Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá

Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá ndi tiyi wobiriwira wapadera wochokera m’boma la Fenggang, m’chigawo cha Guizhou, wodziwika bwino chifukwa m’chilengedwe mwake muli zinc (zingi) ndi selenium (seleniyamu). M’dera limeneli ndi lokhalo ku China komwe dothi limakhala ndi zinthu ziwirizi pamodzi m’mlingo waukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tiyiyu asakhale chakumwa chokha, koma chinthu chothandiza thanzi. Pansi pa chizindikiro chachikulu cha “Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá” amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana: yobiriwira (yophwanyika-yopapatiza — 扁形, yopiringizika-yophwanyika — 卷曲形, yathulusi — 颗粒形), ndiponso yofiira (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá). Komabe, mzere wa tiyi wobiriwira ndiwo umene umatchuka kwambiri ndi kudziwika.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (wosafufumitsidwa, 绿茶, lǜchá). Pansi pa chizindikiro chomwechi amapanganso tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), koma gulu lalikulu ndi lofala kwambiri ndi la wobiriwira.

• Gulu: Tiyi wa m’deralo wokhala ndi chitetezo cha chizindikiro cha malo (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn). Amakhala m’gulu la “Tiyi Khumi Wodziwika Kwambiri ku Guizhou” (贵州十大名茶). Kuyambira 2020, adalowetsedwa m’ndandanda woyamba wa zizindikiro za malo zomwe zimagwirizana m’mgwirizano wa China ndi EU (《中欧地理标志协定》).

• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), mzinda wa Zunyi (遵义市, Zūnyì shì), boma la Fenggang (凤冈县, Fènggāng xiàn). Malo osungidwawo akuphatikiza matauni 12 a m’bomali: Yong’an (永安), Xinjian (新建), Tuxi (土溪), Suiyang (绥阳), Huaping (花坪), Longquan (龙泉), Yonghe (永和), Fengyan (蜂岩), Jinhua (进化), Yaochuan (琊川), Heba (何坝), Shijing (石径) – dera lonse la 1 569.5 km².

• Zolumikizana za malo: 27°32′–28°21′ N, 107°31′–107°56′ E. Likulu la boma lili pafupifupi 27.95° N, 107.72° E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Mbiri ya tiyi ku Fenggang imayambira kale kwambiri. M’nthawi ya mafumu a Han (汉代), mabuku monga 《史记》(“Shiji”) ndi 《汉书》(“Hanshu”) amatchula kuti nthumwi ya Han, Tang Meng (唐蒙, Táng Méng), popita ku ufumu wa Yelang (夜郎, Yèláng), adapeza tiyi pakati pa zinthu zakumeneko. Dera la Fenggang masiku ano pa nthawiyo linali m’mbali yakumpoto chakum’mawa kwa dziko la Yelang. M’nthawi ya Eastern Jin (东晋), mlembi Chang Qu (常璩, Cháng Qú) mu 《华阳国志》(“Huayang guo zhi”) analemba kuti: “Pingyi amatulutsa tiyi ndi uchi” (平夷产茶蜜) – dera la Pingyi limaphatikizapo madera a Fenggang amakono. M’nthawi ya Tang (唐代), Lu Yu (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) mu 《茶经》(“Cha Jing”) adanenetsa: “Tiyi amamera ku Qianzhong – ku Sizhou, Bozhou, Feizhou, Yizhou… akapezedwa, kukoma kwake kumakhala kwabwino kwambiri” (茶之出，黔中生思州、播州、费州、夷州……往往得之，其味极佳). Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa mbiri, boma la Yizhou (夷州) linali kwenikweni m’dera la tawuni ya Suiyang ya boma la Fenggang masiku ano, ndipo likulu la boma la Suiyang linali m’dera la Yoon’an. M’nthawi ya mafumu a Song (宋代), 《太平寰宇记》(“Taiping huanyu ji”) amatchula tiyi pakati pa zinthu zazikulu za Yizhou.

