Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng · new.thetea.app

Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya tiyi ya ulongi (oolong) ya chigawo cha Fujian ku China, dzina lake ‘kamwana’ likusonyeza kukula kochepa kwa chitsamba cha tiyi. Amalimidwa kwawo pakati pa mapiri a matanthwe a Wǔyí Shān ndi m’minda yakale ya boma la Jian’ou, tiyi imeneyi ili ndi malo apadera mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha padziko lonse: zitsamba zakezo zinakhala makolo a tiyi wotchuka wa ku Taiwan, Qīng Xīn Wūlóng (青心乌龙, Qīng Xīn Wūlóng) ndi Dòng Dǐng Wūlóng (冻顶乌龙, Dòng Dǐng Wūlóng) wodziwika.

1. Kugawa ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: Tiyi ya Ulongi (青茶, Qīng Chá) — tiyi wophikidwa pang’onopang’ono ndi mlingo wa okisheni pafupifupi 30–50%. Ili m’gulu la Yán Chá (岩茶, Yán Chá) — tiyi wa matanthwe a mawe.

Gulu: Tiyi wa matanthwe a Wǔyí Yán Chá (武夷岩茶, Wǔyí Yán Chá); nthawi imodzi — umodzi mwa mitundu yakale ya tiyi wa Běiyuàn Gòng Chá (北苑贡茶, Běiyuàn Gòng Chá) — tiyi wa mfumu wakale.

Chiyambi:

Kwawo kwakale: Boma la Jian’ou (建瓯, Jiàn’ōu), tawuni ya Dongfeng (东峰镇, Dōngfēng Zhèn), mudzi wa Guilin (桂林村, Guìlín Cūn), chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn). Mpaka lero, m’menemo muli munda wamaluwa pafupifupi hekitala imodzi (15 mu) ndi zitsamba zomwe zili ndi zaka 150 — chikumbutso chamoyo cha mbiri ya ulimi wa tiyi.
Kupanga tiyi wapamwamba kwambiri: Mapiri a Wǔyí Shān (武夷山, Wǔyí Shān), chigawo cha Fujian. Tiyi wa gulu la Zhèngyán (正岩, Zhèngyán) amalimidwa m’dera lapakati la malo osungidwa, kuphatikizapo kudera la mathanthwe a Bìshí Yán (碧石岩, Bìshí Yán); tiyi wa gulu la Wàishān (外山, Wàishān) — m’madera ozungulira.

Zoyang’aniridwa pa mapu:

Boma la Jian’ou (mudzi wa Guilin): pafupifupi 27°03′ N, 118°35′ E
Mapiri a Wǔyí Shān (pakati pa malo osungidwa): pafupifupi 27°33′ N, 117°30′ E

Mayina ena: Ruǎn Zhī Wūlóng (软枝乌龙, Ruǎn Zhī Wūlóng — “Ulongi wa nthambi zofewa”), Xiǎo Yè Wūlóng (小叶乌龙, Xiǎo Yè Wūlóng — “Ulongi wa masamba ang’onoang’ono”), ndipo mwa anthu wamba a ulimi wa tiyi ku Jian’ou amatchedwa “Cài Chá” (菜茶, Cài Chá — “Tiyi wa m’munda”).

Muyeso wa dziko: GB/T 18745-2006 “Zogulitsa zosonyezedwa ndi dzina la malo — Tiyi wa matanthwe a Wǔyí” (地理标志产品武夷岩茶, Dìlǐ Biāozhì Chǎnpǐn Wǔyí Yán Chá), kuyambira 1 December 2006.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo Lofunika:

Mbiri

Mbiri ya Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng imachokera ku nyengo ya Northern Song (北宋, Běi Sòng, 960–1127), pomwe madera ozungulira Jian’ou anali pakati pa munda wotchuka wa tiyi wa Běiyuàn (北苑, Běiyuàn) — woperekera mfumu. M’buku la Sòng Zǐ’ān (宋子安) lotchedwa “Dōng Xī Shì Chá Lù” (东溪试茶录, “Zolemba za Kuyesa Tiyi ku Mtsinje wa Kum’mawa”), lolembedwa cha m’ma 1064, pakati pa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya zitsamba za tiyi ku Běiyuàn, anatchulidwa “Cóng Chá” (丛茶, Cóng Chá — “Tiyi wa zitsamba”), zomwe akatswiri amasiku ano amawona ngati chitsanzo cha mtundu wa ulongi — mwanjira ina, kholo la Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng wamakono.

Mu nyengo ya Mfumu ya Ming (明, Míng, 1368–1644), akatswiri anasintha njira yowotcha mobwerezabwereza (烘焙, Hōng Bèi), zomwe zinathandiza kusunga bwino tiyi wa matanthwe paulendo wautali. Ndipomwe Ǎi Jiǎo adakhala mu gulu la mitundu yoyambirira yopangira ulongi ku Fujian.

