Fu Zhuan Cha · new.thetea.app

Fu Zhuan Cha ndi njerwa ya tiyi wakuda (hēi chá), yodziwika bwino chifukwa cha “Maluwa Agolide” (金花, Jīnhuā) — madera a bowa Eurotium cristatum (冠突散囊菌, Guāntū Sǎnnángjūn), omwe amapanga fungo lapadera la bowa ndi uchi komanso kukoma kokoma, kosalala kwa madzi a tiyi. Uwu ndi mtundu wokhawo wa tiyi wakuda waku China umene muyezo wa dziko (GB/T 9833.3) umafuna kuti pakhale Eurotium cristatum monga chizindikiro cha khalidwe.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tiyi wophikidwa pambuyo pake (tiyi wakuda, hēi chá — 黑茶, Hēichá).
Gulu: Tiyi wotchuka wakuda waku China; mmodzi mwa oyimira bwino kwambiri komanso ambiri a hēi chá waku Hunan. Ali m’gulu la “Njerwa Zitatu” (三砖, Sān Zhuān) za hēi chá waku Anhua pamodzi ndi Hēi Zhuān (黑砖, Hēi Zhuān) ndi Huā Zhuān (花砖, Huā Zhuān).
Chiyambi: China. M’mbiri, tiyi uyu anayamba kuponderezedwa mumzinda wa Jingyang (泾阳, Jīngyáng), m’chigawo cha Shaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera ku chigawo cha Hunan (湖南, Húnán). Kuyambira 1953, kupanga kunasamutsidwa kupita ku Hunan: mzinda wa Yiyang (益阳, Yìyáng), dera la Anhua County (安化县, Ānhuà Xiàn) — malo oyamba opangira zinthu ndi zokolata.
Malo ogwirizana: pafupifupi 28.3–28.8°N, 111.1–112.2°E (Anhua County / Yiyang, Hunan).
Mayina ena: Jingyang Zhuān (泾阳砖, Jīngyáng Zhuān) — dzina la m’mbiri; Fú Chá (茯茶, Fúchá); Fú Zhuān (茯砖, Fú Zhuān); komanso mayina odziwika monga Fēng Chá (封茶, Fēng Chá — “tiyi wopakidwa”), Guān Chá (官茶, Guān Chá — “tiyi wa boma”), Fǔ Chá (府茶, Fǔ Chá — “tiyi wochokera ku boma”).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri: Malinga ndi nkhani imodzi, Fu Zhuan anayamba cha m’ma 1368 (kuyamba kwa ufumu wa Ming, 明朝, Míng Cháo), pamene ku Jingyang anayamba kupondereza tiyi wakuda wochokera ku zigawo zakumwera kuti atumize kumpoto chakumadzulo. Umboni wolembedwa umatsimikizira mokhazikika kukhalapo kwa luso kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa ufumu wa Qing (清朝, Qīng Cháo): malinga ndi “Qīng Shǐ Gǎo” (清史稿, Qīng Shǐ Gǎo), m’chaka choyamba cha ulamuliro wa Shunzhi (顺治, Shùnzhì, 1644) dongosolo la kusinthanitsa tiyi ndi akavalo (茶马互市, chámǎ hùshì) linali likugwira ntchito, pomwe tiyi wa njerwa waku Jingyang ankatchulidwa. Motero, mbiri ya Fu Zhuan ili ndi zaka zosachepera 380.

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, Fu Zhuan ankapangidwa kokha ku Jingyang — ankakhulupirira kuti madzi a komweko, nyengo ndi luso ndizo zokhazo zomwe zimathandiza kuti “maluwa akule” moyenera. Akatswiri a tiyi a komweko ankati kupanga sikungasamutsidwe: “Popanda madzi a Jingyang sikutheka, popanda nyengo ya Jingyang sikutheka, popanda luso la Jingyang sikutheka” (三不能制, Sān bùnéng zhì). Komabe, mu 1950, fakitale ya boma ku Anhua (安化砖茶厂) inayamba kuyesa kupanga komweko; mu 1953, mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri ochokera ku yunivesite ya Wuhan, Fu Zhuan woyamba waku Anhua anapangidwa bwino. Mu 1958, makina opondereza anasintha m’malo mwa manja, ndipo pofika 1970, kupanga kwakukulu kunali ku fakitale ya Xiangyi (湘益茶厂, Xiāngyì Cháchǎng) ku Yiyang.