Komabe, mpaka kumapeto kwa mzera wa Qing, minda ya tiyi ku Fenggang inali ya boma lalikulu, ndipo pakati pa anthu wamba tiyi analimidwa mwapang’ono. Pofika 1949, m’bomalo munalibe minda ya tiyi yaikulu – m’pake panali tchire tapang’ono ndi mitengo yakutchire. Kukula mwadongosolo kunayamba m’zaka za m’ma 1950, pamene boma lidakhazikitsa minda 17 ya tiyi. Pofika 1976, dera la minda lidafika mahekitala 2,920, koma chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma ndi ndondomeko ya “zokolola za mbewu poyamba” kufika 1982 lidatsikira ku mahekitala 858. Kutsitsimuka kudabwera kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980: mu 1987 kampani ya tiyi ya m’bomalo idakhazikitsidwa, ndipo kuyambika koloŵa mtundu wa Fuding Da Bai Cha (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá) ndi mizere yopanda kugonana. Chosinthira chachikulu chinali 1993, pamene mothandizidwa ndi pulofesa Liu Hefa (刘和发) wa ku Anhui Agricultural University, zidadziwika kuti dothi la m’derali ndi masamba a tiyi ali ndi zinc ndi selenium mwachilengedwe, zomwe zidapangitsa kupanga chizindikiro cha “锌硒茶” (tiyi wa zinc-selenium). Mu 2002, bomalo lidapanga chigamulo chofuna kukulitsa mbewu ya tiyi kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya “ziweto – mpweya wakuthupi (biogesi) – tiyi” (畜—沼—茶), ndikuyamba kubzala minda yaikulu ya tiyi wapamwamba m’tawuni ya Yong’an.

• Masiku ofunika:

  • 1993 – kupezedwa kwa chodabwitsa chakuti tiyi amakhala ndi zinc ndi selenium mwachilengedwe; kupangidwa kwa chizindikiro.
  • 2002 – kuyamba kukula kwakukulu kwa minda ya tiyi.
  • 2006 – kupatsidwa udindo wa chinthu chotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha malo (国家地理标志保护产品) ndi General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ya China.
  • 2011 – kulembetsa chizindikiro cha malo ngati chizindikiro cha malonda chotsimikizika.
  • 2015 – mendulo yagolidi pa World Expo 2015 ku Milan mu gawo la “Tiyi Wodziwika Wazaka Zana ku China”.
  • 2017 – kuikidwa m’kusungidwa kwa China National Tea Museum (中国茶叶博物馆).
  • 2020 – kulowetsedwa m’ndandanda woyamba wa mgwirizano wa China-EU wovomerezana pazizindikiro za malo.
  • 2025 – mtengo wachizindikiro udafika mabiliyoni 74.19 a yuan; Fenggang adalandira udindo wa “Likulu la Zinc ndi Selenium ku China” (中国锌硒之都).

• Dzina: Fenggang (凤冈) ndi dzina la boma, kutanthauza “Phiri la Mbalame” (鳳 – fèng: mbalame yozizwitsa, 冈 – gāng: phiri, mtunda); zimatengera dzina la malo “Fengming Gaogang” (凤鸣高冈) – “Mbalame ikulira paphiri lalitali.” Xin (锌, xīn) – “zinc.” Xi (硒, xī) – “selenium.” Cha (茶, chá) – “tiyi.” Choncho, dzina lonse limatanthauza kwenikweni “Tiyi wa Zinc ndi Selenium wochokera ku Fenggang” ndipo limasonyeza mwachindunji chinthu chapadera cha chinthucho – kukhalako kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri izi.

• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Chikhalidwe cha tiyi ku Fenggang chimalumikizidwa mozama ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa m’bomalo: midzi yoposa 50 ili ndi mayina okhudzana ndi tiyi, m’miyambo ya ukwati amasunga mwambo wa “tiyi wautatu” (三道茶), ndipo chaka chilichonse pa tsiku la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi pambuyo pa mwezi wachiwiri wa kalendala yoyendera mwezi (农历二月十九) amachita Phwando Lakulemekeza Tiyi (祭茶大典), lomwe lakhala likuchitika mosadukiza kwa zaka zoposa 20. Zakudya zopangidwa ndi tiyi – makamaka msuzi wa tiyi wamafuta (油茶汤, yóuchá tāng), wotchuka pakati pa anthu amitundu ya Tujia (土家族) ndi Gelao (仡佬族), – zikuphatikizidwa mndandanda wa cholowa chosagwirika cha chikhalidwe cha chigawo cha Guizhou. Lingaliro la “Kummawa kuli Longjing, Kumadzulo kuli Fenggang” (东有龙井·西有凤冈) lakhala liwu lotsatsa lomwe likutsindika zokhumba za derali. Malo a National Tourism Area a 4A “Mtima wa Nyanja ya Tiyi” (茶海之心) m’tawuni ya Yong’an amakopa alendo makumi masauzande chaka chilichonse, ndipo chitsanzo cha “tiyi + zokopa alendo” (茶旅一体化) chazindikiridwa ngati chitsanzo chabwino pamlingo wadziko.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira:

• Mtundu: Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze.

