Hànzhōng Xiān Háo

Hànzhōng Xiān Háo ndi tiyi yamtengo wapatali yobiriŵa yochokera ku chigawo cha Shaanxi, yomwe idasonkhanitsa pansi pa brand imodzi umbrella maudindo angapo a mbiri: Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo (午子仙毫), Dìng Jūn Míng Méi (定军茗眉) ndi Níngqiáng Quèshé (宁强雀舌). Tiyi iyi imabadwa pa mphambano ya Kumpoto ndi Kumwera kwa China — m’chigwa pakati pa mapiri a Qínlǐng (秦岭) ndi Bā Shān (巴山), chomwe chifukwa cha nyengo yake yofewa chimatchedwa “Jiangnan Ya Kumpoto chakumadzulo” (西北小江南). Latitude yotalikira, kutalika kwakukulu pamwamba pa nyanja, nthunzi zambiri ndi nthaka zokhala ndi zinki ndi selenium zambiri zimapanga khalidwe lapadera la “kumpoto” la tiyi — lokhala ndi ma amino acid ochuluka kuposa tiyi yakumwera.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi yobiriŵa (osaphika, 绿茶, lǜchá).

• Gulu: Tiyi ya dera yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo otetezedwa (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn). Brand ya umbrella yomwe imagwirizanitsa zokolola za makampani opitilira 120 m’boma la Hànzhōng. Mu 2020, idakhala mu mndandanda wachiwiri wa malo otetezedwa a Chiyanjano cha China-EU (《中欧地理标志协定》). Imathandizidwa ndi dera la tiyi la Jiāngběi (江北茶区) — limodzi mwa madera anayi akuluakulu a tiyi ku China komanso kumpoto koposa.

• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Shaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), mzinda wa Hànzhōng (汉中市, Hànzhōng shì). Dera lotetezedwa limakhudza mizinda 112 m’maboma ndi zigawo 11: Nánzhèng (南郑), Xīxiāng (西乡, dera lalikulu lopangira), Zhènbā (镇巴), Chénggù (城固), Yáng Xiàn (洋县), Miǎn Xiàn (勉县), Níngqiáng (宁强), Lüèyáng (略阳) ndi ena.

• Ma Coordinates a Geographical: Pafupifupi 32.5°–33.5° kumpoto, 106.0°–108.0° kummawa. Likulu la Hànzhōng — 33.07° kumpoto, 107.03° kummawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Mbiri ya tiyi ya Hànzhōng ili ndi zaka zopitilira zikwi zitatu. Malinga ndi malo, kupanga tiyi kumaderawa kumayambira m’nthawi ya Shang-Zhou (商周). Mzinda wa Xīxiāng (西乡), womwe tsopano ndi pakati pa dera la tiyi, uli ndi mbiri ya tiyi kuyambira nthawi ya Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ndi Qin-Han (战国—秦汉): mu “Mabuku a Mzinda wa Xīxiāng” (《西乡县志》) kulembedwa kuti kupanga tiyi kunayambira nthawi ya Qin-Han ndipo kunakula nthawi ya Tang-Song. M’nthawi ya Ming (明代), Xīxiāng idakhala imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za dongosolo la boma la “kusinthanitsa tiyi ndi akavalo” (以茶易马, yǐ chá yì mǎ) — pulogalamu yayikulu ya malonda a m’malire, pomwe tiyi kuchokera kumwera kwa Shaanxi ankatumizidwa kwa anthu oyendayenda kumalire akumadzulo kudzera m’maofesi a tiyi ndi akavalo (茶马司). Mawu a mbiri yakale oti “Hànzhōng imagula tiyi, Xīhé amasinthanitsa ndi akavalo” (汉中买茶、熙河易马) akuwonetsa kufunika kwa dera. M’masiku ano, Hànzhōng idakumana ndi “mnyengo wa chitsitsimutso” chofanana ndi cha China. Cha m’ma 1980, akatswiri akumaloko adapanga mndandanda wa tiyi yotchuka: Qínbā Wù Háo (秦巴雾毫, 1984), Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo (午子仙毫, 1984), Hàn Shuǐ Yín Suō (汉水银梭), Dìng Jūn Míng Méi (定军茗眉), Níngqiáng Quèshé (宁强雀舌) ndi zina — kupitilira 20 mitundu. Chochitika chachikulu chinali kupambana kwa Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo pa Chiwonetsero cha National cha Tiyi Yotchuka ku Fúzhōu mu 1986: tiyi idalandira ma points 95.72, kupitilira Huángshān Máo Fēng ndi points 0.17 ndipo inangotsalira Xī Hú Lóngjǐng ndi points 0.4. Umenewu unali woyamba m’mbiri kuti tiyi yochokera ku Shaanxi ilowe m’gulu la tiyi yotchuka ya dziko (全国名茶). Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ma brand kumadzetsa chisokonezo. Mu 2005, oyang’anira a Hànzhōng adayamba kuphatikiza, kuchepetsa nambala ya ma brand mpaka atatu, ndipo mu 2007 mayina onse adaphatikizidwa pansi pa brand imodzi ya “Hànzhōng Xiān Háo”, yomwe nthawi yomweyo idalandira udindo wa malo otetezedwa.