M’nthawi ya Qing, kazembe wamkulu Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠, Zuǒ Zōngtáng), atagonjetsanso Xinjiang, anagwiritsa ntchito Fu Zhuan waku Anhua ngati chida chandale za m’malire, poyambitsa “dongosolo la matikiti” pogula (以票代引, yǐ piào dài yǐn) mu 1873, zomwe zinatsimikizira kuti anthu akumpoto chakumadzulo akhala ndi tiyi okhazikika.
Dzina:
- Fú (茯): Chiyambi cha chilembochi ndi chokayikitsa. Malingaliro akulu: (1) kugwirizana ndi dzina la bowa wamankhwala Fúlíng (茯苓, Fúlíng — poria cocos, Poria cocos), chifukwa tiyi ankawona kuti ali ndi mphamvu zochiritsira zofanana, ndipo kuchokera ku “伏茶” (Fúchá) dzina “linakwezedwa” kukhala “茯茶”; (2) kufanana kwa mawu ndi Fú (福, Fú — “chimwemwe, mwayi”); (3) kugwirizana ndi mawu oti Fú (伏, Fú — “nthawi yotentha ya chirimwe ya San Fu, 三伏”), ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuti pakati pa chirimwe si nyengo yabwino “kukula kwa maluwa”; (4) malinga ndi magwero ena — kutengera dzina loyang’anira Fǔ (府, Fǔ — “boma, chigawo”), popeza tiyi anali “wa boma”.
- Zhuān (砖, Zhuān): “njerwa” — mawonekedwe achikhalidwe opondereza.
- Chá (茶, Chá): “tiyi”.
Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe: Fu Zhuan ndi imodzi mwa tiyi wofunika kwambiri pa “Njira ya Tiyi ya kumpoto chakumadzulo”. Pakati pa anthu oyendayenda a Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu ndi Ningxia panali mwambi woti: “Kuli bwino kusowa chakudya masiku atatu kusiyana ndi kusowa tiyi tsiku limodzi” (宁可三日无粮，不可一日无茶, Nìngkě sān rì wú liáng, bùkě yī rì wú chá). Tiyi amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakumwa zamkaka ndi mchere ndipo amawonedwa ngati chofunikira chothandizira kugaya chakudya pa zakudya zambiri za nyama ndi mkaka. “Maluwa Agolide” anakhala chizindikiro chowonekera cha khalidwe: m’madera ogulitsa a Xinjiang, ogula ankayang’ana njerwa makamaka pa kuchulukana ndi kuonekera kwa “maluwa”.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

Mtundu / Cultivar: Popanga amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yokhala ndi masamba akulu ndi apakatikati a chitsamba cha tiyi (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis), yomwe imamera ku Anhua ndi madera ozungulira. Zomwe zimayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi zochokera ku mitengo ya tiyi yakutchire ya “mapiri akutchire” (荒山茶, Huāngshān chá), yomwe imatulutsa zambiri komanso yodzaza ndi mchere. Tsamba liyenera kukhala lokhwima mokwanira komanso “lolimba” — mu zinthu zoterezi ndimo muli kuchuluka kofunikira kwa zinthu kuti “Maluwa Agolide” akule bwino.
Kututa: Nthawi yotuta ndi kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa April (Guyu, 谷雨, Gǔyǔ) mpaka kumapeto kwa June (Mangzhong, 芒种, Mángzhòng). Popanga Fu Zhuan amagwiritsira ntchito makamaka tiyi wotutidwa m’chilimwe, komanso wotutidwa m’nyengo ya masika amaloledwa.
Mulingo wotuta: Mphukira limodzi ndi masamba anayi kapena asanu kapena kuposerapo (一芽四五叶, yī yá sì wǔ yè), nthawi zambiri ndi mbali ya tsinde. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi tiyi wina wambiri, kumene mphukira zosakhwima zokha zimayamikiridwa. Pazopangira zolimba, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chida chooneka ngati chikwakwa — “lumache la tiyi” (茶摘子, chá zhāizi), chifukwa ndizovuta kudula nthambi yokhwima ndi manja.
Zofunikira pa zopangira: Choyamba ndi hēi máochá (黑毛茶, Hēi Máochá) wa gulu lachitatu kapena lachinayi. Masamba ayenera kukhala athanzi, opanda kuwonongeka, otutidwa m’madera opanda zowononga chilengedwe. Kukhwima kokwanira kwa tsamba ndikofunikira kuti pakhale malo odyetsa tizilombo pa nthawi ya “fahuā”.

