Ānshùn Pùbù Lǜchá

Ānshùn Pùbù Lǜchá (安顺瀑布绿茶, Ānshùn Pùbù Lǜchá) ndi m’tundu wa tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku mzinda wa Anshun m’chigawo cha Guizhou, ndipo ndi umodzi mwa “tiyi zazikulu zisanu za Guizhou” (贵州五大名茶). Tiyiyu amapangidwa m’madera ozungulira mathithi akuluakulu a ku Asia — Huangguoshu (黄果树瀑布, Huángguǒshù Pùbù), pamwamba pa chipululu cha miyala ya karsti ndi mkhalidwe wanyengo wamtambo wapadera. Dera la Anshun ndi limodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri olimapo tiyi padziko lapansi: ndi kumene, m’chigwa cha mtsinje wa Beipanjiang, m’zaka za m’ma 1980 anapezeka mtundu wakale kwambiri wa mbewu ya tiyi (茶籽化石) wokhala ndi zaka 1.64 miliyoni — chokha chomwe chilipo padziko lonse. Mtundu wa “Pùbù” (瀑布, “Mathithi”) ali ndi dzina lotamandidwa la “Golide Wobiriwira wa Dziko la Mathithi” (瀑乡绿金, Pùxiāng Lǜjīn).

1. Kalasi ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosapsya. Amapezeka m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe adapotokera: wopinda (卷曲形, juǎnqū xíng) — wa mzera wa “Pùbù Máofēng”; wathyathyathya (扁平形, biǎnpíng xíng) — wa mizera ya “Pùbù Cuìyá” ndi “Pùbù Cuìlóng”.

• Gulu: Umodzi mwa “Tiyi Zazikulu Zisanu za Guizhou” (贵州五大名茶, Guìzhōu Wǔ Dà Míngchá) — udindo umene unaperekedwa mu 2010. Mtundu wotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha malo (中华人民共和国地理标志保护产品, dìlǐ biāozhì bǎohù chǎnpǐn) — kuyambira 2012–2013. Wapambana kangapo pa mpikisano wadziko lonse wa “Zhōng Chá Bēi” (中茶杯), kuphatikizapo mphoto yayikulu — “Mphoto Yapadera” (特等奖, tèděng jiǎng) mu 1994 — chochitika choyamba m’mbiri ya Guizhou. Mu 2023 adalandira udindo wa “Mmodzi mwa Tiyi Khumi Zapamwamba za China” (全国十大名茶). Ali m’gulu la mitundu ya zigawo za Guizhou limodzi ndi Dōuyún Máo Jiān, Méitàn Cuì Yá, Lǜbǎoshí ndi Zūnyì Hóng.

• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guizhou (贵州省, Guìzhōu Shěng), mzinda wa Anshun (安顺市, Ānshùn Shì). Malo opangirapo amaphimba malo 15 m’madera onse a mzinda wa Anshun.

• Malo a kozini: Pafupifupi 26°15′ kumpoto, 105°57′ kum’mawa (pomwe pali phata ya mathithi a Huangguoshu).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Mwambo wa tiyi ku Anshun ndi umodzi mwa miyambo yakale kwambiri ku China. M’zaka za m’ma 1980, m’chigwa cha mtsinje wa Beipanjiang (北盘江), pafupi ndi mathithi a Huangguoshu, anapezeka mtundu wakale kwambiri wa mbewu ya tiyi yemwe anayesedwa kuti ali ndi zaka 1.64 miliyoni — chokha chomwe chilipo, chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti chipululu cha Guizhou chinali mbali ya malo akale a mtengo wamtchire wa tiyi.

  Zolemba zoyamba za tiyi m’dera la Anshun zikupezedwa mu nyengo ya Western Han (zaka za m’ma 200 BCE): mu “Mbiri ya Guizhou Yakale” (《贵州古代史》) ikufotokoza momwe nthumwi ya mfumu Wu-di, dzina lake Tang Meng (唐蒙), atafika kumsika wa ufumu wa Yelang (夜郎, Yèláng — malinga ndi akatswiri ena a mbiri, likulu lake linali ndendende m’dera la Anshun), anapeza tiyi pakati pa katundu wakumaloko.