• Mtundu / Koloŵa: Mitundu ikuluikulu imene imabzalidwa ndi Fuding Da Bai Cha (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá) ndi mizere ya mndandanda wa Qianmei (黔湄系列, Qiánméi xìliè), komanso Longjing (龙井), Mingshan (名山) ndi ena obzalidwa m’deralo. Mtundu wa Fuding Da Bai Cha umapereka chitsamba chachikulu chokutidwa ndi tsitsi lofewa komanso kuchuluka kwa maamino acid; mizere ya Qianmei imasinthidwa ndi nyengo yakomweko ndipo imapirira kuzizira bwino. Kachulukidwe kabzalidwe ndi zitsamba 45,000–50,000 pa hekitala (pafupifupi 67,500–75,000/ha), mizere iwiri-iwiri: mzere waukulu 1.5 m, mzere waung’ono 0.45–0.50 m, pakati pa zitsamba 0.30–0.35 m, ndi mundo awiriawiri pamodzi.

• Kututa: Nyengo yaikulu yotulira ndi kuyambira kumapeto kwa March mpaka kumapeto kwa May (tiyi wam’chisanu, 春茶). Tiyi wa m’chilimwe ndi m’dzinja (夏茶, 秋茶) amatutidwanso – kuyambira June mpaka September – makamaka ogulitsa kunja. Nyengo yonse yotulira imatha kufika miyezi 9 pa chaka.

• Muyeso wotulira: Gulu lapadera (特级) – chitsamba chimodzi ndi tsamba limodzi loyamba kutuluka (一芽一叶初展), utali wa mphukira 2.5–3.0 cm. Gulu loyamba (一级) – chitsamba chimodzi ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶), utali 3.0–3.5 cm. Gulu lachiwiri (二级) – chitsamba chimodzi ndi masamba atatu (一芽三叶), utali 3.5 cm. Kwa mitundu ina (扁形茶 – tiyi wopapatiza ngati queshe) amalola kutula zitsamba zokha (独芽, dúyá).

• Zofunikira pa zopangira: Mphukira zizikhala zofewa, zofanana mu kukula ndi zoyera, popanda zionongeko za tizirombo. Njira yotulira ndi “kukweza” (提采, tícǎi) ndi “kuponya-pang’ono” (弹采, táncǎi), yomwe imateteza chitsamba ndi tsamba kuti zisawonongeke. Zomwe zatutidwa mwatsopano zimatengedwa nthawi yomweyo kupita ku fakitaleya kuti zisatenthedwe kwambiri.

4. Malo (Terroir) ndi Zinthu Zolimidwa Mwapadera:

• Mawonekedwe a malo ndi geography: Boma la Fenggang lili kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Guizhou, kumapazi a mapiri a Daloushan (大娄山, Dàlóu Shān) m’mbali yakumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Wujiang (乌江, Wūjiāng). Mawonekedwe ake ndi a mapiri apakati a limestone okhala ndi zigwa zambiri ndi mitsinje. Utali wapakati wa boma ndi 720 m pamwamba pa nyanja, malo ena akufika 1,200 m.

• Utali wa kulima: 600–1,200 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Minda ikuluikulu ya tiyi ili pamtunda wa 700–1,000 m.

• Nyengo: Chigawo cha nyengo yotentha yachinyezi ya monsuni (中亚热带湿润季风气候). Kutentha kwapachaka kwapakati ndi 15.2 °C, kutentha kwakukulu kotheratu ndi 37.8 °C, kotsika kotheratu ndi −7.4 °C. Nthawi yopanda chisanu ndi masiku 257–302. Mvula yapachaka yapakati ndi 1,257 mm. Kuwala kwa dzuwa kwapachaka kumakhala pafupifupi maola 1,139 (寡日照, “dzuwa lochepa”), zomwe ndi chikhalidwe chake cha malo a Guizhou: kuchepa kwa dzuwa kumathandizira kukula kwapang’onopang’ono kwa mphukira ndi kudzikundikira kwa maamino acid. Fomula ya malo ndi: “kutalika kochepa, kutalika kwakukulu, dzuwa lochepa” (低纬度、高海拔、寡日照).

• Dothi: Pafupifupi ndi dothi lachikasu (黄壤, huáng rǎng) ndi lachikasu-bulauni lamapiri, la acidity, lokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zamoyo (>1% m’gawo lolimidwa). Chofunikira kwambiri: dothi la m’bomalo lili m’dera lomwe lili ndi kusintha kwake kwa geochemical, lomwe lili ndi zinc (mlingo wapakati wa Zn mu dothi ndi 95.3 mg/kg) ndi selenium (Se ndi 2.5 mg/kg) mwachilengedwe. Kuzama kwa dothi koyenera tiyi sikuyenera kuchepera 80 cm.