Nthawi yosiyana m’mbiri ya mtundu uwu inali mu ulamuliro wa Xianfeng (咸丰, Xiánfēng, 1851–1861): malinga ndi zolembedwa mu “Táiwān Tōngzhì” (台湾通志, “Mbiri ya Taiwan”), katswiri wa ku Taiwan Lín Fèngchí (林凤池), atapambana mayeso ku chigawo cha Fujian ndikubwerera kwawo ali ndi udindo wa jǔrén, anabweretsa mbewu za Ǎi Jiǎo ndikuzidzala ku South Taiwan, mu mudzi wa Lugu, boma la Nantou — pa mapiri a Dòng Dǐng (冻顶山, Dòng Dǐng Shān). M’kupita kwa nthawi, mbewu zimenezi zinayambitsa Dòng Dǐng Wūlóng wotchuka, ndipo mibadwo yake inadzatchedwanso “Qīng Xīn Wūlóng” — “Tiyi wa mtima woyera.”

Mu September 1990, pulofesa wa Taiwan National University Wú Zhènduō (吴振铎, Wú Zhènduo, 1918–2000) — wotchedwa “bambo wa kulima tiyi pambuyo pa nkhondo ku Taiwan”, yemwe kale adagwiranso ntchito m’minda ya tiyi ku Wǔyí Shān — adatsogolera gulu la akatswiri 14, omwe anabwera ku mudzi wa Guilin, boma la Jian’ou. Pambuyo pa kufufuza mwasayansi mosamala, Wú Zhènduō adatsimikiza mwalamulo kuti zitsamba zazikulu zomwe zatsala pano zaka 100 ndizo makolo a Qīng Xīn Wūlóng waku Taiwan. Mu June 1991, boma la dera la Nanping, bungwe la ulimi wa tiyi la Fujian, ndi akuluakulu a mzinda wa Jian’ou anamanga chipilala pa mundawo cholembedwa kuti: “Mtundu wa chomera cha tiyi wopangira tiyi wophika pang’ono wa ulongi, njira zake zaulimi ndi kukonza — zonse zimachokera ku Fujian; atabweretsedwa ku Taiwan, unakhala mtundu waukulu wolimidwa m’madera a tiyi aku Taiwan ndipo uli ndi chiyanjano ndi Qīng Xīn Wūlóng waku Taiwan.”

Dzina

矮脚 (Ǎi Jiǎo) — “miyendo yaifupi”, “wochepera”: chithunzithunzi chachindunji cha mbali yofunika ya chomera, chomwe chimamera kuchokera pansi pomwe ndipo sichiŵelengela kukula kwake kuposa masentimita 120.

乌龙 (Wūlóng) — “chinjoka chakuda”: dzina lofala la gulu la tiyi wophika pang’ono wa kumwera kwa China, lomwe lakhala lofanana ndi mtundu wa ulongi.

Dzina lotchuka loti 软枝乌龙 (Ruǎn Zhī Wūlóng) — “Ulongi wa nthambi zofewa” — likusonyeza kusinthasintha kwa mphukira zazing’ono za mtundu uwu, zomwe zimayamikiridwa pakutola m’manja.

Tanthauzo Lofunika Pachikhalidwe

Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng ndi chizindikiro chamoyo cholumikiza zikhalidwe za tiyi za dziko la China ndi Taiwan. Kwawo, ku Jian’ou, munda womwe wapulumuka umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chuma cha mtundu wa dziko ndipo ndi malo opembedzera kwa alimi a tiyi aku Taiwan; umatchedwa “园地” (“chisa cha makolo”). Ku mapiri a Wǔyí Shān, mtundu uwu waphatikizidwa mu kaundula wovomerezeka wa mitundu yachibadwidwe ya m’deralo, ndipo kupanga kwake kumatsatiridwa ndi muyezo wa dziko. Chaka chilichonse ku Jian’ou, pamachitika zikondwerero zokhudza kugwirizana kwa magombe aŵiri kudzera mu cholowa chimodzi cha tiyi.

3. Kufotokoza za Chomera ndi Zida:

Mtundu ndi chomera: Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze var. sinensis, mtundu wa Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng. Amabzalidwa mwachomera (ndi kudula), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minda ikhale yofanana kwambiri. Diploid (2n = 30).

Maonekedwe a chitsamba: Mtundu wa chitsamba chokhala ndi nthambi zochepa kwambiri — nthambi zimachokera kuchokera ku mizu, motero chitsamba chikuwoneka ngati theka la bwalo la phiri lokhala ndi kutalika kosaposa 100–120 cm. Nthambi zambiri, mphukira zambiri pang’ono. Chimalolera kusowa kwa madzi ndi chisanu, ndipo chimamiza bwino pamene akudula.

Kufotokoza kwa tsamba: Masamba ndi ang’ono, ooneka ngati dzira lotembenuzika, kutalika kwa 4–6 cm, m’lifupi 2–3 cm. Pamwamba pake pamakhala popindika pang’ono; mtsempha wapakati ukuwonekera bwino. Nsonga yake ndi yosongoka pang’ono, m’mphepete mwake muli ziphuphu. Mtundu wake ndi wobiriŵira kwambiri. Muli chlorophyll ndi phula lochedwa kutuluka.

Nthawi ya kukula: Kuyamba kubereka zipatso — pakati pa April; mtundu uwu ndi wakumera m’katikati (中生种, Zhōngshēng Zhǒng). Kuchuluka kwake kuli m’katikati: potsata muyezo wa Wǔyí Shān — mpaka 100 kg ya ulongi womalizidwa pa mu imodzi (pafupifupi 667 m²) pa chaka.