• Masiku Ofunika:

  • 1984 — kuyamba kwa kupanga tiyi yotchuka ya Shaanxi (Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo, Qínbā Wù Háo ndi zina).
  • 1986 — Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo adavomerezedwa kuti ndi “Tiyi Yotchuka Padziko Lonse” ndi Unduna wa Zamalonda.
  • 2005 — kuyamba kwa kuphatikiza kwa ma brand a tiyi a Hànzhōng.
  • 2007 — kuvomera brand imodzi “Hànzhōng Xiān Háo”; kuperekedwa kwa udindo wa malo otetezedwa.
  • 2013 — mendulo yokha ya golide m’gulu la tiyi yobiriŵa pa Chiwonetsero cha 31 cha Panama International.
  • 2020 — kulowetsedwa mu mndandanda wachiwiri wa Chiyanjano cha China-EU cha kuvomerezana kwa malo otetezedwa; kuperekedwa kwa udindo wa “Malo Apadera a Zokolola Zapadera Zaulimi ku China”.
  • 2024 — mtengo wa brand udafika 46.87 biliyoni yuan; tiyi idalandira mphotho yapamwamba kwambiri “Cháwáng” (茶王奖) ya mpikisano “Zhōng Chá Bēi” (中茶杯).
  • 2025 — mtengo wa brand udakwera mpaka 50.98 biliyoni yuan; kulowa mu 100 apamwamba a malo otetezedwa a zokolola zaulimi ku China.

• Dzina: Hànzhōng (汉中, Hànzhōng) ndi dzina la boma, kutanthauza “Pakatikati pa Mtsinje wa Hàn”: dera lili m’chigwa cha kumtunda kwa mtsinje wa Hànshuǐ (汉水). Xiān (仙, xiān) — “wosakhoza kufa, wokhala mlengalenga, wamatsenga”. Háo (毫, háo) — “katsitsi, ubweya (pamasamba a tiyi)”. Dzina lonse — “Katsitsi Kamatsenga kochokera ku Hànzhōng” — likuwonetsera mwandakatulo mawonekedwe ake ofunika: mphukira zofewa, zokutidwa ndi tsitsi lasiliva. Dzinali likutsatira miyambo ya wotsogolera — Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo (午子仙毫), pomwe “Wǔ Zǐ” amatanthauza phiri la Wǔzǐshān (午子山) m’boma la Xīxiāng.

• Kufunika kwa Chikhalidwe: Hànzhōng ndi limodzi mwa madera akale kwambiri a tiyi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, omwe m’mbiri adalumikizidwa ndi dongosolo la malonda a tiyi ndi akavalo komanso Njira Yaikulu ya Tiyi. Chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha dera chinalembedwa m’magulu apadera a zolemba: “Hàn Chá Fù” (《汉茶赋》) ndi “Hàn Chá Yínglián Jí” (《汉茶楹联集》). Chaka chilichonse amachita Phwando la Kutsegulira kwa Nyengo Yokolola ya Hànzhōng Xiān Háo (汉中仙毫开采节) ndi mpikisano wa luso la tiyi. Chitsanzo cha “tiyi + zokopa alendo” chikukula mwamphamvu: malo oposa 20 owonetsera maulendo a tiyi ndi njira 15 zapadera zakhazikitsidwa, imodzi mwa izo — “Dōngyù — Zǎoyuánhú — Yīngtáogōu” — ikuphatikizidwa m’kaundula wa boma wa njira zokopa alendo. Makampani a tiyi amathandiza anthu oposa 1 miliyoni; pazaka 10 zapitazi, anthu 600,000 adachoka muumphawi, ndipo 300,000 adapeza chuma chokhazikika chifukwa cha tiyi.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito:

• Mtundu: Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, makamaka var. sinensis (mtundu wamasamba ang’onoang’ono).