• Mikroklimati: Madera a tiyi amakhala ndi nkhalango zofika 80–90%. Minda ya tiyi imakonzedwa motsatira chitsanzo cha “nkhalango mkati mwa tiyi, tiyi mkati mwa nkhalango” (林中有茶、茶中有林、林茶相间): pakati pa mizere ya zitsamba za tiyi amabzalidwa mitengo – camphor laurel (香樟), osmanthus (桂花), mapulo ofiira (红枫), cherry ndi zina, zomwe zimapereka mthunzi wosiyanasiyana ndikusunga kusiyanasiyana kwa zamoyo. Chifunga chochuluka ndi chinyezi chokwera ndi zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri m’madera a tiyi apamwamba a Guizhou.

• Ulimi: Boma limatsatira ndondomeko ya “miyezo iwiri ya organic” (双有机): kusagwiritsa ntchito glyphosate, zomera zokulitsa mwachangu, kapena feteleza zopangira. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe ndi zakuthupi zotetezera ku tizirombo: misampha, adani achilengedwe, kubzala udzu (以草抑草). Mahekitala opitilira 60,000 a minda ndi ovomerezeka ngati organic, ndipo mahekitala ena opitilira 100,000 amakwaniritsa miyezo ya EU. Tiyi wonse amayesedwa kuti alibe zotsalira za mankhwala ochitira tizirombo pa zinthu 463, kuphatikiza miyezo ya European Union.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Ukadaulo umatsogozedwa kuti usunge kwambiri mkhalidwe wobiriwira wa tsamba, kupanga fungo labwino la mtedza wokazinga (栗香, lìxiāng), ndi kupereka mtambo wowala, wonyezimira. Malinga ndi mtundu wa chomalizira (chophwanyika, chopiringizika, chathulusi) masitepe omaliza amasiyana, koma ndondomeko yoyambira ndi yofanana.

• Kututa (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Kutulira pamanja pogwiritsa njira za “ticai” ndi “tancai” kumatsimikizira kuti mphukira ili yokwanira. Masamba atsopano amafika ku fakitaleya mkati mwa maola 2–3.

• Kuyala / kufowoketsa (摊放 — tānfàng): Zopangira zimayalidwa mopyapyala (1–4 cm) pa zisoti za nsungwi m’chipinda choyera, cholowera mpweya. Nthawi yake ndi maola 4–6. Cholinga ndi kuchepetsa chinyezi kuchokera pa ~75% kufika 66–68%, kufowoketsa pang’ono mphukira ndi kutulutsa fungo latsopano. Chizindikiro choti zatsala pang’ono: mphukira zafowoka pang’ono, mtundu wasintha kukhala wobiriwira wakuda, fungo latsopano losalala limamveka.

• Kuyimitsa / “kupha kubiriwira” (杀青 — shāqīng): Kumachitidwa m’chigayayo chozungulira (滚筒杀青). Kutentha kwakukulu kumalepheretsa ma enzyme othandiza makutidwe ndi mpweya (polyphenol oxidase), kumangiriza mkhalidwe wobiriwira wa tsamba ndikuyala maziko a fungo la mtedza wokazinga. Chinyezi chotsalira pambuyo pa kuyimitsa ndi 60–64%. Chizindikiro: tsamba ndi lofewa, mtundu ndi wobiriwira wakuda, fungo ndi loyera, lopanda kawonekedwe kaudzu “wosapsa.”

• Kupiringiza (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kupanikizika kumakula motsatira ndondomeko ya “kupepuka – kukhwimitsa – kupepuka” (轻—重—轻). Kuphwanyidwa kwa makhoma a maselo kumatulutsa madzi, omwe amafalikira pamwamba pa tsamba, kuonetsetsa kuti akazatulutsidwa bwino akazaza ndi kupanga mawonekedwe osalala.

• Kupangitsa mawonekedwe (做形 — zuòxíng): Gawo ili limatsimikizira mtundu wa malonda a tiyi. Kwa tiyi wopapatiza (扁形茶, biǎnxíng chá) – ngati cuipian (翠片) kapena cuiya (翠芽) – tsamba limapanikizidwa ndi kusalazidwa kukhala losalala. Kwa tiyi wopiringizika (卷曲形茶, juǎnqū xíng chá) – ngati maofeng (毛峰) kapena maojian (毛尖) – amapangidwa kukhala zopiringizika zokakamira. Kwa tiyi wathulusi (颗粒形茶, kēlì xíng chá) – ngati zhucha (珠茶) – tsamba limakulungidwa kukhala timipira tolimba.

• Kuumitsa ndi kumanga fungo (烘干/提香 — hōnggān/tíxiāng): Gawo la magawo awiri. Kuumitsa koyamba (烘坯) pa ~120 °C kumachepetsa chinyezi kufika ~30%. Kuumitsa kotsiriza ndi “kukweza fungo” (提香) kumachitidwa pa kutentha kofewa mpaka chinyezi chotsalira cha 4–6%. Kukhwima kumadziwika pokhudza: akakwiya, tiyi amatutumuka kukhala ufa.