  Mu nyengo ya Song (960–1279), Anshun inalowa m’dongosolo la “malonda a tiyi ndi akavalo” (茶马贸易, chámǎ màoyì), kukhala malo osungiramo katundu pakati pa ufumu wa Dali ndi ufumu wa Song. Tiyi wochokera ku Anshun anafalikira kudzera pa njira ya Chá Mǎ Gǔ Dào (茶马古道) kumpoto ndi kumadzulo.

  Kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika kumayambiriro kwa mzera wa Ming (zaka za m’ma 14–15), pamene mfumu Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋) analamula kuti asilikali ndi alimi makumi ambiri a zikwi ochokera ku zigawo za Jiangnan asamutsire ku Guizhou. Anthu othawa kwawo adabweretsa mbewu za tiyi wobiriwira wa masamba aang’ono ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba wa kukonza, ndikuyala maziko a chimene masiku ano chimatchedwa “Anshun Zhuyeqing” (安顺竹叶青) — mtundu wa m’deralo wokhala ndi masamba ang’ono. Zizindikiro za nyengo imeneyi zikupezekabe m’madera otchedwa “túnbǎo” (屯堡, tūnbǎo) a ku Anshun — midzi ya asilikali monga malinga, kumene mitengo yakale ya tiyi ikumerabe mpaka pano.

  Mbiri yamakono ya mtundu wa “Pùbù” inayamba mu 1958, pamene mafakitale a boma aulimi ku Anshun anayamba kupanga tiyi wobiriwira wa mtundu wa “Qiánlǜ” (黔绿, “Wobiriwira wa Guizhou”), womwe unkagulitsidwa kunja kudzera ku doko la Shanghai. Mu 1994, mtundu wa “Pùbù” (瀑布) unakhazikitsidwa, ndipo chaka chomwecho “Pùbù Máofēng” (瀑布毛峰) analandira “Mphoto Yapadera” pa mpikisano wadziko lonse wa “Zhōng Chá Bēi” — mphoto yoyamba yotere m’mbiri ya chigawo cha Guizhou. Mu 2010, “Pùbù Máofēng” analowa m’ndandanda wa “Tiyi Zazikulu Zisanu za Guizhou”. Mu 2012–2013, mtunduwo unalandira udindo wa “Chizindikiro Chodziwika cha Chigawo cha Guizhou” (贵州省著名商标) ndi “Mtundu Wotetezedwa ndi Chizindikiro cha Malo a People’s Republic of China” (中华人民共和国地理标志保护产品). Mu 2025, “Pùbù” adapatsidwa chiphaso cha “Mtundu Wakale wa Anshun” (安顺老字号).

• Dzina:

  • “Ānshùn” (安顺, Ānshùn) — “Mtendere ndi Dongosolo” — dzina la mzinda womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu nyengo ya Ming monga linga lankhondo kumalire akum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa ufumuwo.
  • “Pù Bù” (瀑布, Pùbù) — “Mathithi” — kutanthauza mathithi a Huangguoshu (黄果树瀑布), mathithi akuluakulu ku Asia (kutalika 77.8 m, m’lifupi 101 m), omwe ali pakatikati pa malo opangirapo.
  • “Lǜ Chá” (绿茶) — “Tiyi Wobiriwira”.

• Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe: Tiyi wa ku Anshun wogwirizana kwambiri ndi zigawo ziwiri zapadera za chikhalidwe. Choyamba — malo a miyala a Huangguoshu, omwe amakopa alendo mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse; mtundu wa “Pùbù” umagwiritsa ntchito chifanizo cha mathithi monga chithunzithunzi cha “chiyero” ndi “chatsopano” cha kakomedwe kake. Chachiwiri — chikhalidwe cha “túnbǎo” (屯堡): mbadwa za asilikali a Ming anapita ku Jiangnan akusunga miyambo yakale, zovala, chinenero ndiponso miyambo ya tiyi ya zaka za m’ma 600. Chaka chilichonse ku Anshun pamakhala “Nyengo Yotsegulira Kututa Tiyi” (开茶季) ndi mpikisano wa kumalawa, zomwe zakhala zochitika zokopa alendo.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Mbali ya Zomera ndi Zopangira:

