwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito: kupotoza mopepuka (揉捻, róuniǎn) — kumapereka mawonekedwe opindika pang’ono, kapena kuwongola (理条, lǐtiáo) — kumapereka mawonekedwe owongoka. Kukakamiza kumakhala kochepa, kuti tisawononge nsonga zosalala. Cholinga ndi kutsegula pang’ono ma cell kuti azitha kutulutsa bwino akapangidwa ndikupereka mawonekedwe a ‘lilime la mpheta’ (雀舌, quèshé).
Kuumitsa koyamba / ‘máohuǒ’ (毛火 — máohuǒ, ‘moto wokalipa’): Masamba okonzedwa amayikidwa pazisefa za nsungwi kapena m’makina oumitsira pa kutentha pafupifupi 90°C. Amaumitsa mpaka chinyezi chitsike pafupifupi 15-20%. Gawo ili limakhazikitsa mawonekedwe ndikuyamba kupanga fungo lomaliza. Magawo amatembenuzidwa pafupipafupi kuti aziuma mofanana.
Kuziziritsa kwapakati ndi kuwongola (摊凉 — tānliáng): Pambuyo poyamba kuumitsa, tiyi amayalidwa kuti azizire ndikugawa chinyezi chotsalira kuchokera ku tsinde kupita ku tsamba. Nthawi — pafupifupi ola limodzi.
Kuumitsa komaliza / ‘zúhuǒ’ (足火 — zúhuǒ, ‘moto wokwanira’): Kumachitidwa pa kutentha kochepa (60–70°C) mpaka kufika pa chinyezi chotsalira chochepera 5%. Ndilo gawo limeneli — kuuma kawiri, ndipo nthawi zina katatu (初烘 + 复烘) — lomwe ndi chizindikiro cha ‘chizindikiro’ cha Huángshān Máo Fēng kusiyana ndi tiyi ena obiriwira. Chifukwa cha kutentha kofewa kochitika pang’onopang’ono, tiyi amapeza fungo lokhazikika, kukhazikika pakusunga ndi fungo lodziwika bwino la mabokosi ndi orchid.
Kusanja (分级 — fēnjí): Tiyi womalizidwa amasanjidwa m’magulu: gulu lapadera (特级) la gawo loyamba, lachiwiri ndi lachitatu, komanso gulu loyamba, lachiwiri ndi lachitatu — yonse magawo asanu ndi limodzi.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Gulu lapadera — masamba oonda, opindika pang’ono, mawonekedwe ake ofanana ndi lilime la mpheta (雀舌). Mtundu — wobiriwira-chikasu, ‘mtundu wa minyanga ya njovu’ (象牙色, xiàngyásè) wokhala ndi kamvekedwe kakang’ono ka golide. Ubweya woyera wochuluka (白毫, báiháo) umaphimba nsonga. Pansi pa nsonga zambiri pamawoneka katsamba kakang’ono ka ‘nsomba’ kachikasu-golide (鱼叶金黄) — chizindikiro cha Máo Fēng weniweni wapamwamba. Tsamba ndi lolimba, lothina, lopanda kuthyoka. Kwa magulu apansi, tsamba ndi lalikulu, kupotana sikuli kolimba, ndipo tsamba la nsomba lagolide kulibe.
Fungo la tsamba louma: Loyera, latsopano, lokhala ndi zonunkhira zomveka za mabokosi ootcha (栗香, lìxiāng). Kwa magulu apamwamba — zonunkhira zosavuta za maluwa a orchid (兰花香, lánhuā xiāng). Palibe fungo la udzu kapena ‘laiwisi’.
Fungo la madzi: Lalitali ndi lokhalitsa (香高持久, xiāng gāo chíjiǔ). Zonunkhira za orchid zosalala zimayamba, zowonjezeredwa ndi mabokosi ndi zonunkhira zopepuka za uchi. Fungo ndi loyera, lopanda utsi. Madzi akazizira, zonunkhira zotsekemera za kirimu zimatuluka.
Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kwamoyo (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), ndi kutsekemera komveka ndi thupi lozungulira (醇厚, chúnhòu). Kuphwanyika kumakhala kochepa — ngakhale atapangidwa mopitilira muyeso pang’ono, tiyi sakhala wankhanza. Amamveka ‘kuchuluka’ kofewa (鲜醇甘甜, xiān chún gāntián — ‘watsopano, wosalala, wotsekemera’). Kukoma kotsalira pambuyo pakumwa kumakhala kwanthawi yayitali, ndikutsekemera kobwererako (回甘, huígān) komwe kumakula komanso kuzizira pang’ono pakhosi.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wowala, woyera, wobiriwira wopepuka wokhala ndi kamvekedwe kachikasu kowonekera (清碧微黄, qīng bì wēi huáng). Akapangidwa mu kapu yagalasi, nkhungu yodziwika imakwera pamwamba pa madzi — ‘nkhungu pa nsonga’ (雾气结顶, wùqì jiédǐng).
Pansi pa kapu (tsamba lopangidwa): Masamba achikasu-chobiriwira, olimba, odzaza ndi moyo (嫩黄肥壮成朵, nèn huáng féizhuàng chéng duǒ — ‘achikasu chosalala, onenepa, amatseguka ngati maluwa’). Nsonga ndi masamba ndi athunthu, opanda kuwonongeka. Kufanana kwa kukula kumatsimikizira kukolola kwabwino.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Monga tiyi wina aliyense wobiriwira wakumapiri wokololedwa koyambirira kwa masika, Huángshān Máo Fēng amadziwika ndi chiŵerengero chabwino cha ma amino acid ndi polyphenols (chiŵerengero chochepa cha ‘phenol-amino’ — 酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ), chomwe chimafotokoza kufewa kwake ndi kutsekemera.