Zida zopangira: Masamba okhwima, otseguka kwathunthu — kawirikawiri tsamba lachitatu kapena lachinayi pa mphukira (popanda tsamba la m’mphukira losatseguka). Muyeso woterewu wa kusonkhanitsa — wodziŵika kwa tiyi wa matanthwe — umapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa polyphenols ndi zonunkhira. Pafunika masamba athunthu, osawonongeka ndi osadetsa; kutola m’manja ndikofunika.

Nthawi yotola: Chakumapeto kwa April — pakati pa May, mu nyengo ya Lì Xià (立夏, Lì Xià) ndi Xiǎo Mǎn (小满, Xiǎo Mǎn). Kwa tiyi wa Zhèngyán, nthawi yabwino yotola imatsimikiziridwa molondola pa masiku ochepa kutengera malo enieni ndi nyengo.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Mapiri a Wǔyí Shān (kupanga kwakukulu kwa gulu la Zhèngyán)

Malo ofunika amapangidwa m’dera lapakati losungidwa la malo osungirako za chilengedwe a Wǔyí Shān (dera la 70 km²), lomwe linavomerezedwa kukhala cholowa cha dziko ndi UNESCO mu 1999. Malo a matanthwe — otchedwa “dān xiá” (丹霞, Dān Xiá) — ndi miyala yofiira-bulauni ya quartzite-sandstone ya nyengo yam’tsogolo ya Mesozoic yomwe inasweka ndi mvula. Ndipo m’miyala iyi ndi m’miyendo ya dothi pakati pa miyala pamene zitsamba za tiyi zimamera.

Dothi: Miyala, yosuntha bwino madzi, yochokera ku quartzite-sandstone; pH pafupifupi 4.5 (acidic); ili ndi potaziyamu, zinc, selenium ndi zina zomwe zimayamwa ndi mizu ndipo zimakhudza mwachindunji kukoma kwa tiyi.

Nyengo: Ya madera otentha ndi chinyezi, kutentha kwapakatikati pafupifupi +18 °C, mvula ya pachaka yosachepera 2000 mm. Chifunga chambiri chimapangitsa kuunika kosasunthika ndi kuuma kwambiri kwa mlengalenga (75–85%), zomwe zimachedwetsa kukula kwa masamba ndikuthandizira kuti zonunkhira zizisonkhanitsidwa.

Ulamuliro wa malo: 400–500 m pamwamba pa nyanja kwa Wàishān; 600–800 m pamwamba pa nyanja kwa Zhèngyán.

Jian’ou (kwawo kwakale)

Boma la Jian’ou lili pa chigwa cha mtsinje wa Jianxi, pamtunda wa pafupifupi 70 km kummawa kwa Wǔyí Shān. Nyengo ndi yofatsa komanso yachinyezi; dothi lake ndi lachonde koposa, la mitundu yofiira ndi yachikasu. Tiyi wochokera kuno sali ndi “matanthwe” ooneka bwino a Wǔyí Shān, koma ali ndi mawonekedwe ake okoma — maluwa abwino kwambiri ndi kutsekemera kofatsa. Munda womwe watsala ndi zitsamba za zaka 150 — pafupifupi zomera 6090 pa malo a 14–15 mu — watetezedwa ndi boma.

5. Njira Yopangira:

Kupanga Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng kumachitika malinga ndi njira ya tiyi wa matanthwe ya Wǔyí Shān monga momwe zilili mu GB/T 18745-2006. Njira imeneyi ikuphatikizapo magawo awa:

Kutola (采摘, Cǎi Zhāi). Kutola m’manja mphukira zakukhwima za “masamba atatu kapena anayi opanda kamphukira.” Nthawi yabwino — m’mawa wotentha wa dzuwa, pamene mame auma. Zomera zomwe zatoledwa zimatumizidwa nthawi yomweyo ku fakitale.
Kuwumitsa ndi dzuwa (晒青, Shài Qīng). Masamba amayalidwa mopapatiza pa mathireyi a nsungwi mu kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa mphindi 30–60. Chinyezi 8–12% chimasanduka mphamvu; tsamba limakhala lofewa, lothina, ndipo zonunkhira zoyamba zimayamba kuonekera.
Kuziziritsa ndi kupumula (凉青, Liáng Qīng). Masamba owumitsidwa amasamutsidwa kumthunzi kuti chinyezi chikhale chofanana (mphindi 30–60).
Kugwedeza ndi kuwira (摇青 ndi 做青, Yáo Qīng ndi Zuò Qīng). Gawo lalikulu la kupanga ulongi. Masamba amagwedezeka mobwerezabwereza (kawirikawiri maulendo 3–5) ndikugubuduzidwa m’migolo ya nsungwi, kusinthana ndi nthawi za “kupumula.” Pamene agunda tsamba ndi tsamba, mbali zake zimavulala, ndikuyambitsa kuwira kwa polyphenols m’mphepete. Pakati pa tsamba kumatsala kosawira — mawonekedwe ake amapangika “tsamba lobiriŵira ndi mphete yofiira” (绿叶红镶边, lǜ yè hóng xiāng biān). Nthawi yonse ya Zuò Qīng — 8–12 maola; mulingo wa kupesa — 30–50%.
Kuthimitsa (杀青, Shā Qīng). Kutentha kwakanthawi kochepa pa kutentha kwakukulu (170–200 °C) mu mphika kapena ng’oma yotentha kumawononga ma enzyme ndikusiya kupesa, ndikuteteza fungo ndi kukoma.
Kukulunga (揉捻, Róu Niǎn). Tsamba lotentha limakulungidwa m’manja kapena mu makina, kumapatsidwa mawonekedwe ake enieni a “ulusi lolimba” kapena kachigawo kakang’ono.
Kuyanika koyamba (初烘, Chū Hōng). Kuyanika mwachangu kwa kutentha pa 110–130 °C kuti mawonekedwe akhale okhazikika ndikuchotsa chinyezi chachikulu.
Kusanja (拣剔, Jiǎn Tī). Kusankha ndi kuchotsa tsinde zolimba, masamba osweka, magawo achikasu — m’manja. Kumatsimikizira kuti chinthucho chili chamtengo wapatali.
Kuwotcha mobwerezabwereza ndi makala (炭焙, Tàn Bèi). Gawo lalikulu lolosha tiyi wa matanthwe ku mitundu ina ya tiyi. Mwachikhalidwe, kumachitika maulendo 3–4 (yotchedwa “kuwotcha kanayi,” 四次焙火) pamwamba pa makala oyaka a mitengo ya litchi kapena longyan. Kutentha kwa madengu a makala — kuyambira 80–110 °C m’mayendedwe oyambirira mpaka 60–75 °C m’mayendedwe omaliza; nthawi ya gawo lililonse — 6–10 maora, ndi nthawi yopumula. Pakuwotcha, zinthu zosavomerezeka zimachotsedwa, mayankho a Maillard pakati pa shuga ndi amino acids amapangidwa, ndipo kununkhira kwa caramel, mtedza, ndi utsi wa miyala kumawonekera. Kwa tiyi wa Zhèngyán, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwotcha kwa makala mwachikhalidwe; kwa Wàishān, kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi.

6. Makhalidwe a Zomverera:

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Mizere ina yopyapyala, yokulungidwa molimba; nsonga za masamba zimapindika pang’ono — mbali yapadera yomwe imathandiza kusiyanitsa mtundu uwu ndi tiyi wa matanthwe a masamba akulu. Mtundu wake ndi bulauni-lobiriŵira wonyezimira ngati mafuta (“褐绿润”, hè lǜ rùn), umene umasonyeza kuwotcha koyenera. Kwa zitsanzo zowotcha kwambiri — mdima wa bulauni, pafupifupi wakuda.

Fungo la tsamba louma: Lotentha, lolimba, la magawo ambiri. Zimakhala zofunika kununkhira kwa caramel, njere zowotcha, khungu la mkate. Pochita kupuma mozama, pamawonekera maluwa ang’onoang’ono — gardenia, pichesi ya uchi. Mitundu yochepera kuwotcha imapereka fungo lamphamvu la maluwa ndi zipatso.

Fungo la chomera: Lamphamvu, lopita patsogolo kuchokera ku ufa umodzi kupita ku wina. Zoyamba — fungo lolemera lowotcha lokhala ndi maziko a miyala ndi fungo la nori. Pakati pa kuthira, kutsekemera kumawonjezeka: pichesi yophulika, shuga wosungunuka, kakao wopepuka. Zomaliza — fungo la maluwa loyera, lofewa. Fungo la chikho chopanda kanthu (杯底香, bēi dǐ xiāng) — lalitali, la mtedza, lolimba.

Kukoma: Kolimba, kwamafuta, kokwanira, koma osati mwankhanza. Kukoma koyamba — kutsekemera kotentha ndi acidity yofatsa; pakati — kuya kwa mtedza ndi caramel; kumapeto — “岩韵” (Yán Yùn, “nyimbo ya matanthwe”): kukoma kotalika kwa miyala, kakang’ono “kotanthwe”, komwe kumasinthiratu kukhala kutsitsimula kokoma “回甘” (huí gān). Kukoma kumakhala kofanana — popanda chovuta chachikulu, “厚而不浓” (“kolimba, koma osati lolemera”). Mu kukoma mwake muli nthenda ya zipatso zowotcha, njere za chimanga chowotcha, ndere zam’nyanja.

Mtundu wa chomera: Chozizira bwino cha golide-lalanje (pakuwotcha kwapakati) kapena chofulumira cha amber-lofiira (pakuwotcha kwamphamvu). Chomera chimakhala chozizira, chopanda matope; poyang’ana — kutentha kwa uchi.

Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lophiphiritsa): Masamba ofewa, osalimba, obiriŵira kwambiri pakati ndi mphete yofiira yowonekera m’mphepete (“红点现” — madontho ofiira amaonekera). Chizindikiro chenicheni cha tiyi wa matanthwe woona womwe unapangidwa molondola ndi njira ya Zuò Qīng.

7. Zomwe Zili M’kati:

Kukonzedwa kwa mankhwala mu Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng kumafanana ndi tiyi wapamwamba wa ulongi wa Wǔyí Shān, ndi zina mwake zapadera.