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Kuti apange, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya Camellia sinensis var. sinensis:

  • Anshun Zhuyeqing (安顺竹叶青, Ānshùn Zhúyèqīng) — mtundu wapezeka m’deralo (群体种) wa masamba ang’ono, wochokera ku mbewu za tiyi zomwe anabweretsa alimi a Ming ochokera ku Jiangnan m’zaka za m’ma 14–15. Amadziwika ndi “kupirira chinkhoswe” (持嫩性) kwakukulu, komanso kuchuluka koyenera kwa polyphenols ndi amino acids (酚氨比), zomwe zimapereka kakomedwe katsopano, kanunkhira kabwino kwambiri.
  • Xìyè Táichá (细叶苔茶, Xìyè Táichá) — “Tiyi Wamaluwa Wa Masamba Ang’ono” — mtundu wina wapezeka m’deralo, wodziwika ku Guizhou. Umapereka tsamba lolimba, “lamafutafuta” lokhala ndi umuna wabwino.
  • Fúdǐng Dàbái (福鼎大白, Fúdǐng Dàbái) — cultivar wochokera ku Fujian wa masamba akuluakulu, wothandizira. Amaonetsetsa kuti pakhale masamba ambiri aung’ono ndi umuna woyeruwa.

• Kututa: Kututa kwa masika ndiko kofunika kwambiri. “Míngqiánchá” (明前茶) — pafupifupi pa 5 April; “yǔqiánchá” (雨前茶) — pafupifupi pa 20 April. Chifukwa cha nyengo yofunda ya Guizhou, nyengo ya kututa imatha kuyamba kumayambiriro kapena pakati pa mwezi wa Malichi.

• Muyezo wa kututa:

  • Kalasi yayitali kwambiri (特级): mphukira imodzi yokha kapena mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe langoyamba kutuluka (一芽一叶初展). Mphukira zofanana, za umuna wodziwika, kutalika osapitirira 2.5 cm.
  • Kalasi yoyamba (一级): mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe latseguka (一芽一叶).
  • Kalasi yachiwiri (二级): mphukira imodzi ndi masamba awiri omwe angoyamba kutseguka (一芽二叶初展).

• Zofunika pa zopangira: Kufanana kwa kukula, kusalala, kusapezeka kwa masamba okhwima ndi mapesi. Zopangira zatsopano ziyenera kufika pa fakitale ndi kukonzedwa tsiku lomwelo.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Nyengo: Anshun ili m’dera la nyengo yamvula yotentha, yosinthidwa ndi kukwera kwa chipululu cha Guizhou. Kutentha kwapachaka kuli pafupifupi 14–16°C. Mvula yapachaka ndi 1200–1400 mm. Chofunikira kwambiri — mitambo yochuluka kwambiri: minda ya tiyi imakutidwa ndi mitambo ndi chifunga pafupifupi 80% ya nthawi. Kuwala komwe kumamwazikana (散射光) kumachenjeza kuposa kuwala kwa dzuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphukira zikule pang’onopang’ono komanso amino acids azisungidwa mochuluka. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku kumalimbikitsa kupangika kwa mankhwala onunkhira.

• Kutalika kwa malo olimapo: Kutalika kwapakati kwa minda ndi mamita 1,300 pamwamba pa nyanja. Phata yopangirapo ili pa kutalika kwa 1,200–1,500 m m’mapiri a miyala ya karsti ozungulira mathithi a Huangguoshu.

• Nthaka: Nthaka yachikasu ya acidity pang’ono (黄壤, huáng rǎng), yodzaza ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi zamoyo ndi minerals monga potaziyamu, magnesium, zinki. Malo a miyala amapereka ngalande yabwino kwambiri, yomwe imalepheretsa madzi kukhazikika pa mizu.