Polyphenols (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): Kuchuluka kwa ma catechin (makamaka EGCG — epigallocatechin-3-gallate) kumakhala kofanana ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokololedwa msanga — pafupifupi 12–18% ya kulemera kowuma. Ma Catechin amachititsa ntchito ya antioxidant ndi kupwanyika pang’ono kosangalatsa.
Ma Amino Acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): Kuchuluka konse — pafupifupi 3–5% ya kulemera kowuma, komwe kuli pamwamba pa avareji ya tiyi wobiriwira. Kuchuluka kwa L-theanine (L-茶氨酸, L-chá’ānsuān) kumafotokozedwa ndi malo a kumapiri (kutalika, nkhungu, kuunika kobalalika) — ndilo theanine yomwe imachititsa kutsekemera kwake, kudzazika ngati ‘umami’ ndi zotsatira zopumula komanso zolimbikitsa.
Ma Alkaloid: Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn) — 2–3.5% ya kulemera kowuma (pafupifupi 30–50 mg pa kapu ya 150 ml akapangidwa mwachizolowezi). Theobromine ndi theophylline amapezekanso pang’ono.
Mavitamini: Vitamini C (ascorbic acid) — imodzi mwa zofunika kwambiri; kuchuluka kwake mu tiyi wobiriwira watsopano kumafika 100–250 mg/100 g ya chinthu chowuma, koma kumachepa posungidwa. Vitamini za gulu B (B1, B2, B3/niacin), vitamini E (tocopherols), vitamini K.
Mchere: Potaziyamu, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, zinc, manganese, fluoride, selenium. Nthaka zamapiri za acidic ku Huángshān zimapereka kulowetsedwa bwino kwa ma trace element.
Mafuta ofunika ndi mankhwala onunkhira: M’mafuta a Huángshān Máo Fēng, pafupifupi khumi ndi khumi a zinthu zosakhazikika zapezeka, mwa zina linalool, geraniol, nerolidol, cis-jasmone — iwo amapanga mbiri ya orchid-mabokosi. Njira ya hōngqīng (kuumitsa ndi kutentha) imathandiza kupanga ma pyrazine, omwe amachititsa zonunkhira za mabokosi okazinga (栗香).
Makhalidwe a kapangidwe: Chifukwa cha kulimidwa kumapiri ndi kukololedwa koyambirira, Huángshān Máo Fēng amasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid pamene ma catechin ali pang’ono — kuchokera apa ndiko kutsekemera kwake komveka ndi kufewa poyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’zigwa.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