• Cultivar / Mtundu: Maziko a minda ndi mitundu yaikulu ya anthu am’deralo (群体种, qúntǐ zhǒng) — mitundu yosiyanasiyana yobzalidwa ndi njere, yomwe m’mbiri idasinthidwa ku zikhalidwe za Qínlǐng-Bā Shān. Komanso amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mitundu yobwera kuchokera kwina: Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá), Lóngjǐng Cháng Yè (龙井长叶, Lóngjǐng Chángyè — “Lóngjǐng masamba atali”), Zǐyáng Qúntǐzhǒng (紫阳群体种, Zǐyáng qúntǐ zhǒng — gulu la anthu ochokera ku dera loyandikana la tiyi la Zǐyáng). Mitundu ya anthu imapereka mafuta onunkhira ovuta; Fúdǐng Dà Bái imapereka mphukira yaikulu, yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lochuluka.

• Kukolola: Kukolola kwa masika: kuchokera pa “Qīngmíng” (清明, koyambirira kwa April) mpaka masiku 10 pambuyo pa “Gǔyǔ” (谷雨, kumapeto kwa April). Kwa magulu apamwamba kwambiri — Qīngmíng isanakwane (明前茶). Tiyi ya chilimwe ndi yophukira imapangidwanso (makamaka ya magulu ambiri ndi yotumizidwa kunja), komabe mbiri ya brand imakhazikitsidwa ndi kukolola kwa masika.

• Mfundo Yokolola: Gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (特级) — mphukira imodzi (单芽, dānyá) kapena mphukira yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe likutseguka pang’ono (一芽一叶初展). Kuchokera mu kilogalamu imodzi ya tiyi youma kumatuluka pafupifupi 62,000 mphukira. Gulu loyamba — mphukira yokhala ndi masamba amodzi kapena aŵiri.

• Zofunikira pa Zinthu: Mphukira ziyenera kukhala zowala, zofewa, zofanana, zopanda zowonongeka ndi zizindikiro za tizirombo. Kutumiza kuchokera m’munda kupita ku fakitale — mu nthawi yochepa kuti zisatenthedwe kapena kuwunikira mwadzidzidzi.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Mapiri ndi Geography: Hànzhōng ili m’chigwa chapakati pa mapiri a Qínlǐng (秦岭, Qínlǐng) kumpoto ndi Bā Shān (巴山, Bā Shān) kumwera. Qínlǐng ndi malire ofunika a nyengo ku China, omwe amalekanitsa kumwera kwa subtropiki ndi kumpoto kofunda. Chifukwa cha chotchinga cha mapiri, chigwacho chimatetezedwa ku mpweya wozizira wochokera kumpoto, zomwe zimalenga nyengo yabwino modabwitsa ku latitude imeneyi. Minda ya tiyi imagwira mapiri ndi mapiri aakulu, okutidwa ndi nkhalango zowirira. Dera lonse la minda ya tiyi m’boma ndi lopitilira 1.32 miliyoni mu (pafupifupi 88,000 ha).

• Kutalika kwa Kulima: 600–1600 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Minda yayikulu — 800–1200 m.

• Nyengo: Pakati pa kumpoto kwa subtropiki ndi kotentha kofunda, ndi mtundu wa monsoon. Kutentha kwapachaka — 14.7 °C. Mvula yapachaka — 1000–1500 mm. Mitambo yambiri (高云雾几率): malo a mapiri amatulutsa nthunzi zambiri m’mawa ndi madzulo, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwala kwa dzuŵa. Awa ndi mkhalidwe wamba wopangira mafuta onunkhira a “mapiri”. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kutentha kwa masana ndi usiku kumathandiza kuti zinthu zonunkhira ndi ma amino acid ziwonjezeke. Nthawi yayitali ya kukula (生长周期长) ndi chikhalidwe cha madera a kumpoto a tiyi: tsamba limakula pang’onopang’ono kuposa kumwera, koma limasonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri zochotsedwa.