4. Malo ndi Zinthu Zina za Kulima:

Malo ofunika kwambiri — Anhua County: Ili m’chigawo chapakati cha Hunan, kumpoto kwa mapiri a Xuefeng (雪峰山, Xuěfēng Shān). Malo a mapiri okhala ndi zigwa zambiri za mitsinje ndi maphompho amapanga kanyengo kochepa kapadera, kothandiza zomera za tiyi.
Kutalika kwa malo olimapo: 300–1000 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Nyengo: Ya mkuntho wamvula ya subtropical yokhala ndi nyengo zoonekeratu. Kutentha kwapachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 16–17°C. Chinyezi chambiri, chifunga chambiri ndi mitambo zimapereka kuwala kofewa kwa mbali — malo abwino kwambiri kwa zitsamba za tiyi.
Mvula: 1500–1800 mm pachaka, yochuluka komanso yogawidwa mofanana, zomwe zimapanga chinyezi chachilengedwe chambiri — chinthu chothandiza pakuwiritsa.
Nthaka: Nthaka zofiira za asidi ndizofala kwambiri, zopangidwa pazinthu zakale za geological (kuphatikizapo zotsalira za madzi oundana). Nthaka ili ndi mchere wambiri, makamaka selenium — Anhua ndi amodzi mwa madera a China omwe ali ndi selenium yambiri m’nthaka, ndipo izi zimakhudza mchere wa tiyi.
Zinthu zina za kulima: “Mipata” ya nkhalango yozungulira minda ya tiyi imateteza ku mphepo ndi kuipitsidwa, ndikukhazikitsa kanyengo kochepa. Mbali yaikulu ya zopangira imachokera ku mitengo yakutchire, yomera mwachilengedwe popanda kulimidwa mwamphamvu.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga:

Ukadaulo wopanga Fu Zhuan Cha ndi wapadera pakati pa tiyi wakuda: kuwonjezera pa magawo okhazikika a hēi chá, umaphatikizapo gawo lofunika kwambiri la “kukula kwa maluwa” (发花, Fāhuā) — kulera mwachisamali Eurotium cristatum, komwe kumapanga mbiri ya kakomedwe ndi fungo ndipo kumatsimikizira khalidwe la zokolata.

Kututa (采摘, cǎi zhāi): Masamba okhwima okhala ndi masamba anayi kapena asanu amatutidwa ndi manja kapena pogwiritsa ntchito chida chooneka ngati chikwakwa pakati pa mwezi wa April ndi June.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Kuwotcha masamba pa kutentha kwakukulu mumphika kuti aletse kusanduka kwa enzymatic. Pazopangira zolimba, masamba amawazidwa madzi asanawotchedwe kuti athetsere chinyezi chochepa. Nthawi zina kukhazikitsa kumachitidwa m’njira yophatikizana: kuwotcha mumphika kenako kufwamphuka kwakanthawi.
Kupiringiza koyamba (初揉, chūróu): Kupiringiza kumachitidwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa, pamene masamba akadali otentha. Cholinga ndi kuwononga kapangidwe ka maselo ndi kutulutsa madzi kuti adzagwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo ndi kuwiritsa. Popiringiza zopangira zolimba, nkofunika kuti tsamba lisasiyanitsidwe ndi mitsempha, apo ayi tsamba limapiringizika ngati “chinkhupule” (丝瓜瓤, sīguā ráng), ndipo tsinde zimachotsedwa khungu.
Kuunjika konyowa (渥堆, wòduī): Masamba opiringizidwa amanyowetsedwa ndi kuunjikidwa m’mulu pa kutentha ndi chinyezi cholamulidwa. Uku ndi kuwiritsa koyamba pambuyo pake: tizilombo timayamba ntchito yosintha ma polyphenols ndi zinthu zina. Pa Fu Zhuan, gawo ili ndi lalifupi kuposa la Shú Pǔ’ěr.
Kupiringiza kowirikiza (复揉, fùróu): Kupiringiza kowonjezera pambuyo pa kuunjika kuti tsamba lipangidwe mwamphamvu.
Kuyanika koyamba (烘干, hōnggān): Tiyi amawumitsidwa, kutsitsa chinyezi mpaka pamlingo wofunikira kuti aponderezedwe.
Kusanja ndi kusakaniza (筛分整理, 拼堆 — shāifēn zhěnglǐ, pīnduī): Hēi máochá wagawidwa m’magulu ndi kusakanizidwa kuti atsimikizire kusasunthika kwa gulu. Mu kusakaniza amawonjezera kuchuluka kwake kwa tsinde za tiyi (茶梗, chágěng) — izi zimapanga mipata ya mpweya mu kapangidwe ka njerwa yoponderezedwa, kupereka mpweya ndi chinyezi zofunikira kuti “Maluwa Agolide” akule.
Kutentha ndi njerwa ndi kupondereza (汽蒸, 压制 — qì zhēng, yāzhì): Kusakaniza kokonzedwa kumatenthedwa ndi nthunzi kuti kufewe ndipo kumaponderezedwa kukhala njerwa. Mawonekedwe achikhalidwe ndi njerwa yamakona anayi. Kulemera kokhazikika ndi 2 kg (m’mbiri — 3 kg, ndiko kuti 5 jīn wakale).
Kukula kwa maluwa — “Fāhuā” (发花, fāhuā): Gawo lofunika kwambiri komanso lapadera. Njerwa zoponderezedwa zimayikidwa m’malo apadera otchedwa “hōngfáng” (烘房, hōngfáng — malo owumitsira), momwe kumasungidwa kutentha kokwanira 26–28°C ndi chinyezi cha pafupifupi 75–85%. M’mikhalidwe imeneyi, bowa Eurotium cristatum amakula mwamphamvu pamwamba ndi mkati mwa masamba a tiyi, kupanga “zipatso zotsekedwa” zagolide — zotsekedwa m’thumba (闭囊壳, bìnángké), zooneka ngati tinthu tating’ono tagolide. Njira imatenga masiku 10 mpaka 20. Kuonetsetsa kutentha ndi chinyezi ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri la luso: ngati pali kusiyana, zokolata zingawonongeke ndi nkhungu ndipo zidzakanidwa.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): Pambuyo pa kukula kokwanira kwa “maluwa”, njerwa zimawumitsidwa pang’onopang’ono kufika pa chinyezi chosapitirira 14%. Maonekedwe a bowa amasintha kukhala okhazikika.
Kucha (陈化, chénhuà): Njerwa zokonzeka zimasungidwa m’nyumba yosungiramo, kumene kusanduka kwapang’onopang’ono kwa zinthu za kakomedwe ndi fungo kumapitirira. M’kupita kwa nthawi, “kununkhira kwa kusungidwa” (陈香, chénxiāng) kumapangidwa, ndipo kukoma kumakhala kozungulira komanso kokometsetsa.