• Kusanja ndi kusankha (精选 — jīngxuǎn): Kuchotsa zidutswa zosweka, fumbi, ndi tiyi woderapo. Kugwilizana gulu potengera mtundu ndi kukula.

6. Makhalidwe a Zomverera:

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Amasiyana malinga ndi mtundu. Tiyi wopapatiza (翠芽/翠片): tiyi wosalala, wopapatiza, wabowo, mtundu ndi wobiriwira-buluu kapena wobiriwira-wachikasu. Wopiringizika (毛峰/毛尖): zopiringizika zolimba, zokhala ndi tsitsi loyera lowoneka bwino pachitsamba, mtundu ndi wobiriwira-otu ndi kuwala kwa mafuta (色泽灰绿油润). Wathulusi (珠茶): timipira totakata tobiriwira kwambiri. M’mitundu yonse, kukhazikika kwa mphukira ndi kugwilizana gulu ndikofunika.

• Fungo la tsamba louma: Monga mtedza wokazinga wowoneka bwino (栗香高长, “fungo la mtedza wokazinga, lalitali ndi losasalira”), limasandulika kukhala fungo loyera la zomera ndi maluwa pang’ono. Kwa gulu la thulusi, fungo la mtedza wokazinga limakhala lolimba kwambiri.

• Fungo la mtambo: Fungo la mtedza wokazinga lalitali, losakhazikika (栗香高长沁脾 – “lolowa mkati kwambiri”), lothandizidwa ndi mawu obiriwira atsopano, kutsekemera kwapang’ono kwa mtedza wokazinga, ndi katsikidwe kake ka maluwa. Fungo limasungika ngakhale pakuzaza kambirimbiri.

• Kukoma: Kokwanira, koma kopanda kulemera – mawu oti “浓而不苦、青而不涩、鲜而不淡、醇厚回甜” amafotokoza ndendende kaonekedwe kake: kokwanira koma kosawawa; kwatsopano koma kosaluma; kowala koma kosakhala ngati madzi; kodzaza ndi kutsekemera kobwerera. Kukoma kwatsopano (鲜爽, xiānshǔang) kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa maamino acid.

• Mtundu wa mtambo: Wachikasu-wobiriwira, wowala ndi woonekera bwino (汤色黄绿锃亮), wonyezimira. Kwa mitundu yopiringizika, mtambo umakhala wobiriwira wakuda pang’ono.

• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lozazidwa): Lobiriwira lofewa, lolimba, lofanana (叶底嫩绿耐泡). Mphukira zimatambalala mokwanira, kusonyeza kukwanira kwa chitsamba ndi tsamba. Kubiriwira “kwamoyo” kumatsimikizira kuyimitsa koyenera.

7. Zili Mkati Mwachilengedwe:

• Polyphenols (茶多酚): 18–22% (ochepa pang’ono poyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiriwira wamba wochokera kuzigawo zakummwera kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kochepa kwa dzuwa ndi kutalika kwa kulima). Ma katekini akulu – EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), EGC, ECG – amapereka mphamvu yochotsera okosijeni ndi kukoma koluma pang’ono.

• Maamino acid: Mlingo wonse – osachepera 3.1%, mmene gawo lalikulu ndi L-theanine (茶氨酸, chá ānjīsuān) – 2.0–2.8 g/100 g. Komanso amapezeka glutamic acid (0.2–0.3 g/100 g), asparagine (0.5–1.0 g/100 g), arginine (0.2–0.3 g/100 g), tyrosine (0.05–0.1 g/100 g). Zonsezi zafufuzidwa kuti pali maamino acid 17 ofunikira ku thupi la munthu. Chiwerengero chokwera cha maamino acid poyerekeza ndi polyphenols chimapereka kutsekemera kwakukulu ndi kukoma kwatsopano (鲜爽) popanda kuwawa kwakukulu.

• Alkaloids: Caffeine (咖啡碱) – 5.0–7.0%, zomwe zimapereka mphamvu yochepetsera kutopa mopambanitsa. Theobromine ndi theophylline amapezeka pang’ono.

• Zinthu zochepa zofunika – chikhalidwe chapadera:

  • Zinc (锌, Zn): 40–100 mg/kg (malinga ndi Guizhou Physical-Chemical Analysis Center – 55.4–103.2 mg/kg). Zinc amalowa m’tsamba mwachilengedwe kuchokera m’dothi.
  • Selenium (硒, Se): 0.05–4.0 mg/kg (malinga ndi zina – 0.25–3.50 mg/kg; m’magulu ena – 1.38–2.03 mg/kg). Selenium nayenso amachokera m’chilengedwe – palibe chowonjezera kapena mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

• Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi (水浸出物): Osachepera 36.0%.