Polyphenols: Kuchuluka kwake kwa polyphenols (茶多酚, chá duō fēn) mu tsamba louma la mbewu yatsopano — pafupifupi 20–25%. M’gulu lake, makatekini ndi ochuluka: EGCG, ECG, EGC, EC. Panthawi ya kuwira (Zuò Qīng), gawo la makatekini limasandulika ndi kuyamba kupanga ma theaflavins (茶黄素, chá huáng sù) ndi thearubigins (茶红素, chá hóng sù), zomwe zimapatsa chomeracho mtundu wa amber ndi kukoma kozungulira. Polyphenols ndi ma antioxidants akulu a tiyi.

Amino acids: Ma amino acids aulere mu mbewu yatsopano — pafupifupi 5,2%, zomwe ndi zokwera kuposa mlingo wapakati wa tiyi wofiira. L-theanine (茶氨酸, chá ān suān) ndiyo imatsogolera: imapatsa kumva kwa umami, imachepetsa kuwawa kwa caffeine, ndipo imathandizira kuti ubongo uzigwira ntchito mofewa. Nthawi yayitali ikasungidwa, amino acids amachepa (pafupifupi 44% mkati mwa zaka ziwiri, monga mwa kafukufuku wa sayansi wa 2021 wochokera ku Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng (矮脚乌龙) wa Wǔyí Shān).

Alkaloids: Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn) — mlingo wapakati, pafupifupi 2.5–3.5% ya kulemera kwa chinthu chouma; theobromine ndi theophylline — m’kachulukidwe kakang’ono. Mlingo wa caffeine ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiriŵira wokhala ndi masamba osakula, chifukwa zida zake ndi masamba okhwima okhala ndi alkaloids ochepa.

Mafuta onunkhira ndi zonunkhira: Mu ulongi muli zinthu zoposa 300 zonunkhira, ndipo mu tiyi womalizidwa wa Wǔyí Shān zadziŵika zoposa 100. Magulu ofunika: terpenoids (linalool, nerol, geraniol — zonunkhira za maluwa), aldehydes (benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde — zonunkhira za mtedza), pyrazines ndi pyrroles, zomwe zimapangidwa kudzera mu mayankho a Maillard panthawi yowotcha — zimapanga mbiri ya “kukazinga” yodziwika bwino.

Mavitamini: Vitamini C (yosungidwa pang’ono pambuyo pa kuthimitsa), mavitamini a gulu B (B1, B2, PP/B3), provitamin A (β-carotene), vitamini E (yosungunuka m’mafuta, osachotsedwa mu chomera).

Minerals: Potaziyamu (K), manganese (Mn), fluoride (F, 27–147 mg/kg), zinki (Zn), selenium (Se) — zili zochuluka kwambiri chifukwa cha mchere womwe uli m’dothi la Wǔyí Shān; komanso calcium, magnesium, iron.

8. Ubwino Wake:

Chitetezo cha antioxidant: Kuchuluka kwa makatekini ndi polyphenols kumalepheretsa ma free radicals, kumachepetsa kupsinjika kwa okisijeni m’maselo. Kumwa pafupipafupi kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda aakulu.
Mphamvu ndi thanzi lamaganizo: Caffeine yochepa yophatikizidwa ndi L-theanine imapereka kuganiza bwino popanda mantha: caffeine imadzutsa dongosolo la mitsempha, L-theanine imathandizira ma alpha waves ndi kuchepetsa kupsinjika.
Thanzi la mtima ndi mitsempha: Polyphenols amachepetsa mlingo wa cholesterol wonse ndi LDL, amachepetsa kukhuthala kwa magazi ndi chiopsezo cha kutsekeka kwa magazi; ma flavonoids amalimbitsa makoma a ma capillaries.
Kugaya chakudya: Makatekhini amathandiza kupha tizilombo m’mimba pang’ono; kuchuluka koyenera kwa tannins kumayang’anira kayendedwe ka ndulu. Mwachikhalidwe, ulongi umalimbikitsidwa kuti azidya zakudya zamafuta monga “chowotcha mafuta” chachilengedwe.
Kuthandiza kagayidwe kazakudya: Polyphenols ndi caffeine pamodzi amalimbikitsa kusungunuka kwa mafuta ndikufulumizitsa kagayidwe kazakudya; kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti pamakhala mphamvu yochepetsa kulemera.
Chitetezo cha matenda: Makatekhini amalimbitsa kuyankha kwa ma lymphocyte ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya; fluoride wochokera ku dothi la miyala la Wǔyí Shān amalimbitsa mano ndikuletsa mabowo a mano.
Kuteteza maso: β-carotene mu tiyi imagwira ntchito ngati kalambulabwalo wa vitamini A, yomwe ndi yofunika pa thanzi la cornea ndi magalasi a misozi.
Kuchepetsa kupsinjika: L-theanine imachulukitsa kupanga GABA, serotonin ndi dopamine, kumachepetsa nkhawa popanda kugona.

9. Kuwiritsa:

Njira ya chikhalidwe ya Gōng Fū Chá (功夫茶, Gōng Fū Chá)

Ziwiya: Chiphika cha dothi la Yíxīng (宜兴紫砂壶, Yíxīng Zǐshā Hú) — chosankha chabwino: dothi lokhala ndi mabowo limatha “kukumbukira” fungo la tiyi wa matanthwe ndikuwonjezera kukoma kwa nthawi zina. Njira ina — gàiwǎn ya china (盖碗, Gài Wǎn), yomwe imalola kuzindikira bwino kukoma popanda kukhudzidwa ndi ziwiya. Kuchuluka kwa ziwiya — 80–150 ml.