• Nthaka: Makamaka nthaka zachikasu ndi zachikasu-bulauni za m’mapiri (黄壤, 黄棕壤), za asidi, zokhala ndi organic yambiri. Nthaka za m’derali zili ndi kuchuluka kwa zinki ndi selenium — monga mmene zilili ku dera loyandikana lotchuka la tiyi la Zǐyáng (紫阳).

• Agroteknoloji: Chitsanzo cha chilengedwe: chitetezo cha biological ndi chakuthupi ku tizirombo, kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa malo ovomerezeka. Minda ina ili ndi chitetezo cha AA cha zinthu zoyera (绿色AA级). Chitsanzo cha “minda ya tiyi monga malo okongola” (茶园景区化) chimagwirizanitsa agroteknoloji ndi kukongola kwa malo.

5. Kupanga:

Hànzhōng Xiān Háo imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito luso lophatikiza la “kuwotcha + kuumitsa ndi mpweya wotentha” (烘炒结合, hōng chǎo jiéhé), zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi tiyi yobiriŵa yowotcha basi (炒青) kapena youmitsa basi (烘青). Ena amapanga amagwiritsa ntchito kuthira nthunzi (蒸汽杀青) m’malo mwa kuwotcha kwachikale, zomwe zimawonjezera kusangalatsa. Dongosolo lonse: magawo asanu ndi aŵiri — kuchokera pa tsamba latsopano kupita ku tiyi yomalizidwa.

• Kutambasula / Kufota pang’ono (摊放 — tānfàng): Mphukira zongokololedwa kumene zimayalidwa mosanjikiza m’chipinda chopumira mpweya. Nthawi — maola 3–5 (malinga ndi ena, mpaka maola 35 kwa zinthu zofewa kwambiri, zomwe ndizotalikira modabwitsa kwa tiyi yobiriŵa ndipo zikuwonetsa kufota pang’ono, komwe kumawonjezera mafuta onunkhira a maluŵa). Cholinga — kufanana kwa chinyezi, kuyamba kupanga mafuta onunkhira.

• Kukonza / “kupha zobiriŵa” (杀青 — shāqīng): Kuchitidwa ndi kuwotcha mu wok kapena mbiya (锅炒杀青) kapena, kwa ena opanga, ndi kuthira nthunzi (蒸汽杀青). Kuwotcha pa kutentha kwakukulu kumachotsa ma enzymes, kusunga mtundu wobiriŵa ndikupanga maziko a fungo la chestnut. Kuthira nthunzi kumapereka fungo latsopano, “lobiriŵa” kwambiri.

• Kupumira mpweya ndi kukulunga (清风揉捻 — qīngfēng róuniǎn): Pambuyo pokonza, tsamba limazizidwa pang’ono panja (“清风” — “kupumira mpweya”), kenako limazunguliridwa mofewa kuti maselo atulutse madzi.

• Kupanga / kuwongola (理条/做形 — lǐtiáo/zuòxíng): Gawo lofunika kwambiri, lomwe limapanga mawonekedwe a “micro-flat” (微扁, wēibiǎn), ofanana ndi tsamba la orchid (形似兰花). Tsamba limakanikizidwa ndikuwongoledwa ndi manja kapena pa makina, ndikupanga mawonekedwe okongola, ophwanyidwa pang’ono, koma osathyathyathya (monga Lóngjǐng).

• Kuwongolera tsitsi (提毫 — tíháo): Gawo lapadera, lomwe limadziwika ndi tiyi ya gulu la “háo” (毫): kuchita mofewa komwe tsitsi lasiliva pa mphukira “limakwezedwa” ndikuwonekera, kupereka mawonekedwe oyera oyera.

• Kuumitsa / kutenthetsa (烘干 — hōnggān): Mpweya wotentha umachepetsa chinyezi mpaka mulingo wokhazikika (≤7%), umakhazikitsa fungo ndikuwonetsetsa kusungidwa. Kuphatikiza kwa magawo ophika ndi kuumitsa (烘炒结合) kumapanga mbiri ya Hànzhōng Xiān Háo: kuzama kwa chestnut kuchokera ku kuwotcha ndi kuyera kwa maluŵa kuchokera ku kuumitsa.