• Malo Ofunika Opangirapo (核心产区):

  • Malo ozungulira Huangguoshu — dera lozungulira mathithi ndi National Forest Park ya Phiri la Jinzhongshan (金钟山国家森林公园). Apa ndiko kumene mitambo ndi chinyezi ndi zochuluka kwambiri.
  • Mapiri a Yuntaishan ndi Furongshan (云台山、芙蓉山) — madera apamwamba a mapiri okhala ndi tiyi wabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wapadera wa karsti.
  • M’boma la Baiyang (坝羊镇) — malo okhawo mu Anshun odziwika ngati “Malo a Tiyi Wamoyo” (生态茶叶之乡), parki yachiwonetsero ya chigawo. Pali mahekitala opitirira 10,000 a minda ya tiyi.

5. Njira Yopangira:

Pansi pa mtundu wa “Pùbù” amapanga mitundu ingapo ya tiyi wobiriwira, yolumikizidwa ndi kachitidwe kofanana koma kosiyana pa sitepe yopangira mawonekedwe. Ndondomeko yofanana: kututa → kuyalika → kuletsa ubiriwira → kuziziritsa → kupotoza → kupanga mawonekedwe ndi kuumitsa → kutenthetsa kukweza kanunkhira → kusanja.

• Kututa (采摘 — cǎi zhāi): Kututa ndi manja kapena mwachidule m’maola am’mawa. Zopangira zimasankhidwa mokhwima molingana ndi kalasi.

• Kuyalika (摊放 — tān fàng): Mphukira zotutidwa zimayalidwa pang’onopang’ono pamthunzi kuti zifike pang’ono ndi kuyambitsa kanunkhira.

• “Kupha Ubiriwira” (杀青 — shāqīng): Kutenthedwa kwakukulu pa 220–280°C. Kumalepheretsa ma enzyme a oxidation, kumakhazikitsa mtundu wobiriwira, ndikuyala maziko a kanunkhira.

• Kuziziritsa ndi “kubwezeretsa chinyezi” (摊凉回潮 — tān liáng huícháo): Pambuyo pa kupha ubiriwira, tsamba limayalidwa kuti chinyezi chotsalira chigawidwe bwino pakati pa mbali zakunja ndi zamkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kupotoza kotsatira kukhale kofanana.

• Kupotoza (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Njira ya “kufewa → mwamphamvu → kufewa” (轻—重—轻) imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi yake ndi mphindi 35–45. Cholinga ndikupanga mizera ya tiyi (成条率) yopitirira 80% ndikulondola mphukira.

• Kupanga mawonekedwe ndi kuumitsa (做形和干燥 — zuòxíng hé gānzào): Sitepe yomwe imatsimikiza mawonekedwe omaliza a tsamba:

  • Kwa Pùbù Máofēng (瀑布毛峰): amapotoza ndi manja ndi kugudubuza (搓团解团) — 6–7 mizungulira, yomwe imapanga tsamba lamphamvu lozungulira ndi umuna wambiri.
  • Kwa Pùbù Cuìyá (瀑布翠芽): amakanikiza kukhala mawonekedwe athyathyathya, ofanana ndi Lóng Jǐng. Tsamba limakhala losalala, ndi umuna wochepa.
  • Kwa Pùbù Cuìlóng (瀑布翠龙): amapangira mawonekedwe athyathyathya oongoka, okumbutsa “chinjoka” — osalala, oongoka, ndi mtundu wowala wobiriwira.

• Kutenthetsa kukweza kanunkhira (提香 — tíxiāng): Kuumitsa komaliza pa kutentha kochepa 80–110°C — pang’onopang’ono, “kutsekera” kanunkhira mkati mwa tsamba. Chinyezi chomaliza sichidutsa 7%.

• Kusanja (筛分归类 — shāifēn guīlèi): Tiyi womwe wakonzedwa amagawidwa molingana ndi kukula ndi kalasi.

6. Makhalidwe a Kanjedza:

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Zimatengera mzera. Máofēng: mizera yaukhondo, yolimba yopindika (条索紧细卷曲), ndi umuna wochuluka woyeruwa (茸毛显露), wofanana. Cuìyá: athyathyathya, osalala, ndi umuna wobisika pang’ono (隐毫), wobiriwira ngati emerald. Cuìlóng: athyathyathya, oongoka, a mtundu wowala wa emerald.

• Kanunkhira ka tsamba louma: Koyera, kwakukulu, kabwino (清香高雅) ndi kununkhira kwatsopano, “kwachinyamata” kwa zobiriwira zatsopano (嫩香). Kanunkhira kali kolimba ndi kokhalitsa.