6. Makhalidwe a Kakomedwe ndi Fungo:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Njerwa zolimba zamakona anayi za mtundu wa bulauni woderapo, nthawi zina zakuda-bulauni. Posweka, “Maluwa Agolide” (Jīn Huā) amaonekera bwino — timadontho tating’ono tagolide ndi tinthu tating’ono, tofalikira mofanana mkatikati mwa njerwa. Kuchulukana ndi kuonekera kwa “maluwa” ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha khalidwe. Masamba ndi aakulu, okhwima; kuloledwa kukhala ndi zotsalira za tsinde.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Kununkhira kwapadera kwa “jūnhuāxiāng” (菌花香 — “fungo la maluwa a bowa”): mauthenga a uchi, mkate, bowa. Zipatso zouma (ma plums akuda, apurikoti), kutentha kwa mtedza pang’ono. Zitsanzo zosungidwa zimakhala ndi mphamvu ya camphor-yamatabwa. Kukhalapo kwa “Maluwa Agolide” kumawonjezera kukoma kwa uchi watsopano.
Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Wodzaza, wokhala ndi mzera waukulu wa bowa-uchi, matani otentha a makanda a mkate, zipatso zouma ndi mtedza. Magulu osungidwa amatulutsa mauthenga a matabwa akale, camphor, zokometsera pang’ono. Fungo ndi loyera, popanda fungo loipa kapena chinyezi.
Kukoma: Kozungulira, kodzaza, ndi kutsekemera kwachilengedwe komanso kusalala, “kotentha”. Kuwawa ndi kukhwimitsa kumakhala kochepa ngakhale kwa tiyi wachinyamata — uku ndi kuthokoza kwa “Maluwa Agolide”, omwe amathandizira kugawanika kwa starch kukhala shuga ndi oxidation ya ma polyphenols. Pakukoma — matani amatabwa, mtedza, zipatso zouma, mawonekedwe a bowa ndi uchi wopepuka. Kununkhira pambuyo pake nkwautali, ndi “kubwerera” kotsekemera (回甘, huígān) ndi kumva “kusalala ngati silika” (滑, huá).
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Kuchokera ku amber mpaka kufiira-bulauni (kutengera zaka), kowala, ndi kuwala kwamafuta. Zitsanzo zosungidwa zimapereka mtundu wakuda kwambiri, ruby-mtundu wa mgoza.
Pansi pa tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): Masamba aakulu, okhwima a mtundu wa bulauni wakuda kapena wakuda-bulauni, ofewa, ofanana m’mapangidwe. Poyang’ana mwatcheru, zotsalira za “Maluwa Agolide” zingawonekere.