Chitetezo cha Antioxidant: Kuchuluka kwa ma catechin (makamaka EGCG) kumapereka mphamvu ya antioxidant — kuthetsa ma free radical ndi kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa oxidative.
Kulimbitsa pang’ono ndi kukhazikika: Kuphatikiza kwa caffeine ndi L-theanine kumatulutsa mkhalidwe wa ‘kukhala tcheru modekha’ — kukhazikika kwakukulu popanda mantha ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Theanine imachepetsa zotsatira zolimbikitsa za caffeine.
Kuthandiza dongosolo la mtima: Ma catechin a tiyi wobiriwira amathandizira kuchepetsa mulingo wa cholesterol ‘woipa’ (LDL), amawongolera kukhazikika kwa mitsempha ndipo amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zochepetsera kuthamanga kwa magazi pang’ono.
Zotsatira pa chakudya: Kumwa tiyi wobiriwira pang’ono kumalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa ma enzyme a chakudya, kumathandizira kuphwanya mafuta. Huángshān Máo Fēng, chifukwa cha kufewa kwake, ndi woyenera kutsagana ndi chakudya chopepuka.
Kuthandiza chitetezo cha mthupi: Polyphenols ndi vitamini C zimapereka zotsatira zolimbikitsa chitetezo. Ma Catechin ali ndi mphamvu zoletsa bakiteriya.
Ntchito za ubongo: L-theanine imathandizira kupanga ma alpha wave a ubongo, imawongolera kukumbukira, chidwi ndi kuthekera kophunzira. Kumwa tiyi wobiriwira pafupipafupi kumalumikizidwa ndi kusunga ntchito za ubongo.
Mkhalidwe wa khungu: Antioxidants a tiyi wobiriwira (polyphenols, vitamini E) amathandizira kuteteza maselo a khungu ku kuwonongeka kwa kuwala ndi kuchedwetsa ukalamba.
Kuthandiza metabolism: Ma Catechin ophatikizana ndi caffeine amawonjezera thermogenesis ndipo amatha kuthandizira kusunga kulemera kwabwino ndi chakudya choyenera.

Chidziwitso: ubwino wathanzi wafotokozedwa potengera zomwe zimadziwika za tiyi wobiriwira; momwe thupi la munthu aliyense limayankhira kungakhale kosiyana. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la caffeine, amayi apakati ndi oyamwitsa akulangizidwa kukhala odekha.

9. Kupanga:

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85°C kwa magulu wamba; 75–80°C kwa gulu lapadera la magawo oyamba ndi achiwiri (zipangizo zosavuta kwambiri zimafuna kutentha kosavuta). Madzi otentha kwambiri sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito — ‘angawotche’ nsonga zosalala ndikupereka kuwawa.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml ya madzi (njira yothira: gaiwan) kapena 2–3 g pa 200 ml (njira yothira: kapu yagalasi). Akagwiritsa ntchito mbiya — 5–7 g pa 200–250 ml.
Ziwiya: Kapu yagalasi (玻璃杯, bōlí bēi) — chisankho chabwino kwambiri kuti musangalale ndi maso: imalola kuwona momwe nsonga zimatsegukira ndi ‘kuvina’ m’madzi, ndipo pamwamba pamakwera ‘nkhungu’ yodziwika. Gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) wopangidwa ndi porcelain yoyera — kuti athe kuyesa fungo ndi kukoma mwatsatanetsatane. Mbiya ya porcelain — ya kumwa tiyi tsiku ndi tsiku. Mbiya ya Yixing ya zisha sikulangizidwa pa tiyi uyu — dongo lobowola limatha kuyamwa fungo losavuta.
Ndondomeko (njira ya ‘kapu yagalasi’ — yolangizidwa pa Máo Fēng):