• Kanunkhira ka madzi: Kakukulu, kosasuntha, ndikutsogoleredwa ndi kununkhira koyera kotsopano (清香持久). Kwa magiredi apamwamba — ndi kununkhira kopepuka kwa maluwa ndi kakang’ono ka mtedza wachinyamata.

• Kakomedwe: Kutsopana kwakukulu (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — chotsatira cha kuchuluka kwa amino acids. Kukhuthala kwapakati (醇厚, chúnhòu), ndi kumva kutsekemera (甘甜, gāntián). Kubwerera kwakutsekemera (回甘, huígān) — koonekera ndi kokhalitsa. Kuwawa ndi kuthina kumakhala kochepa ngati kutentha koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

• Mtundu wa madzi: Wachikasu-wobiriwira wopepuka, wowala, woonekera bwino, ndi chonyezimira “chamoyo”.

• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba litatha kukonzedwa): Lobiriwira lofewa, lofanana (嫩绿匀齐). Kwa Máofēng — mphukira zimatseguka zonse, zazing’ono ndi zaudongo. Kwa Cuìyá ndi Cuìlóng — masamba athyathyathya, osalala.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

• Polyphenols (tea polyphenols / catechins): Kuchuluka kwake kumayenderana ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa Guizhou wa kumapiri aatali. Muyezo wa “Guizhou Lǜchá” (贵州绿茶) umafuna kuti zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi zikhale ≥40% — chimodzi mwa zofunikira zapamwamba kwambiri ku China.

• Amino acids (monga L-theanine): Kuchuluka kwakukulu chifukwa cha mitambo yambiri ndi kuwala kochuluka komwe kumamwazikana. Ndi amino acids amene amapangitsa kuti tiyiyu akhale ndi “kutsopana” (鲜爽) komanso kutsekemera kwapakati kofewa. Chiyerekezo cha polyphenols ndi amino acids (酚氨比) chimakhala choyenera bwino, ndipo chimapangitsa kakomedwe kogwirizana kopanda kuthina mopitirira muyeso.

• Alkaloids: Caffeine (mulingo wapakati), theobromine, theophylline.

• Vitamini: Vitamini C (ascorbic acid), vitamini za gulu la B.

• Minerals: Potaziyamu, magnesium, zinki, manganese — zochokera ku nthaka yachikasu ya karsti.

• Mafuta onunkhira: Amakhalira kanunkhira kokhalitsa ka maluwa ndi zobiriwira. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku pa kutalika kwa mamita 1,300 kumalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosakhala zolimba zonunkhira.

8. Ubwino wa Thanzi:

• Kuteteza mthupi ndi antioxidants: Kuchuluka kwa polyphenols (catechins) kumapereka chitetezo chothandiza kwa ma free radicals.
• Kupatsa mphamvu pang’onopang’ono: Kuphatikiza kwa caffeine ndi L-theanine kumapereka mphamvu yeniyeni ndi kuwongolera malingaliro popanda kukhumudwitsa.
• Kutsitsimula ndi kuthetsa kutenthedwa mthupi (清热解暑): Mu mankhwala achikhalidwe achi China, tiyi wobiriwira amaonedwa ngati chakudya “chozizira”, chomwe chimathandiza kuthetsa kutentha kwa mkati — mphamvu yofunika kwambiri m’miyezi yotentha ya chilimwe.
• Kuthandiza chakudya: Ma catechins amawongolera ma microorganisms a m’matumbo ndikulimbikitsa kayendedwe kachakudya.
• Kuthandiza mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi: Ma polyphenols amathandiza kuti mafuta m’thupi azigwira ntchito bwino ndikusunga mitsempha kuuma.
• Kulimbitsa thupi: Kuphatikiza kwa vitamini (C, B), minerals (K, Mg, Zn) ndi antioxidants.

9. Kukonza:

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90°C. Pewani madzi otentha kwambiri — amawonjezera kuwawa ndi “kukhwima”, ndi kuwononga kanunkhira kofewa.

• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3–5 g pa 150–200 ml (galasi loyera kapena gaiwan).