• Mavitamini: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), mavitamini a gulu B (B₁, B₂), vitamin E.

• Mchere (kupatula Zn ndi Se): Potaziyamu, magniziyamu, phosphorous, manganese, fluoride.

• Mafuta ofunikira: Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa fungo la mtedza wokazinga, kuphatikiza ma pyrazines ndi zotengera za furan, zimapangidwa pa siteji ya kuyimitsa ndi kuumitsa komaliza.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi:

• Chitetezo cha antioxidant: Makatekini (makamaka EGCG) amachotsa ma free radicals ndi kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni m’maselo. Selenium imalimbikitsa mphamvuyi, pokhala kofakitala wa glutathione peroxidase – imodzi mwa ma enzyme ofunikira kwambiri a antioxidant m’thupi.

• Kuthandiza chitetezo cha mthupi: Zinc imakhala ndi udindo waukulu m’kagwiridwe ka chitetezo cha mthupi – kuyambira kukula kwa ma T-lymphocyte mpaka kupanga ma antibody. Kumwa tiyi wokhala ndi zinc mwachilengedwe kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa chitetezo.

• Kupereka mphamvu mofewa ndi kuthandiza ubongo: Kuphatikiza kwa caffeine ndi L-theanine kumapereka “mphamvu yofewa” popanda kukwera kwadzidzidzi: caffeine imalimbikitsa, pamene theanine imalinganiza, kuthandizira kukhazikika maganizo ndi kukhala maso mwamtendere.

• Chitetezo cha thyroid gland: Selenium ndiyofunikira popanga mahomoni a thyroid (ndi gawo la deiodinases). Kukhala ndi mlingo wokwanira ndikofunikira kuti thyroid gland igwire bwino ntchito.

• Kuthandiza dongosolo la mtima ndi magazi: Polyphenols a tiyi wobiriwira amathandizira kusungika kwa elasticity ya mitsempha ndi kubwezeretsa mlingo wa cholesterol. Selenium imatetezanso endothelial ya mitsempha ku kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni.

• Thanzi la khungu ndi minyewa yolumikizana: Zinc imathandizira kupanga collagen ndi kutsitsimula kwa minyewa; mphamvu za antioxidant za makatekini zimachedwetsa kukalamba kwa khungu chifukwa cha dzuwa.

• Kuthandiza chakudya: Mlingo wochepa wa polyphenols umathandizira kuyenda kwa matumbo ndi kutulutsa madzi a m’mimba, popanda kuyambitsa mkwiyo waukulu pa m’mimba.

• Chenjezo lofunikira: Kukhudzika kwa thupi kwa caffeine kumasiyana; anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kukwiya kapena matenda a m’mimba amalangizidwa kumwa tiyi pambuyo pa chakudya komanso mochepa.

9. Kuzaza:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 75–85 °C. Kwa zopangira zofewa za gulu lapadera (独芽, 一芽一叶) – 75–80 °C; kwa tsamba lokulira la gulu lachiwiri – mpaka 85 °C.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml (njira ya gaiwan / yozazira mobwereza); 5–7 g pa 200–250 ml (njira yoika m’kapu yagalasi).

• Chombo: Gaiwan ya porcelain (盖碗, gàiwǎn) – ndiyosankha bwino kuti fungo la mtedza wokazinga lituluke komanso kuwongolera momwe amatulutsidwa. Kapu yagalasi (玻璃杯, bōlí bēi) – imalola kuona “kuvina” kwa mphukira zotambalala, makamaka kosangalatsa kwa tiyi wopapatiza. Mphika wa porcelain – wa milingo ikuluikulu.

• Ndondomeko:

  1. Tenthetsa chombo ndi madzi otentha ndikuwathira.
  2. Ika tiyi mu gaiwan yotenthedwa (kapena kapu), gwedera pang’ono, kozafungo la tsamba louma lotenthedwa.
  3. Kuzaza koyamba: thirani madzi a kutentha koyenerera, siyani kwa masekondi 15–20, thirani. Uku ndikungodzutsa tiyi kuti atsuke ndikutulutsa fungo. Kwa zopangira zapamwamba, akatswiri ena amadumpha siteji iyi kuti asataye zomverero zoyamba.
  4. Kuzaza kwachiwiri: thirani, siyani kwa masekondi 20–30, gawanirani m’makapu.
  5. Kuzaza kotsatira: onjezani nthawi ndi masekondi 5–10 pa kuzaza kulikonse.
  6. Chiwerengero cha kuzaza: 4–7 (kutengera mtundu ndi gulu; tiyi wathulusi wolimba amatha mpaka 7).