Tenthetsa kapu ndi madzi otentha, tsanulira.
Ikani 2–3 g ya tiyi.
Onjezerani madzi pang’ono (75–85°C) — pafupifupi 1/3 wa kapu — kuti munyowetse tsamba. Dikirani masekondi 30–60, ndikulola tiyi kuti ‘adzuke’. Njira iyi imatchedwa ‘kuthira kwapakati’ (中投法, zhōngtóu fǎ).
Onjezerani madzi kufika pa mlingo wathunthu.
Lolani kuti apange kwa mphindi 1.5–2. Mwani, pamene m’kapu mwatsala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu la madzi — ndikuwonjezeranso madzi otentha.
Amatha kupirira kuthira 3–4, ndikuwonjezera pang’onopang’ono nthawi yopanga.

Ndondomeko (njira ya gaiwan, kuthira):

Tenthetsani gaiwan ndi chahai (mbale ya chilungamo) ndi madzi otentha.
Ikani 3–5 g ya tiyi. Pumitsani fungo la tsamba louma lotenthedwa.
Kutsuka sikofunikira (kwa magulu apamwamba sikulangizidwa — kuthira koyamba ndiko kofunika kwambiri).
Kuthira koyamba — masekondi 15–20.
Tsanulirani mu chahai, kenako mu makapu.
Kuthira kotsatira — kuyambira masekondi 20 mpaka 60, ndikuwonjezera pang’onopang’ono. Máo Fēng wabwino amapirira kuthira 4–6.

10. Kusunga:

Monga tiyi aliyense wobiriwira, Huángshān Máo Fēng amakhudzidwa ndi ‘adani’ anayi: kuunika, chinyezi, kutentha ndi fungo lachilendo.