Madzi: Madzi ofewa a kasupe kapena osefedwa bwino; kukhwimitsa kosaposa 150 mg/l. Kutentha — 95–100 °C: kutentha kwakukulu ndikofunikira kuti zonunkhira zakuya zopangidwa panthawi yowotcha zithe kuonekera.

Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5–8 g pa 100–150 ml ya madzi (pafupifupi 1/3 ya kuchuluka kwa ziwiya).

Ndondomeko:

Tenthetsani chipika ndi zipikho ndi madzi otentha; khetsani madzi.
Thirani tsamba louma; tenthetsani chipika ndi tsamba kwa masekondi 10–15, mutseka chivundikiro — “kudzutsa” fungo.
Kuthira koyamba kutsuka (醒茶, Xǐng Chá): thirani madzi otentha, tsitsani mwamsanga (masekondi 5–7). Izi zimachotsa fumbi, zimadzutsa tsamba ndikuyamba kumasula.
Kuthira koyamba: masekondi 15–20. Chomera chimakhala cha golide-lalanje; fungo — lowotcha kwambiri.
Kuthira kwachiwiri: masekondi 20–25. Kukoma kumawonekera, kulimba kumawonjezeka.
Kuthira kwa 3–5: onjezerani masekondi 10–15 pa kuthira kulikonse. Kukoma kwapamwamba — “Yán Yùn” yaikulu kwambiri.
Kuthira 6–10 ndi kupitilira: nthawi imawonjezeka pang’onopang’ono mpaka masekondi 40–60. Fungo limakhala la maluwa ndi lofewa kwambiri, kukoma kumawala.

Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng amatha kupirira kuthira 8–12+ ngati alowedwa bwino. Pambuyo pa kuthira kulikonse, ndikoyenera kupumira fungo kuchokera pansi pa chikho chopanda kanthu — “bēi dǐ xiāng” imasintha pang’onopang’ono ndikuwonetsa fungo lonse lovuta.

Njira ya kumadzulo

Kutentha: 90–95 °C. Kuchuluka: 3–4 g pa 200–250 ml. Nthawi: 2.5–3 mphindi. Kusunga kamodzi kapena kawiri.

10. Kusunga:

Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng wowotcha kwambiri umatha kusungidwa bwino ndipo mukasungidwa bwino ungathe kusintha kukhala wabwino mkati mwa zaka 1–3 (kumakula pambuyo pa kuwotcha, kuchepetsa kuuma kwa tiyi watsopano). Mtundu wowotcha pang’ono umalimbikitsidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito mkati mwa miyezi 6–12.

Mikhalidwe: Malo ouma (chinyezi cha mpweya chosaposa 50%), opanda kuwala, ozizira (10–20 °C). Kutali ndi magwero a fungo lamphamvu: zonunkhira, khofi, mankhwala apakhomo, muzu wa valeriani.

Chidebe: Chotseka bwino, chopanda kuwala — thumba la foil la magawo atatu ndi zip-knob kapena chiwiya cha dothi chopakidwa chivundikiro chokwanira. Chidebe cha chitsulo (chopanda fungo) chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Ndikoletsedwa kusunga mu chidebe chimodzi ndi mitundu ina ya tiyi.

Chofunika: Nthawi iliyonse mutatsegula thumba, tsatani kutseka mwamphamvu. Mutatsegula thumba la vacuum, mukulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mkati mwa miyezi 1–2.

Zina zokhudza “kubwereranso kwa kutsitsimuka” (退火, Tuì Huǒ): Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng wopangidwa chatsopano angamve ngati “wamoto”; olima tiyi amalimbikitsa kuwusiya kuti akhale ndi miyezi 1–3 musanagwiritse ntchito — kuuma kumachepa, fungo limakhala lozungulira.

11. Mtengo ndi Zofuna Kunyenga:

Mtengo:

Jian’ou / dera lonse la Fujian: 200–800 yuan pa 500 g (~$25–100); gulu lopezeka.
Wǔyí Shān Wàishān: 300–1200 yuan pa 500 g (~$40–160).
Wǔyí Shān Zhèngyán (chowona): 800–5000+ yuan pa 500 g (~$110–700+); mtengo umatsimikiziridwa ndi malo enieni, mlingo wa kuwotcha ndi mbiri ya wopanga.

Kukhazikitsa mtengo kumadalira: malo (Zhèngyán vs. Wàishān), zaka za zitsamba (老丛, lǎo cóng — zitsamba zakale zimawonjezera mtengo), kuchuluka kwa maulendo owotcha ndi luso la katswiri wa tiyi, komanso chaka cha zokolola.

Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:

Gulani kwa ogulitsa odziŵika bwino, omwe ali ndi mapangano achindunji ndi minda ya Wǔyí Shān kapena opanga ovomerezeka ku Jian’ou. Funsani zikalata zokhudza chiyambi.
Yerekezerani kukulunga kwa tsamba: Ǎi Jiǎo woona amakhala ndi ulusi wopyapyala wolimba ndi nsonga zopindika modabwitsa; kukulunga kotereku kapena kwakukulu — chizindikiro cha mtundu wina.
Fufuzani fungo la tsamba louma: Tiyi weniweni wa matanthwe sayenera kununkhira zonunkhira zopangidwa, maluwa owonjezeredwa, kapena chinyezi.
Yerekezerani chomera: “Yán Yùn” yeniyeni — kukoma kwa miyala, kozama, ndi kutalika — sikungathe kutsatidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zochokera kumadera ena. Ngati kukoma kumatha mwamsanga — mwina ndi Wàishān kapena si Wǔyí Shān weniweni.
Chenjerani ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri: Zhèngyán pansi pa 600–800 yuan pa 500 g — chizindikiro chokayikitsa.

Mitundu yofala yonyenga:

Kugulitsa Wàishān kapena ulongi wochokera kunja kwa dera pansi pa dzina la Zhèngyán.
Kupatsa fungo ulongi wotsika mtengo ndi zonunkhira za “pichesi” kapena “gardenia” zopangidwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito masamba a mitundu ina pansi pa dzina la “Ǎi Jiǎo”.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

“Kamwana” — kholo la chimphona. Ǎi Jiǎo wochepera, wokhala ndi kutalika kwa chitsamba kosaposa 120 cm, anayambitsa makampani onse a tiyi ku Taiwan: kuchokera mu mbewu zake zomwe zidabweretsedwa m’zaka za m’ma 1850, munakula Qīng Xīn Wūlóng — mtundu womwe masiku ano uli ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malo onse a tiyi ku Taiwan.
Chipilala ku mudzi wa Guilin. Mu 1991, munda wopulumuka mu mudzi wa Guilin unavomerezedwa mwalamulo kukhala “Munda wa makolo a Qīng Xīn Wūlóng waku Taiwan.” Mwala wachikumbutso umenewu ndi chitsanzo chosowa, pomwe chomera chamoyo cha tiyi chasandulika kukhala chikalata chovomerezeka cha mbiri.
Chodabwitsa cha “Yán Yùn” ndi chemistry ya dothi. Nyimbo yotchuka ya “matanthwe” (岩韵, Yán Yùn) ya Wǔyí Shān si nthano chabe: ayoni a calcium, magnesium, zinc, omwe amatengedwa ndi mizu kuchokera mu quartzite-sandstone, amasinthadi kapangidwe ka mankhwala a tsamba. Palibe dera lina lililonse padziko lapansi lomwe latulutsa mphamvu imeneyi mokwanira.
Kuwotcha ndi makala — luso lomwe likutayika. Tàn Bèi (炭焙, Tàn Bèi) yachikhalidwe imafuna kuyang’anira mosalekeza kutentha kwa makala kwa maola 6–10 ndi kuzindikira fungo la tiyi mwa kukhudza ndi kununkhiza kokha. Katswiri wodziŵa kuwotcha (焙茶师, Bèi Chá Shī) amaphunzira luso limeneli kwa zaka makumi ambiri; chiwerengero cha akatswiri oterewa ku Wǔyí Shān n’chochepa kwambiri.
Ǎi Jiǎo m’masanganizo. Mosiyana ndi ulongi ena ambiri “odziŵika”, Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng amayamikiridwanso ngati maziko osakaniza: fungo lake lapadera silichotsera zinthu zina, koma limawonjezera mosamala, kumapangitsa kuti chosakaniza chikhale chambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa amadziŵika ndi akatswiri a tiyi a ku Wǔyí Shān kuyambira nthawi ya Qing.

13. Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng:

Potengera malo

Zhèngyán Ǎi Jiǎo (正岩矮脚乌龙, Zhèngyán Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng) Amalimidwa mkati mwa dera lapakati la miyala la malo osungidwa a Wǔyí Shān (dera la 70 km²), m’malo monga Bìshí Yán (碧石岩), Huìyuàn Kēng (慧苑坑) kapena Niúlán Kēng (牛栏坑). “Yán Yùn” yowonekera kwambiri: miyala, kuya, kukoma kotalika. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri komanso chamtengo wapatali.

Bànyán Ǎi Jiǎo (半岩矮脚乌龙, Bànyán Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng) Malo osinthika pakati pa pakati pa miyala ndi malo ozungulira. Imakhala ndi “Yán Yùn” yapakati, mtengo wotsika; chosankha chabwino kudziŵa mtundu uwu.

Wàishān Ǎi Jiǎo (外山矮脚乌龙, Wàishān Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng) Minda ina kunja kwa dera lovomerezeka la Wǔyí Shān. Ikhoza kukhala ulongi wabwino wokhala ndi maluwa owonekera komanso kufewa, koma opanda “Yán Yùn” ya miyala.

Jiàn’ōu Ǎi Jiǎo (建瓯矮脚乌龙, Jiàn’ōu Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng) Tiyi wochokera kwawo. Amadziŵika ndi fungo la gardenia lofewa, kukoma kofewa, kusowa kwa “miyala” ya Wǔyí Shān. Amapezeka pamtengo wotsika; chidwi chapadera chili ndi tiyi wochokera ku zitsamba za zaka zana (100–150 zaka), zomwe zimakhala ndi “古朴” (gǔ pǔ) — “kuphweka kwakale” kwa kukoma.