  Poika m’kapu: thirani 200 ml madzi a 80 °C, siyani kwa mphindi 1.5–2.5. Amaloledwa kuonjezera madzi kawiri-katatu.

10. Kusunga:

• Kutentha: Koyenera ndi 0–5 °C (m’firiji). Kuvomerezeka mpaka 10 °C. Mukasunga m’firiji, phukusi liyenera kukhala lotsekeka kotheratu kuti lisatenge fungo lina ndi kuti chinyezi chisalowe.

• Chombo: Matumba a aluminium a vacuum (njira yabwino kwambiri), zitini zachitsulo zokhala ndi zivindikiro zolimba, zotengera za ceramic. Gawo lamkati la phukusi liyenera kukhala losaoneka kuti liteteze ku kuwala kwa ultraviolet.

• Adani a tiyi: Kuwala, chinyezi, kutentha kwakukulu, fungo lachilendo, okosijeni. Ngati silinatsekeke bwino, fungo la mtedza wokazinga limawonongeka mofulumira, tsamba limachita chikasu, mtambo umataya kuwala.

• Nthawi ya kukoma kokwanira: Miyezi 6–12 kuchokera tsiku lopangidwa. Pambuyo pa miyezi 12, tiyi amakhalabe wotetezeka, koma amataya kutsitsimuka ndi kukhathamira kwa fungo. Tiyi wobiriwira sayenera kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kuti akule.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

• Gawo la mtengo: Lotalikira. Tiyi wambiri wathulusi (珠茶) ndi tiyi wopiringizika wa m’chilimwe/m’dzinja – ndi gawo lotsika mtengo, lopangidwanso kuti ligulitsidwe kunja. Tiyi wopapatiza wa m’chisanu wa gulu lapadera (翠芽, 雀舌) – ndi gawo lapamwamba kwambiri. Mtengo umatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo (zotulidwa koyambirira kwa chisanu ndi zodula kwambiri), mtundu wa mawonekedwe, gulu la zopangira, ndi udindo wa wopanga. Mtengo wachizindikiro cha “Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá” mu 2025 adayerekezedwa kukhala mabiliyoni 74.19 a yuan, komabe mtengo wa magulu enieni amakhalabe wotheka – gawo lalikulu la zinthu limawonetsedwa ngati tiyi wabwino watsiku ndi tsiku.

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:

  • Gulani kuchokera ku makampani ovomerezeka ndi Fenggang County Tea Association (凤冈县茶叶协会) – pa phukusi payenera kukhala chizindikiro cha geographical indication ndi khodi ya QR yotsata.
  • Onani maonekedwe: tiyi weniweni amadziwika ndi kufanana kwa tiyi, mtundu woyera wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira-otu ndi kuwala kwa mafuta, popanda mfundo zachikasu kapena zofiirira.
  • Fufuzani fungo: fungo lenileni la mtedza wokazinga ndi lakuya, lalitali, lopanda kukazingidwa mopanda chilengedwe. Zonyenga zopangidwa ndi fungo zimapereka fungo losakhazikika limene limatha mofulumira.
  • Onani mtambo: woyera, wachikasu-wobiriwira, ndi kuwala. Mtambo wamadzimadzi kapena wachikasu wosawala umasonyeza kuti tiyi ndi wakale kapena wasinthidwa.
  • Chenjerani ndi mtengo wotsika mokayikitsa: ngati tiyi wopapatiza wa m’chisanu wa “gulu lapadera” akuperekedwa pamtengo wotsika ngati wopangidwa m’chilimwe – mwina ndi kusintha zopangira kuchokera kudera lina.

12. Zosangalatsa:

• Fenggang ndi malo okha padziko lonse lapansi pomwe dothi mwachilengedwe limakhala ndi zinc ndi selenium pamodzi m’milingo yokwanira kuti tiyi akhale ndi zinthuzi. Chodabwitsa chimenechi mu 1996 chinatsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri a Guizhou Tea Research Institute, omwe anachitcha “chosowa padziko lapansi, chokhacho ku China” (世界少有、中国唯一).

• Ku Fenggang kuli imodzi mwa machitidwe okhwimitsa kwambiri a ku China owongolera ubwino wa tiyi: makamera a CCTV 239 m’minda, oposa 150 m’mafakitale, malo 14 osayima oyeserera tiyi m’misika, ndondomeko 11 zotsatirira za mapulogalamu – kuchokera kutchire mpaka ku kapu. Tiyi amayesedwa pa zinthu 463, ndikukwaniritsa miyezo ya European Union.

• Dera la minda ya tiyi m’bomalo ndi mahekitala 33,300, zomwe ndi anthu pafupifupi 400,000, kuchuluka kwake ndi “hekitala limodzi la tiyi pa munthu aliyense” (人均一亩茶). Makampani a tiyi amapatsa ntchito anthu oposa 200,000.