Chotengera: Mapaketi osalowetsa mpweya ndi kuunika. Choyenera — mapaketi a vacuum a zojambulazo kapena zitini zachitsulo zokhala ndi chivundikiro cholimba. Akatsegula — tsanulirani mu chitini chokhala ndi chosindikizira cha silicone.
Kutentha: Choyenera — mufiriji pa 0–5°C, m’chipinda cha masamba, motsimikiza kuti chili m’chotengera chosindikizidwa (tiyi amayamwa msanga fungo la mufiriji). Kusunga pa kutentha kwachipinda pamalo amdima, ozizira nkotheka, koma nthawi yake yosungirako imafupikira.
Nthawi yosungira: Kuti akome bwino, akulangizidwa kuti amwedwe m’miyezi 6–12 mutapangidwa. Mwezi uliwonse akusungidwa, tiyi wobiriwira amataya kutsitsimuka, kuwala kwa fungo ndi kutsekemera. Tiyi wa chaka chatha (陈茶, chénchá) ukhoza kukhalabe woyenera, koma ndi wochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi watsopano.
Zofunika: Musanatsegule paketi yochokera mufiriji, lolani kuti ifike pa kutentha kwachipinda (mphindi 30–60) kuti mupewe chinyezi kusungunuka pa masamba ozizira.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Msinkhu wa mtengo: Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Gulu lapadera la gawo loyamba (特级一等) kuchokera kwa opanga odziwika a pamtima pa dera la Fùxī akhoza kufika 5000–9000 yuan pa jin (500 g). Gulu lapadera la gawo lachitatu — 800–2000 yuan. Gulu loyamba — kuyambira 300 yuan. Magulu ambiri (achiwiri-achitatu) — ndi okwanira kumwa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira 100 yuan. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mtengo: nyengo yokolola (míngqián > yǔqián > chilimwe), gulu, komwe amachokera kwenikweni (Fùxī > madera ena), mbiri ya wopanga.
Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
Gulani kwa ogulitsa odziwika: Makampani otsogola okhala ndi mbiri yotsatirika — ‘Xiè Yùdà’ (谢裕大), ‘Lǎo Xiè Jiā Chá’ (老谢家茶), ‘Wāng Mǎntián’ (汪满田) — onse atatu ndi olemba limodzi a muyezo wadziko. Kugula ku Huángshān mwachindunji kapena kudzera munjira zovomerezeka kumachepetsa chiopsezo.
Yezani maonekedwe: Gulu lapadera lenileni ndi ‘malilime a mpheta’ a mtundu wa minyanga ya njovu okhala ndi ‘tsamba la nsomba’ lagolide pansi. Mtundu wobiriwira wofanana popanda kamvekedwe ka golide ndi ubweya ndichizindikiro chakusintha.
Yang’anani fungo: Fungo lachilengedwe la mabokosi ndi orchid — ndi loyera, lopanda fungo la ‘mankhwala’ la maluwa. Zachinyengo zonunkhiritsidwa mwachipangizo zimakhala ndi fungo lokakamiza, lakuthwa lomwe limasowa mwachangu pambuyo pa kuthira koyamba.
Yezani madzi: Ayenera kukhala owala, owala, obiriwira-chikasu. Madzi osawala kapena achikasu kwambiri amasonyeza tiyi wakale kapena kuphwanya kwa luso.
Chenjerani ndi mitengo yotsika mokayikitsa: Máo Fēng wa ‘míngqián’ weniweni wa gulu lapadera sangagule 100 yuan pa jin. Ngati mtengo ukuwoneka wokopa kwambiri — mwachionekere, ndi tiyi wochokera ku zigawo zoyandikana (Sichuan, Guizhou) kapena wokololedwa mochedwa, wopakidwanso monga wa Huángshān.

12. Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi:

Mu 1999, Huángshān Máo Fēng adasankhidwa kukhala mphatso yapamlingo wa boma: m’malo mwa Purezidenti wa PRC Jiāng Zémín, nduna yaikulu Zhū Róngjī adabweretsa tiyi uyu kwa aphunzitsi ake aku America ku Philadelphia.
Chikwangwani chodziwika bwino cha ‘Xiè Yùdà Cháháng’ (谢裕大茶行) chimasungidwa mu nyumba yosungiramo tiyi ku Huángshān. Odziwa amayang’ana tsatanetsatane: mu chilembo cha ‘yù’ (裕, ‘kuchuluka’), gawo lakumanzere ‘chovala’ (衣) linalembedwa popanda dontho limodzi — malinga ndi nthano ya banja, ichi ndi chikumbutso cha kudzichepetsa ndi kusamala m’zochita (慎裕精神, ‘mzimu wa kuchuluka kwanzeru’).
Popanga Huángshān Máo Fēng mu kapu yagalasi, zotsatira za ‘nkhungu pamwamba pa nsonga’ (雾气结顶) zimawonedwa: mtambo wa nthunzi umakwera pamwamba pa madzi, ngati kuti ukutenganso mitambo yomwe imakuta mapiri a Huángshān. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awa, ziwiya zowonekera zimalangizidwa mwachizolowezi kwa Máo Fēng.
Katswiri wodziwika wa tiyi, Pulofesa Wáng Zhènhéng (王镇恒) wa ku Anhui Agricultural University, pambuyo pa maulendo a zaka zambiri ku Cáoxī, adatcha Xiè Zhèng’ān ‘bambo wa Huángshān Máo Fēng’ (黄山毛峰之父), ndi mudzi wa Cáoxī — ‘kwawo kwa Huángshān Máo Fēng’.
Mu 2022, dera la Huizhou lokha linapanga matani 2553 a Huángshān Máo Fēng ndi mtengo wonse wa zinthu zopitilira 1.5 biliyoni yuan. Derali lakhala likugwiritsa ntchito dzina la ‘Maboma 100 apamwamba a tiyi ku China’ kwa zaka zopitilira 15 motsatizana.