• Zotengera: Galasi loyera (kuti muwone momwe tsamba limatsegukira) kapena gaiwan wa porcelain. Kwa Cuìyá ndi Cuìlóng, galasi loyera ndi labwino kwambiri — mizera yathyathyathya imavina mokongola m’madzi.

• Ndondomeko:

  1. Tenthetsani zotengera ndi madzi otentha.
  2. Ikani tiyi.
  3. Kudontha koyamba: kutsuka — thirani madzi ochepa (~85°C), muloleni kwa masekondi 15, tsanulani. Sitepe iyi “imadzutsa” tsamba ndikuchotsa fumbi laling’ono.
  4. Kudontha kwachiwiri: thirani madzi (85–90°C) kumbali ya galasi kapena gaiwan — musathire pa masamba enieniwo. Muzilowetsa kwa masekondi 10–15. Kudontha uku ndi kwachitatu ndiko abwino kwambiri kumvetsera kanunkhira koyera (清香).
  5. Kutsatira: wonjezani nthawi ndi masekondi 10 kudontha kulikonse. Tiyiyu amatha kudontha 4–6 mochuluka.
  6. Kutentha kwabwino kolawira ndi pafupifupi 60°C: pa kutentha kumeneku ndi pamene kutsopana (鲜爽) kumamveka bwino kwambiri.

10. Kusunga:

• Phukusi losindikizidwa bwino (lazitsulo kapena vacuum), lotetezedwa ku kuwala, chinyezi, ndi fungo lina — ndi zofunikira.
• Kuti kutsopana kusungidwe bwino, ndi bwino kusunga mu furiji pa 0–5°C mu phukusi lotsekeka bwino.
• Mukatsegula — gwiritsani ntchito pakatha miyezi 1–2.
• Tiyi watsopano (xīnchá) ukhoza kusiyidwa masiku 3–5 pamalo amdima ozizira usanatsegulidwe koyamba — kuti “apume” pambuyo pa kutenthedwa.
• Sikusunga limodzi ndi zakudya zonunkhira mwamphamvu — tsamba la tiyi limatenga mosavuta fungo lina.

11. Mtengo ndi Zakudya Zaumbanda:

• Mulingo wamitengo: Wapakati ndi wapamwamba wa tiyi wobiriwira wa Guizhou. Mitengo yamalonda: kalasi yayitali (特级, míngqiánchá) — kuyambira 400–800 yuan pa 500 g; kalasi yoyamba — 200–400 yuan; kalasi yachiwiri — 100–200 yuan. Zochokera koyambirira kwa masika zimakhala zokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa za chilimwe ndi zophukira.

• Momwe mungapewere zumbanda:

  • Gulani kwa ogulitsa ovomerezeka a mtundu wa “Pùbù” (瀑布) — kampani ya “Guizhou Anshun Pùbù Tea” (贵州安顺瀑布茶业有限公司, bungwe la boma), kapena kwa makampani odziwika a tiyi ku Anshun.
  • Yang’anani ngati pali chizindikiro cha malo pa phukusi.
  • Onani maonekedwe: Máofēng weniweni — wopindika molimba, ndi umuna wochuluka ndi mtundu wobiriwira woderapo; Cuìyá weniweni — wosalala, wathyathyathya, ndi umuna wochepa.
  • Kanunkhira kayenera kukhala koyera, kwakukulu, popanda fungo la “mafuta onunkhira” kapena mankhwala. Madziwo akuyenera kukhala oonekera bwino ndi “amoyo”.
  • Kutha kudontha 4–6 ndi chizindikiro cha zopangira zabwino. Zumbanda zimasowa kanunkhira pambuyo pa kudontha 1–2.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

• Malo akale kwambiri a tiyi. Mbewu ya tiyi yokhala ndi zaka 1.64 miliyoni yomwe inapezeka m’zaka za m’ma 1980 pafupi ndi Huangguoshu — yokhayo yomwe ilipo padziko lonse — imapangitsa Anshun kukhala limodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri odziwika omera tiyi padziko lonse.