• Kusanja ndi kusankha (精选 — jīngxuǎn): Kuchotsa tizigawo tathyokathyoka, tsinde ndi masamba akuda. Kusanja molingana ndi kukula ndi mtundu.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

• Mawonekedwe a tsamba louma: Mawonekedwe a micro-flat (微扁), okongola, owongoka kapena opindika pang’ono, ofanana ndi masamba a orchid kapena “nsidze” zopyapyala (秀如眉). Mtundu — wobiriŵa pang’ono, watsopano (嫩绿), ndi tsitsi lochuluka lasiliva-loyera (翠绿显毫). Mphukira zofanana zakukula, ndi kutuluka kwa mphukira.

• Fungo la tsamba louma: Loyera, lalitali — ndi mafungo a chestnut (栗香) ndi maluŵa-udzu. Fungo lokhalitsa, osati “lonyowa”, lopanda kukhwima.

• Fungo la madzi: Lalitali, lakuthwa ndi lokhalitsa (香高锐持久). Mafungo a chestnut ndi owotchera amapambana, ndikuwonjezeredwa ndi maonekedwe a maluŵa (m’magulu ena — ndi mafungo a nyemba pang’ono). Fungo limakhalapo pa 3–4 kupitilira.

• Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kotsekemera ndi kwathunthu (鲜爽回甘). Thupi lolimba kuposa tiyi wamba yakumwera ya chifundo chomwecho — zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochotsedwa (>46 %). Kuwawa pang’ono kumasintha mwamsanga kukhala kutsekemera koonekeratu (回甘). Kumatengedwa “kotsekemera” (鲜) ndi “kwathunthu” (醇厚) chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid.

• Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriŵa pang’ono, wowala ndi wowonekera bwino (嫩绿清澈鲜明), nthawi zina ndi maonekedwe a chikasu pang’ono. Tsitsi loyera, lomwe limayandama m’madzi, limapanga zotsatira za “matope a ngale” (毫浑) — ichi ndi chizindikiro cha mkhalidwe, osati cholakwika.

• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lophikidwa): Lofanana, lobiriŵa pang’ono, lamoyo ndi lolimba (匀齐鲜活、嫩绿明亮). Mphukira zimatseguka kwathunthu, ndikuwonetsa kukhulupirika kwa mphukira ndi tsamba, nthawi zambiri ndikupanga “rosette” (成朵).

7. Chemical Composition:

• Polyphenols (茶多酚): Pafupifupi 32–40% (ziwerengero zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi subspecies: mu Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo — ~33%, ziwerengero zapakati pa brand — mpaka 40%). Main catechins — EGCG, EGC, ECG.

• Ma Amino Acid: 3.5–5.23% — apamwamba kwambiri kuposa ambiri a tiyi yobiriŵa ya kumwera kwa China. Malinga ndi China Academy of Agricultural Sciences (中国农科院茶叶研究所), kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid mu Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo kumaposa Lóngjǐng “extra” ndi 0.08% ndi Lóngjǐng “gulu lapadera loyamba” ndi 1.19%. L-theanine ikulamulira, yopereka umami wotsekemera ndi kupumula kofewa.

• Alkaloids: Caffeine — 4.43–4.5%. Theobromine ndi theophylline — zochepa.

• Zinthu zochotsedwa m’madzi (水浸出物): ≥44.57% (malinga ndi zina — ≥46%), zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhutitsidwa kwakukulu komanso kuthekera kwabwino kwa kupanga tiyi.

• Zakudya Zochepa: Zinki (Zn) — 53.5–67.5 mg/kg. Selenium (Se) — 0.858 mg/kg. Zinthu zonsezi zimalowa m’masamba kuchokera kunthaka mwachilengedwe.

• Vitamini: Vitamini C, vitamini B, vitamini E.

• Minerals: Potaziyamu, magniyamu, phosphorous, manganese, fluoride.

• Zinthu zosakhazikika zonunkhira: Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) adazindikira 61 zinthu zonunkhira mu Hànzhōng Xiān Háo kuchokera kumadera asanu opangira: 30 aldehydes, 12 ketones, 7 esters, 6 alcohols, 4 furans ndi 2 acids. Mbiri ya zinthu zomwe zimasanduka zimatheka kusiyanitsa tiyi za madera osiyanasiyana mokhulupirika.