13. Kufanizitsa ndi tiyi ena odziwika obiriwira:

Xīhú Lóngjǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga (炒青), tsamba lathyathyathya. Lóngjǐng ali ndi fungo la ‘kuwotcha’ kwambiri, la nyemba; Máo Fēng ndi wamaluwa komanso wotsekemera kwambiri. Lóngjǐng ndi m’mbale yathyathyathya, Máo Fēng ndi nsonga yopindika yodzaza ndi ubweya. Madzi a Lóngjǐng ndi obiriwira; a Máo Fēng ndi achikasu.
Bìluóchūn (碧螺春, Bì Luó Chūn): Nayenso ndi chǎoqīng, ali ndi kupindika kolimba kozungulira ndi ubweya wochuluka. Bìluóchūn amasiyana ndi fungo la zipatso ndi maluwa (minda pakati pa mitengo yazipatso), ndi kupwanyika kwakukulu. Máo Fēng ndi wofewa, wa ‘mabokosi’, wochepera zipatso.
Tàipíng Hóukuí (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóukuí): Mnzake wa ku Huángshān, koma kuchokera ku dera la Tàipíng. Amasiyana kwambiri mmaonekedwe — masamba akulu athyathyathya ofika 7 cm. Hóukuí ndi wa orchid kwambiri, wokhala ndi kukoma kwakuzama kwa ‘mchere’. Máo Fēng ndi wosavuta komanso wosavuta kumwa.
Lù’ān Guāpiàn (六安瓜片, Lù’ān Guāpiàn): Tiyi yekhayo wodziwika wobiriwira wopangidwa kuchokera ku tsamba lenileni (popanda nsonga). Mbiri yake ndi yochuluka, yokhala ndi kuwawa kowonekera. Máo Fēng ndi wosiyana, wofewa ndi wotsekemera chifukwa cha zipangizo za nsonga.
Xìnyáng Máojiān (信阳毛尖, Xìnyáng Máojiān): Amaphatikizidwanso ndi ubweya (毛) ndipo ali ndi ‘nsonga’ (尖), koma kuchokera ku chigawo cha Henan. Máojiān ndi ang’onoang’ono, opindidwa molimba kwambiri, ndi kupwanyika kwatsopano komveka. Máo Fēng ndi waukulu, wofewa, wonunkhira bwino.

Pomaliza:

Huángshān Máo Fēng ndi tiyi pomwe phiri lalikulu, katswiri wamkulu ndi mwambo waukulu adakumana. Pazaka zana limodzi ndi theka sanataye ngakhale dontho la kutsitsimuka kwake koyambirira, chiyero chenichenicho cha ‘mtambo’ chomwe Xiè Zhèng’ān adayika mwa iye. Tiyi uyu samachititsa chidwi ndi zachilendo ndipo samagonthetsa ndi kuwala kwake — amatenga mwanjira ina: ndi kukoma mtima, kuzama ndi bata lolemekezeka. Fungo lake la orchid, zonunkhira za mabokosi ndi kutsekemera kosungunuka zimatseguka pang’onopang’ono, kuchokera pakuthira mpaka kuthira, monga momwe mawonekedwe a mapiri a Huángshān amadziwika kudzera m’mitambo.

Huángshān Máo Fēng ndi wabwino mofanana kwa m’modzi akumana ndi tiyi wobiriwira waku China koyamba, komanso kwa wodziwa waluso, amene akufuna tiyi wapamwamba wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mpatseni madzi ofewa, kutentha koyenera ndi kapu yagalasi — ndipo adzakuyankhani ndi ‘chiyero chomveka’ (清碧), chomwe anthu odzipatula a ku Huángshān amachimba zaka mazana zapitazo.