• Chitsanzo cha “nkhalango pakati pa tiyi” (林茶相间) sichithunzi chongokopa chabe: pakati pa mizere ya tiyi kwabzalidwa mitengo yazachuma ndi yokongola (osmanthus, camphor laurel, mitengo ya cherry yaku Japan, pichesi), yomwe imapanga malo osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala malo okhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe ndi adani achilengedwe a tizirombo ta tiyi.

• Mu 2025, Fenggang adalandira udindo wolemekezeka wa “Likulu la Zinc ndi Selenium ku China” (中国锌硒之都), ndipo National Park ya “Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá” idavomerezedwa mwalamulo ngati National Demonstration Zone for Protection of Geographical Indications (国家地理标志保护示范区).

13. Kufananiza ndi Tiyi Wina Wobiriwira:

• Guizhou Lǜ Chá (贵州绿茶, Guìzhōu Lǜchá): Chizindikiro chachikulu chomwe chimasonkhanitsa tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo chonse. Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá ndi mmodzi mwa oimira ake apamwamba, odziwika ndi mbiri yake ya zinthu zochepa. Tiyi wina wobiriwira wa ku Guizhou (Duyun Maojian, Meitan Cuiya) angapambane pa kusangalatsidwa kwa fungo, koma alibe mlingo waukulu chonchi wa zinc ndi selenium.

• Enshi Yu Lu (恩施玉露, Ēnshī Yùlù): Tiyi wodziwika wobiriwira wokhala ndi selenium wochokera ku chigawo cha Hubei. Kusiyana kwakukulu – Enshi Yu Lu amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nthunzi (蒸青, zhēngqīng), zomwe zimapereka kukoma kofanana ndi “Japan” kokhala ndi umami wowoneka, pamene Fenggang ndi tiyi wokazinga wachikale (炒青/烘青) wokhala ndi fungo la mtedza wokazinga. Komanso, Fenggang ali ndi zinc ndi selenium pamodzi, pamene Enshi ali ndi selenium kwambiri.

• Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Chitsanzo cha tiyi wopapatiza wobiriwira. Mtundu wopapatiza wa Fenggang (翠芽) m’maonekedwe umafanana ndi Longjing, koma umasiyana chifukwa cha fungo lochepa la “nyemba,” koma ndi mawu a mtedza wokazinga owoneka bwino komanso, ndithudi, ndi zinthu zochepa. Longjing ndi chikale cha ukhwima; Fenggang ndi wagwiro nthito ndi thanzi.

• Xinyang Mao Jian (信阳毛尖, Xìnyáng Máojiān): Tiyi wodziwika wopiringizika wobiriwira wochokera ku chigawo cha Henan. M’maonekedwe, mtundu wopiringizika wa Fenggang (毛尖) uli pafupi ndi Xinyang Mao Jian, koma wotsirizayu amasiyana ndi fungo laling’ono la “maikonde” ndi mawonekedwe osakhwima, pamene Fenggang ndi wolimba, “wodzaza” komanso wokhala ndi kutsekemera kobwerera kwakukulu.

• Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶, Ānjí Bái Chá): Tiyi wobiriwira wokhala ndi kuchuluka kwachilendo kwa maamino acid (mpaka 6–8%). Fenggang amachepetsa poyerekeza ndi mlingo weniweni wa maamino acid, koma amabwezera ndi mbiri yake yapadera ya zinthu zochepa (Zn + Se), zomwe Anji alibe.

Pomaliza:

Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá ndi umodzi mwa tiyi osowa kwambiri omwe malo ake amakhala osati chabe chizindikiro chotsatsa, koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa khalidwe lenileni la chinthucho. Dothi lamapiri lakale la Guizhou, lomwe lakhala likusonkhanitsa zinc ndi selenium kwa miyandamiyanda, lapereka kwa tiyi uyu chinthu chomwe palibe ukadaulo uliwonse ungathe kubwereza: kukhathamiritsa mwachilengedwe, kotetezeka, ndi kogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi ndi zinthu zochepa. Komabe, Fenggang si “tiyi wa thanzi” chabe, wonyalanyaza kukoma. Fungo lake la mtedza wokazinga ndi lalitali ndi losalala, kukoma kwake ndi kokwanira, koma kozungulira, ndipo mtambo wake wowala wachikasu-wobiriwira umakometsa ndi kuwala ndi kuwala. Uwu ndi tiyi wabwino watsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu amene amayamikira mu tiyi wobiriwira osati kutsitsimuka ndi kuyera kokha, komanso kuzama kodekha, — ndi phindu lowonjezera la zinthu zochepa zamtengo wapatali zomwe adalandira kuchokera ku nthaka yomwe.