• Mbadwa za Jiangnan m’mapiri a Guizhou. “Túnbǎo” (屯堡) a ku Anshun ndi chodabwitsa cha chikhalidwe: mbadwa za asilikali a Ming a m’zaka za zana la 15 wasunga chinenero chakale, zovala, miyambo, komanso miyambo ya tiyi ya nyengo ya “isanachitike Qing”. Mitengo yakale ya tiyi yomwe imamera pafupi ndi túnbǎo imachokera ku mitundu ya Jiangnan ya zaka 600 zapitazo.

• Tiyi ndi mathithi. Mathithi a Huangguoshu — akuluakulu ku Asia (kutalika 77.8 m, m’lifupi 101 m) — ali ndendende pakatikati pa malo opangirapo tiyi. Mkhalidwe wanyengo wopangidwa ndi madzi owuluka nthawi zonse ndi nthunzi umawonjezera chinyezi m’minda yozungulira. Mtundu wa “Pùbù” (Mathithi) si njira chabe yotsatsa, koma chiwonetsero cha kulumikizana kwenikweni kwa malo.

• Woyamba ku Guizhou. Mphoto ya golide ya 1994 pa mpikisano wa “Zhōng Chá Bēi” inali chochitika cha mbiri — koyamba m’mbiri ya Guizhou tiyi adalandira kuyamikiridwa kwakukulu pa mulingo wadziko lonse. Izi zinatsegula njira yoti tiyi wina wa ku Guizhou adziwike — Dōuyún Máo Jiān, Méitàn Cuì Yá, ndi Lǜbǎoshí.

• Kukula kwa “mzinda wa tiyi”. Pofika 2024, minda yonse ya tiyi ku Anshun ili ndi mahekitala opitirira 43 wan mu (万亩, ~29,000 ha), ndipo yomwe ili yokolola ndi 35.5 wan mu (万亩). Makampani a tiyi akukhudza maofesi 53, midzi 245, mabizinesi ndi makoperela 242.

13. Mitundu ya Tiyi wa Pu Bu:

Pansi pa mtundu wa “Pùbù” amapanga mizera ingapo, yosiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba ndi kalembedwe:

• Pùbù Máofēng (瀑布毛峰, Pùbù Máofēng): Mawonekedwe opindika (卷曲形). Mizera yowonda, yopindika molimba, ndi umuna wochuluka. Kakomedwe — katsopano ndi kofewa, ndi kutsekemera kowonekera. Pansi pa tiyi — zazing’ono, zofanana. Ndi mzera wodziwika kwambiri ndi wolemekezeka.

• Pùbù Cuìyá (瀑布翠芽, Pùbù Cuìyá): Mawonekedwe athyathyathya (扁平形). Mizera yosalala, yofanana ndi umuna wochepa. Kanunkhira — kofewa, ndi kanunkhira ka maluwa. Kakomedwe — koyera, kotsitsimula, “komveka bwino”. Kalembedwe kake kali pafupi ndi Lóng Jǐng.

• Pùbù Cuìlóng (瀑布翠龙, Pùbù Cuìlóng): Mawonekedwe athyathyathya oongoka. Mtundu — wobiriwira wowala ngati emerald. Kanunkhira — kolimba, “lodzaza” (馥郁). Kakomedwe — kathunthu, ndi kumva kwaitali pambuyo. Ndi mzera wokongola kwambiri mwa mawonekedwe.

Pomaliza:

Ānshùn Pùbù Lǜchá ndi tiyi wokhala ndi mbiri yam’mbuyo ya zaka miliyoni, mwambo wa zaka mazana asanu ndi limodzi, ndi mbiri yamakono ya mtundu wa zaka makumi atatu. Adabadwa komwe mitambo ya chipululu cha karsti imakumana ndi madzi opumira a mathithi akuluakulu a Asia, m’malo okongola kwambiri moti dzina lenilenilo “Pùbù” limamveka ngati kuitanira ulendo. Mu kapu, tiyiyu amatsekemera ndi kutsopana kofewa komwe kumamveka bwino komanso kumaliza koyera, “koonekera” — kakomedwe kamene kamatchuka ndi tiyi wabwino kwambiri wamapiri a Guizhou. Ndi woyenera kwa iwo amene amayamikira osati mayina akulu, koma kanunkhira koona ka kumapiri.