Potengera mlingo wa kuwotcha (烘焙程度, Hōng Bèi Chéngdù)

Kuwotcha kopepuka (轻焙, Qīng Bèi) Kuwotcha kamodzi kapena kawiri pa kutentha kotsika. Fungo la maluwa ndi zipatso limasungidwa; chomera cha golide. Mtundu wocheperako mwachikhalidwe, pafupi ndi ulongi wamakono waku Taiwan.

Kuwotcha kwapakati (中焙, Zhōng Bèi) Mkhalidwe wofanana wa maluwa ndi caramel; chomera cha amber-lalanje. Chosankha chabwino kwa oyamba kumvetsera Wǔyí Shān.

Kuwotcha kolemera (足焙 / 重焙, Zú Bèi / Zhòng Bèi) Maulendo atatu kapena anayi pa kutentha kwakukulu; kalembedwe kachikhalidwe ka mbiri ya Wǔyí Shān. Chomera chamtundu wakuda wa amber; fungo la njere zowotcha, kakao, caramel, miyala. Amasungidwa bwino kwambiri — tiyi woterewu amatha kusungidwa zaka 5 kapena kupitilira popanda kutaya mtengo.

14. Kufanizira ndi Ulongi Wina wa Matanthwe:

Dà Hóng Páo (大红袍, Dà Hóng Páo) — “Mkhalidwe Wofiira Waukulu” Ulongi wotchuka kwambiri wa matanthwe padziko lonse, mtsogoleri wa gulu la Wǔyí Shān. Poyerekeza ndi Ǎi Jiǎo, amasonyeza fungo lolemera kwambiri, lodzaza ndi maluwa ndi zipatso, ndi kutsekemera kwakukulu; “Yán Yùn” ndi yamphamvu chifukwa cha malo apadera omwe amalimidwa. Ǎi Jiǎo — ndi woonda, waulemu, wokhala ndi mphamvu ya miyala yowonekera.

Ròu Guì (肉桂, Ròu Guì) — “Khungwa la Cinnamon” Mtundu wachiwiri wapadera wa Wǔyí Shān. Amasiyana ndi fungo la toni ya cinnamon ndi tsabola, kununkhira kwambiri kwa moto, komanso mphamvu yodziŵika bwino poyamba. Ǎi Jiǎo — ndi wodekha, wokhala ndi maluwa ang’onoang’ono komanso kusinthika kosasunthika kuchokera pamphepete mpaka pamphepete.

Shuǐ Xiān (水仙, Shuǐ Xiān) — “Narcissus” Mtundu wa masamba aakulu, “老丛水仙” (tiyi wochokera ku zitsamba zakale) — ndi imodzi mwa ma ulongi odziŵika kwambiri a Wǔyí Shān. Shuǐ Xiān amakonda zonunkhira za udzu, za madambo, za “moss”, ndi mtundu wakuda wa zitsamba zakale. Poyerekeza ndi Ǎi Jiǎo, ndi wamaluwa kwambiri, ndipo ali ndi zokometsera zochepa za zomera.

Qīng Xīn Wūlóng / Dòng Dǐng Wūlóng (青心乌龙 / 冻顶乌龙) — mwana waku Taiwan Cholowa mwachindunji mwa chikhalidwe ndi ma genetic a Ǎi Jiǎo. Mtundu waku Taiwan umasiyana kwambiri: kuphika pang’ono mpaka pakati, pafupifupi palibe kuwotcha kwa makala, fungo lofewa la mkaka ndi maluwa, kukoma kofewa. Ǎi Jiǎo — ndi “wakuda” kwambiri, wotentha, wamwala, ndi wakuya.

Pomaliza:

Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng ndi imodzi mwa tiyi zochepa zomwe pansi pa dzina losachepa la “kamwana” pali chilengedwe chonse. Mbiri yake ndi mbiri ya magombe awiri, zikhalidwe ziwiri za tiyi, zolumikizidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri kudzera mu kukoma kodziŵika kwa “nyimbo ya matanthwe”. Chitsamba chaching’ono, chochepa chokhala ndi tsamba laling’ono lakuda chimapanga chakumwa chakuya chodabwitsa: cholimba, chodzaza, chamwala — ndipo nthawi yomweyo chachifupi ndi maluwa m’mayendedwe ake. Kuwotcha kovuta kwa magawo ambiri ndi makala kumasandutsa tsamba loyamba kukhala chinthu chapadera kwambiri, chokhala ndi fungo lomwe limasintha mu chikho ndi kuthira kulikonse kwatsopano.

Tiyi imeneyi ndiyoti imwetsedwa mosamala, mosapupuluma — mwachete, ndi chipika chabwino ndi chidwi chopirira. Amapereka mphoto kwa wodziŵa, osati ndi kuwala kwamsanga, koma ndi zovuta zomwe zimavumbuluka pang’onopang’ono: monga thanthwe lomwe limasunga mkhalidwe wake pansi pa nkhope yosawoneka, Ǎi Jiǎo Wūlóng amavumbuluza mokwanira pamene mumamupatsa chidwi chochuluka.