8. Zopindulitsa:

• Chitetezo cha Antioxidant: Kuchuluka kwa catechins (EGCG) kumapereka kuthetsedwa kwamphamvu kwa ma free radicals. Ma flavonoid amathandizanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa ma cell.

• Kulimbikitsa pang’ono ndi kuthandizira chidziwitso: Kusakaniza kwa caffeine ndi L-theanine kumapereka mphamvu yokhalitsa popanda nsonga zotsogola. Theanine imathandizira kupanga ma alpha-wave a ubongo, kusintha kukhazikika ndikuchepetsa nkhawa.

• Kuthandizira dongosolo la mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi: Ma flavonoid amathandizira kusunga elasticity ya mitsempha ya magazi. Catechins imathandizira kusintha lipid profile ya magazi.

• Thanzi la Mkamwa: Kukhalapo kwa fluoride ndi catechins kumachepetsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya oyambitsa mano ndi kuchepetsa fungo loipa la m’kamwa.

• Kuthandizira chakudya: Ma polyphenols amalimbikitsa peristalsis ndi kutulutsa madzi a m’mimba. Catechins ali ndi ntchito yothana ndi mabakiteriya, yothandiza pa zovuta za m’mimba.

• Chitetezo cha Khungu: Ma antioxidants amachepetsa kukalamba kwa khungu; zinki imathandiza kukonzanso minyewa ya khungu.

• Kuthandizira chitetezo cha mthupi: Zinki ndi selenium, zomwe zimachokera ku tiyi, ndizothandizira ma enzymes ofunika a chitetezo.

• Chidziwitso chofunikira: Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi caffeine, matenda a m’mimba omwe akuwonjezeka, komanso amayi apakati ndi oyamwitsa, tikulimbikitsidwa kumwa mochepa ndikulangizana ndi katswiri.

9. Kuwira:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90 °C. Kwa magulu ofewa kwambiri (单芽, 明前茶) ndizololedwa kuchepetsa mpaka 80 °C; kwa tsamba lokhwima kwambiri — mpaka 90 °C.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3–4 g pa 150–200 ml (njira ya galasi kapena gaiwan).

• Chombo: Galamu yayitali yowongoka (直筒玻璃杯) — imathandiza kuona “kuvina” kwa mphukira zotseguka, zomwe zimaima mozungulira, ngati nkhalango ya nsungwi. Gaiwan yopyapyala ya porcelain (薄胎盖碗) — kuti athe kuwongolera bwino kutulutsa ndikutsegula kwathunthu fungo.

• Njira:

  1. Kutenthetsa galasi kapena gaiwan ndi madzi otentha, kuthira.
  2. Kudzaza tiyi (njira ya “lower filling” — 下投法, xiàtóu fǎ: poyamba tiyi, kenako madzi).
  3. Kudzaza madzi a kutentha kofunikira mpaka 1/3 ya voliyumu, kudikirira masekondi 10–15, ndikulola tsamba “kudzuka”.
  4. Kudzaza madzi mpaka 4/5 ya voliyumu.
  5. Kudontha koyamba: kusiya masekondi 10, kuthira mu chahai kapena kumwa kuchokera mu galasi.
  6. Kutsatira kwina: masekondi 10 aliwonse, ndikuwonjezera masekondi 5–10 ndi aliyense. Pamodzi — 3–4 madontho onse.
  7. Mukamalowetsa mu galasi: mphindi 1–2 pa kudzaza koyamba; ndizololedwa kudzazanso 2–3.

10. Kusunga:

• Kutentha: Koyenera — 0–5 °C (firiji). Pa kutentha kwa chipinda — osapitilira 10 °C, pamalo amdima, owuma.

• Chidebe: Mapaketi otsekedwa a vacuum (aluminiyamu + polyethylene), zitini zachitsulo zokhala ndi chivindikiro cholimba. Phukusi lamkati liyenera kukhala losawonekera.

• Adani a tiyi: Kuwala, chinyezi, fungo lakunja, kutentha kwakukulu, mpweya. Pakasokoneka kutseka mu firiji, tiyi imamwetsa fungo lakunja ndikunyowa.