7. Mankhwala Amkati:

Ma Polyphenols: Zopangira zoyamba zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma catechin, koma panthawi yowiritsa pambuyo pake ndi “fāhuā”, ambiri a iwo amatenthedwa ndi kusandulika kukhala ma pigments olemera — theaflavins (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), thearubigins (茶红素, cháhóngsù) ndi theabrownins (茶褐素, cháhèsù). Izi ndizo zimachepetsa kukoma ndikupatsa madzi a tiyi mtundu wakuya wa amber-kufiira. Kuchuluka kwa ma polyphenols mu Fu Zhuan yokonzeka nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiriwira, koma ntchito ya antioxidant imasungidwa chifukwa cha zotsatira za oxidation.
Ma Amino Acid: Amakhala ochuluka pang’ono, kuphatikizapo L-theanine (L-茶氨酸, L-chá āmīnsuān). Pakuwiritsa, gawo lina la ma amino acid limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha tizilombo.
Ma Alkaloid: Caffeine (咖啡因, kāfēiyīn) — kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kochepa, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperapo poyerekeza ndi tiyi wakuda (wofiira), zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masamba okhwima ndi kusandulika pakuwiritsa pambuyo pake. Theobromine ndi theophylline amapezekanso pang’ono.
Ma Polysaccharides: Gawo lofunika la hēi chá. Eurotium cristatum imakweza gawo la ma polysaccharides osungunuka m’madzi (水溶性多糖, shuǐróngxìng duōtáng) mwa kugawa starch ndi cellulose. Ndi ma polysaccharides omwe amapereka kumva “kutsekemera” ndi “kusalala” kwa madzi a tiyi.
Mavitamini: Mavitamini a gulu B (B₁, B₂), vitamini C (pang’ono, amawonongeka pang’ono pokonza), mavitamini E ndi K.
Mchere: Potaziyamu, magniziyamu, manganizi, chitsulo, zinki, fluoride. Zopangira zaku Anhua zimasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa selenium (硒, xī), zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a nthaka za komweko.
Zotsatira za kagayidwe ka Eurotium cristatum: Bowa m’moyo wake umatulutsa gulu la zinthu zachilengedwe: ma enzyme (淀粉酶 — amylase, 氧化酶 — oxidase), ma organic acid, zinthu za gulu la benzaldehyde (苯甲醛类), komanso zotsatira za phenolic (mwachitsanzo, orcinol /苔黑酚, táihēifēn), zomwe zimawonetsa mphamvu yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya. Ma pigment a carotenoid amapereka mtundu wagolide wa “maluwa”.

8. Ubwino:

Kuthandizira chakudya: Mwachikhalidwe, Fu Zhuan amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yake “yochotsa mafuta” pachakudya (消食去腻, xiāoshí qù nì). Ma polysaccharides ndi ma enzyme opangidwa ndi “Maluwa Agolide” amathandizira kugaya bwino. Ichi chikufotokoza kutchuka kwake kwa mbiri pakati pa anthu oyendayenda omwe amadya makamaka nyama ndi mkaka.
Mphamvu ya Antioxidant: Ma pigment a polyphenolic owiritsa, komanso zotsatira za kagayidwe ka Eurotium cristatum, amawonetsa kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi ma free radicals. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito njira za DPPH ndi ABTS amatsimikizira mphamvu yapakatikati-kwambiri ya antioxidant ya Fu Zhuan.
Mphamvu pa kayendedwe ka mafuta m’thupi: Kafukufuku wina akusonyeza kuti kumwa Fu Zhuan pang’ono pafupipafupi kumagwirizana ndi zizindikiro zabwino za kayendedwe ka mafuta (kuchepa kwa ma triglycerides ndi “cholesterol yoyipa” ya LDL). Njirayi ikufufuzidwa mwakhama, komabe zotsatira sizilowa m’malo mwa malangizo a zachipatala.
Kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m’magazi: Kafukufuku woyamba (womwe ukuchitidwa, mwa zina, mkati mwa polojekiti ya Hunan Science and Technology Department) akuwunika zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo za ma polysaccharides a Fu Zhuan pa kayendedwe ka chakudya chamafuta. Zotsatira zikadali zoyamba.
Mphamvu yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya: Zotsatira za phenolic za Eurotium cristatum, makamaka orcinol, zimawonetsa mphamvu yoletsa motsutsana ndi tizilombo tina ta m’mimba (E. coli, S. aureus, Proteus vulgaris) — malinga ndi kafukufuku wa labotale.
Mphamvu yofewetsa pang’ono: Kuchuluka kwapakatikati kwa caffeine kuphatikiza ndi L-theanine kumapereka mphamvu yofewetsa popanda chisangalalo champhamvu chomwe chimapezeka mu tiyi wakuda wamphamvu.
Mphamvu yotenthetsa: Fu Zhuan ali ndi chikhalidwe “chotentha” (malinga ndi gulu la TKM), amatenthetsa bwino m’nyengo yozizira.
Zoletsa: Kukhudzidwa ndi caffeine; matenda a m’mimba ndi zilonda m’mimba panthawi yovuta — chifukwa chosamala. Mukamamwa mankhwala, ndibwino kudikirira maola 1-2.