• Nthawi yabwino yokoma: Miyezi 6–12 kuchokera tsiku lopanga. Tiyi ya masika ikulimbikitsidwa kuti imwedwe isanafike nyengo yotsatira. Tiyi yobiriŵa siyopangidwira kukhala nthawi yayitali.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

• Magulu a Mitengo: Kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu. Tiyi yam’masika ya gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (明前特级, mphukira imodzi) — gawo lapamwamba. Gulu loyamba ndi lachiwiri, komanso kukolola kwa chilimwe ndi yophukira — tiyi yatsiku ndi tsiku yotsika mtengo. Mtengo wa brand “Hànzhōng Xiān Háo” mu 2025 ndi 50.98 biliyoni yuan, zomwe zimayika pakati pa makumi a pafupi a brand apamwamba a tiyi ku China. Komabe, mitengo yamalonda imakhalabe yotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi yofanana yochokera ku Zhèjiāng kapena Ānhuī.

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:

  • Kugula kuchokera kumakampani omwe ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera cha malo otetezedwa (地理标志专用标志) — pakali pano makampani amenewo ali oposa 120. Pakuyika, payenera kukhala logo ya Geographical Indication ndi QR code yotsatira.
  • Kuyang’ana mawonekedwe: tiyi yeniyeni imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake a micro-flat, kufanana, mtundu wobiriŵa pang’ono ndi tsitsi lochuluka lasiliva. Zonyenga nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kukulunga movutikira, mtundu wosakongola komanso kusowa kwa tsitsi.
  • Kuyang’ana fungo: Hànzhōng Xiān Háo yeniyeni imakhala ndi fungo lapamwamba, loyera, lokhalitsa la chestnut-maluŵa. Tiyi yopangidwa mochita kupanga kapena yakale imapereka fungo lathyathyathya, lomwe limatha mwamsanga.
  • Kuyang’ana madzi: owonekera bwino, obiriŵa pang’ono, owala. Madzi osokonezeka, osakongola kapena achikasu kwambiri ndi chizindikiro cha zinthu zosafunidwa kapena zakale.
  • Kuyang’ana mtengo: mtengo wotsika modabwitsa wa “gulu lapamwamba” pafupifupi mosakayikira umasonyeza kusinthidwa kwa zinthu kuchokera kunja kwa dera lotetezedwa.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Mu 1986, Wǔ Zǐ Xiān Háo pa National Assessment ya Tiyi Yotchuka yomwe inali ku Fúzhōu idapeza ma points 95.72 — ochuluka kuposa Huángshān Máo Fēng (95.55), ndipo inali mfundo 0.4 yokha yocheperapo Si Hú Lóngjǐng. Izi zidakhazikitsa kwamuyaya kwa tiyi ya Shaanxi ufulu wotchedwa tiyi yotchuka ya dziko ndikutha nthawi yomwe chigawochi chinalibe woyimira mu “pantheon” yapamwamba ya tiyi ku China.

• Dzinalo “仙毫” (Xiān Háo) — “Katsitsi Kamatsenga” — limagwirizana ndi nthano ya mtsikana Wǔ Zǐ (午子姑娘), yemwe anabadwa pakati pausiku (午夜子时) ndipo analima tiyi pamwamba pa phiri la Wǔzǐshān m’boma la Xīxiāng. Anapatsira alendo tiyi yophikidwa ndi madzi a kasupe kuchokera kuphanga lofanana ndi khosi la chinjoka — ndipo aliyense amene anamwa tiyi iyi amakhala watsopano.

• Hànzhōng ndiwo “malire a kumpoto” a ulimi waukulu wa tiyi ku China. Derali lili pa 33° N — kumpoto kwenikweni kuposa madera achikhalidwe a tiyi (Zhèjiāng, Fújiàn, Yúnnán). Chotchinga cha mapiri cha Qínlǐng chimalenga thumba lanyengo yochepa momwe chilengedwe cha subtropiki chimapezeka pa latitude yomwe nthawi zambiri kumayamba kumtunda kotentha.