9. Kupanga Tiyi:

Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100°C (madzi otentha kwambiri).
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5–7 g pa 100–150 ml ya madzi (njira yothira / gongfu); 2–3 g pa 250 ml (kuwumitsa); 6–10 g pa 500–800 ml (kutentha).
Zida: Mphika waku Yixing wa dothi lofiirira (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú) — ndi wabwino chifukwa cha kutentha kwake ndi mabowo, zomwe zimalola tiyi kutuluka bwino. Gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) wa ceramic kapena porcelain wokhuthala. Kutentha — mphika wa ceramic kapena enamel, chopangira magalasi ndi kutentha.
Madzi: Ofewa kapena apakati pa mchere. Madzi olimba kwambiri “amatseka” kutsekemera ndi kuchepetsa “kusalala” kwa madzi a tiyi.
Njira (njira yothira / gongfu):
1. Kutenthetsa zida: Sambani mphika kapena gaiwan ndi madzi otentha.
2. Kuika tiyi: Ikani 5–7 g ya tiyi (kuchuluka kofunikira kumathyoledwa kuchokera ku njerwa, osaphwanya masamba).
3. Kutsuka (润茶, rùn chá): Thirani madzi otentha, dikirani masekondi 5-10 ndipo tsani. Kwa magulu osungidwa ndi njerwa zoponderezedwa kwambiri, kutsuka kungabwerezedwe kawiri — izi “zimadzutsa” tiyi ndikuchotsa fumbi la m’nyumba yosungira.
4. Kuthira koyamba: Thirani madzi otentha, dikirani masekondi 10-15. Tsanirani madzi a tiyi onse kudzera mu chahai (公道杯, gōngdào bēi) m’makapu.
5. Kuthira kotsatira: Fu Zhuan amatha kupirira kuthira 7-10 kapena kuposerapo, pang’onopang’ono onjezerani nthawi yodikira ndi masekondi 5-10 pa kuthira kulikonse. Pamene mukupanga, kukoma kumatulukira mwatsopano: kuchokera ku uchi-bowa kupita ku matabwa, kuchokera ku zipatso zouma kupita ku mchere.
6. Kuthira komaliza: Pamene kukoma kuyamba kuchepa, mutha kuonjezera nthawi yodikira mpaka mphindi 1-2.
Kutentha (煮茶, zhǔ chá — kumalimbikitsidwa kwa magulu osungidwa): 6–10 g pa 500–800 ml ya madzi. Fikitsani pa kuwira pang’ono, sungani mphindi 1-3, chotsani pamoto ndipo siyani kuti ipume mphindi 2-3. Kutentha makamaka kumatulutsa kuya kwa Fu Zhuan wosungidwa.

Mfundo zofunika:

Musadikitse nthawi yayitali: kuthira kwambiri kungapangitse kukhwimitsa kwambiri.
Yang’anani mtundu wa madzi a tiyi ndi momwe mukumvera — sinthani nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa tiyi molingana ndi kukoma kwanu.
Fu Zhuan amayenda bwino ndi chakudya chamafuta ndi cholemera; nthawi zambiri amamwa pambuyo pa nkhomaliro kapena chakudya chamadzulo.

10. Kusunga:

Fu Zhuan ndi woyenera kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amakhala bwino pakapita nthawi. Komabe, kuti achire bwino, pamafunika mikhalidwe ina:

Malo: Mdima, wouma, wopumira mpweya bwino wopanda fungo lamphamvu. Kutali ndi khitchini, zokometsera, khofi, mankhwala apakhomo — hēi chá amatenga fungo lachilendo mosavuta.
Kutentha: 15–25°C. Popanda kutenthedwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kwachindunji. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha sikoyenera.
Chinyezi: Choyenera — pafupifupi 50–70%. Chochepa kwambiri (pansi pa 40%) — tiyi “amaima” ndipo sachitapo kanthu. Chambiri kwambiri (pamwamba pa 80%) — pakhala chiopsezo cha nkhungu yosayenera.
Chotengera: Chabwino kwambiri — paketi yoyambirira ya pepala, yokutidwa ndi zinthu “zopumira” (pepala la kraft, nsalu ya thonje). Ziwiya zadothi kapena zamatope zokhala ndi chivundikiro chosakhwima zimayeneranso. Sizikulimbikitsidwa zotengera zapulasitiki zosindikizidwa ndi zitini zachitsulo — tiyi amafunikira mpweya kuti apitirize njira za tizilombo.
Kusungidwa: Njerwa zoponderezedwa zimakula kwazaka. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuyesa miyezi itatu ndi itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse kuti muwone momwe zikuyendera. “Maluwa Agolide” akhoza kuchepa kukula kapena kuda pakapita nthawi — iyi ndi njira yachibadwa, osati yowonongeka.
Adani a tiyi: Chinyezi chochuluka, kuwala kwa dzuwa kwachindunji, fungo lachilendo, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Mitengo ya Fu Zhuan ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndipo imadalira zinthu zingapo:

Zaka za tiyi: Zitsanzo zosungidwa (zaka 10+) zimayamikiridwa kwambiri kuposa zomwe zangopangidwa kumene.
Khalidwe la zopangira: Zopangira za m’nyengo ya masika ndizodula kuposa za chilimwe; tiyi wochokera ku mitengo yakutchire — ndiwodula kuposa wamunda.
Kuchulukana ndi khalidwe la “Maluwa Agolide”: Pamene pali “maluwa” ambiri owala, aakulu, ndi kufalikira kwawo mofanana — mtengo umakwera.
Mbiri ya fakitale: Zopangidwa ndi mafakitale a mbiri yakale (Baishaxi / 白沙溪, Xiangyi / 湘益) — nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodula.
Mikhalidwe ya kusunga: Tiyi wochokera m’nyumba yosungiramo “yoyera” yokhala ndi mbiri yolembedwa ya kusunga amayamikiridwa kwambiri.

Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:

Gulani kwa opereka odalirika, omwe angathe kunena chaka chopangira, fakitale / nambala ya gulu ndi mikhalidwe ya kusunga. Funsani chithunzi cha podulira njerwa.
Unikani “Maluwa Agolide”: Ayenera kukhala agolide-achikasu, aakulu, opanda ubweya. Malo aliwonse obiriwira, akuda kapena aubweya ndi chizindikiro cha nkhungu yosayenera, ndipo njerwa yotere iyenera kukanidwa.
Onani fungo: Fungo loyera la uchi-bowa popanda fungo loipa, chinyezi, utsi, mankhwala kapena matani osakhala achilengedwe. Kununkhira kochita kupanga nthawi zambiri kumadziwonetsera ndi “kununkhira ngati mafuta onunkhiritsa”.
Yang’anani madzi a tiyi: Mtundu ndi wowala, amber mpaka kufiira-bulauni. Kukhala ndi matope, mawonekedwe achilendo, kukoma kowawa kapena “konga sopo” ndi chifukwa chokayikira.
Chenjerani ndi mtengo wotsika mokayikitsa: Fu Zhuan weniweni wabwino, makamaka wosungidwa, sangakhale wotchipa. Ngati mtengo ukuoneka wokopa kwambiri — ndiye kuti mwina ndi zopangira zotsika kapena kuphwanya luso la “fāhuā”.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

“Zosatheka Zitatu” (三不能制): Kwa zaka mazana atatu, Fu Zhuan ankapangidwa kokha ku Jingyang (Shaanxi), ndipo kuyesa kusamutsa kupanga ku Hunan kunalephera. Akatswiri aku Jingyang ankati: “Popanda madzi athu sikutheka, popanda nyengo yathu sikutheka, popanda luso lathu sikutheka.” Nthano inatsutsidwa kokha mu 1953, pamene asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Wuhan anathandiza fakitale ya Anhua kuphunzira kulamulira kutentha ndi chinyezi panthawi ya “fāhuā”.
“Maluwa Agolide” — chizindikiro chokha padziko lonse cha khalidwe la tiyi choyezera tizilombo: Muyezo wa dziko la China (GB/T 9833.3) umafuna kuti kuchuluka kwa Eurotium cristatum mu Fu Zhuan kukhale kosachepera 20 × 10⁴ CFU/g (malinga ndi muyezo wa 2013). Palibe mtundu wina wa tiyi padziko lonse womwe uli ndi muyeso wokakamiza wa tizilombo wotere.
Tiyi ngati chida chaukazembe: Kazembe wamkulu Zuo Zongtang atagonjetsanso Xinjiang m’zaka za m’ma 1870, anagwiritsa ntchito Fu Zhuan waku Anhua ngati chida chothandizira kulimbitsa ubale ndi anthu a komweko — kugula kwa boma kunafika 73,540 dàn (担, pafupifupi matani 3,680) pachaka.
Fungo la Fu Zhuan nthawi zambiri limafotokozedwa ndi mawu atatu: “uchi-mkate-bowa” — katatu kameneka kamene sikapezeka mu mtundu wina uliwonse wa tiyi.
Fu Zhuan ndi amodzi mwa hēi chá ochezeka kwambiri kwa oyamba kumene: Kufewa, kutsekemera kwachilengedwe ndi kusowa kwa kuwawa kumapangitsa kuti ikhale “malo olowera” abwino kwambiri m’dziko la tiyi wakuda.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina Wakuda:

Ndi Qiān Liǎng Chá (千两茶, Qiān Liǎng Chá): Onse ndi ochokera ku mwambo wa Hunan, koma Fu Zhuan ndi wapadera chifukwa cha gawo la “fāhuā” ndi fungo la “Maluwa Agolide”. Qiān Liǎng ndiye kuti mawonekedwe (zitsa zazikulu za 36 kg zokulungidwa ndi nsungwi) ndi kuuma kwachilengedwe kwa nthawi yayitali. Kukoma kwa Qiān Liǎng kumakhala kowawa komanso kodzaza, pamene Fu Zhuan ndi wofewa komanso wotsekemera.
Ndi Hēi Zhuān (黑砖茶, Hēi Zhuān Chá): Hēi Zhuān — “njerwa yakuda” yochokera ku zopangira zomwezo zaku Anhua, koma popanda gawo la “fāhuā”. Chotsatira chake, Hēi Zhuān alibe fungo la uchi-bowa la “Maluwa Agolide”, kukoma kumakhala kokhwima komanso kowawa.
Ndi Liù Bǎo Chá (六堡茶, Liù Bǎo Chá): Hēi chá waku Guangxi. Liù Bǎo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mauthenga amphamvu a camphor-yamatabwa ndi mawonekedwe a “nkhalango yonyowa” (槟榔香, bīnlángxiāng), pamene Fu Zhuan amasiyana ndi “jūnhuāxiāng” ya uchi-bowa.
Ndi Shú Pǔ’ěr (熟普洱, Shú Pǔ’ěr): Tiyi waku Yunnan wophikidwa pambuyo pake. Shú Pǔ’ěr amapita ku kuunjika mwamphamvu (mpaka masiku 45-60), ndikupereka mbiri yowirira ya “nthaka”. Fu Zhuan ndi wofewa komanso wotsekemera ngakhale ali wachinyamata, ndi mawu apadera a maluwa-bowa, omwe sapezeka mu shú pǔ’ěr.
Ndi Tiān Jiān (天尖茶, Tiān Jiān Chá): Hēi chá waku Anhua wosasakanizika wa gulu lapamwamba lochokera ku zopangira zosakhwima, wopanda kuponderezedwa ndi wopanda “fāhuā”. Tiān Jiān amakhala ndi fungo lapadera la utsi wa paini (松烟香, sōngyānxiāng), lomwe silili mu Fu Zhuan.

Pomaliza:

Fu Zhuan Cha ndi tiyi wokhala ndi mbiri yodabwitsa komanso ukadaulo wokha padziko lonse, pomwe khalidwe limatsimikiziridwa osati ndi luso la alimi a tiyi okha, komanso ndi njira ya tizilombo — “kulera” “Maluwa Agolide” amoyo mkati mwa njerwa ya tiyi. Uwu ndi tiyi wotsutsana: wopangidwa ndi masamba okhwima, okhuthala, amapereka imodzi mwa zakumwa zofewa, zotsekemera komanso zosalala kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wonse wakuda.

Fu Zhuan ndi wabwino kwambiri kwa iwo omwe akufuna kudziwana ndi dziko la hēi chá popanda chiopsezo chokumana ndi kuwawa koopsa kapena “nthaka”. Ndi wabwino kwambiri pakumwa tiyi pambuyo pa nkhomaliro, makamaka pambuyo pa chakudya chokhutiritsa, ndipo amatha kupereka kutentha ndi mtendere wamkati m’nyengo yozizira. Ndipo kwa osonkhanitsa odziwa zambiri, Fu Zhuan ndi chinthu choyamikiridwa kusungidwa: pakapita zaka, kukoma kwake kumakhazikika, ndikutenga mbali zatsopano — kuchokera ku uchi-mkate mpaka ku camphor-yamatabwa.