• Ku Hànzhōng, adapanga chinthu chapadera “Hànzhōng Mì Huáng” (汉中蜜黄) — tiyi yachikasu, yomwe idadzaza malo omwe alibe pa chuma cha tiyi ya Shaanxi. Kupangidwa kwake kunali chifukwa cha mgwirizano ndi China Academy of Agricultural Sciences ndi Northwest Agricultural University.

• Kuchokera mu kilogalamu imodzi ya Hànzhōng Xiān Háo youma ya gulu lapamwamba kumatuluka pafupifupi 62,000 mphukira payekha — aliyense amene adasankhidwa pamanja.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi zina zobiriŵa:

• Xī Hú Lóngjǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Tiyi yobiriŵa yathyathyathya yochokera ku Zhèjiāng. Lóngjǐng — yathyathyathya kotheratu, yokhala ndi fungo lodziŵika bwino la “nyemba-chestnut” ndi kusalala kwamafuta. Hànzhōng Xiān Háo — ya micro-flat (osati yathyathyathya ngati Lóngjǐng), yokhala ndi tsitsi lochuluka komanso fungo lapamwamba la maluŵa-chestnut. Pankhani ya ma amino acid, Hànzhōng akhoza kuposa Lóngjǐng.

• Huángshān Máo Fēng (黄山毛峰, Huángshān Máofēng): Tiyi yobiriŵa yotchuka yochokera ku Ānhuī. Tiyi zonsezi zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lochuluka, koma Huángshān Máo Fēng imakhala ndi mawonekedwe opindika, kutsekemera kowonekera kwa maluŵa komanso fungo la “mist-orchid”. Hànzhōng Xiān Háo — yolimba kwambiri mu kukoma, yokhala ndi fungo lowonekera la chestnut ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochotsedwa.

• Xìnyáng Máojiān (信阳毛尖, Xìnyáng Máojiān): Tiyi yotchuka yokhala ndi tsitsi lochuluka kuchokera ku Hénán, ina ya tiyi yobiriŵa ya “kumpoto”. Xìnyáng Máojiān — yopindika, yokhala ndi mbiri yopyapyala, ya “lily of the valley” komanso thupi losakhwima. Hànzhōng Xiān Háo — ya micro-flat, yokhala ndi thupi lonse komanso lokwanira, ndi fungo lozama la chestnut.

• Ānjí Bái Chá (安吉白茶, Ānjí Bái Chá): Tiyi yobiriŵa yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid (mpaka 6–8%) yochokera ku Zhèjiāng. Tiyi zonsezi zimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kutsekemera kwa “amino acid”, koma Ānjí — ndiyofewa kwambiri, yopyapyala komanso yosakhalitsa, pamene Hànzhōng — ndiyolimba, yokhazikika komanso yolimba pakutha.

• Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá (凤冈锌硒茶, Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá): Tiyi yobiriŵa yochokera ku Guìzhōu, yomwe ilinso ndi zinki ndi selenium zochuluka. Tiyi zonsezi zimafuna gawo la “functional”, koma Fènggāng imapangidwa m’mitundu ingapo (yathyathyathya, yopindika, ya granulated), pamene Hànzhōng Xiān Háo ili ndi mawonekedwe amodzi a micro-flat “orchid”. Potengera mbiri ya kukoma, Hànzhōng ndi “yakumpoto” kwambiri: yolimba, yokhala ndi fungo lozama la chestnut.

Pomaliza:

Hànzhōng Xiān Háo ndi umodzi mwa zifukwa zokhutiritsa kwambiri za tiyi yobiriŵa ya “kumpoto”. Kumene Qínlǐng amaopseza mphepo zozizira, ndipo Bā Shān amasonkhanitsa mitambo, kumabadwa tiyi yomwe nthawi yayitali ya kukula idamupatsa kuzama, ndipo mpweya wa mapiri — ukhondo. Mawonekedwe ake a micro-flat “orchid”, tsitsi lasiliva lochuluka, fungo lapamwamba la chestnut ndi kukoma kwathunthu ndikutsekemera koonekeratu — zonsezi zimapangitsa Hànzhōng Xiān Háo kukhala tiyi ya khalidwe: osaphokoso, koma wokhutiritsa. Ndi yabwino kwambiri kwa iwo omwe amafuna mu tiyi yobiriŵa osati kusangalatsa kokha, komanso kuzama — thupi la “subtropiki” lokhala ndi mzimu wa “kumpoto”.